Geologi, geomorfologi og lithosfæren

This book is an enlarged second edition of a monograph published in the Springer AGEM2-Series, 2009. It presents, in a consistent and unified overview, a setup of the theory of spherical functions of mathematical (geo-)sciences. The content shows a twofold transition: First, the natural transition from scalar to vectorial and tensorial theory of spherical harmonics is given in a coordinate-free context, based on variants of the addition theorem, Funk-Hecke formulas, and Helmholtz as well as Hardy-Hodge decompositions. Second, the canonical transition from spherical harmonics via zonal (kernel) functions to the Dirac kernel is given in close orientation to an uncertainty principle classifying the space/frequency (momentum) behavior of the functions for purposes of data analysis and (geo-)application. The whole palette of spherical functions is collected in a well-structured form for modeling and simulating the phenomena and processes occurring in the Earth's system. The result is a work which, while reflecting the present state of knowledge in a time-related manner, claims to be of largely timeless significance in (geo-)mathematical research and teaching.

The third edition of this popular guide is now even better�it�s full color. Colorado�s multihued rocks�from white and red sandstones to green shales and pink granites�are vividly splashed across the pages in stunning color photographs. Detailed color maps and diagrams clearly distill the state�s complex bedrock geology. Updated text includes information about new discoveries, such as the mastodons and other Pleistocene fossils found at Snowmass, and new parks, such as Chimney Rock National Monument. Roadside Geology of Colorado is a must-have for any Colorado rock enthusiast.

Ce livre offre une perspective claire sur la nature des carbonatites ainsi que sur les différents processus magmatiques et hydrothermaux qui affectent la distribution de ces dykes. Dans le passé, plusieurs débats ont eu lieu sur les mécanismes d'enrichissement des éléments des terres rares, ce qui en fait un livre important, surtout aujourd'hui avec l'évolution de la technologie. La recherche est riche en découvertes passionnantes, non seulement d'un point de vue scientifique, mais aussi en raison des paysages étonnants et des différences culturelles.

Questo libro offre una prospettiva brillante sulla natura delle carbonatiti e sui diversi processi magmatici e idrotermali che influenzano la distribuzione di questi dicchi. In passato ci sono stati diversi dibattiti sui meccanismi di arricchimento degli elementi delle terre rare, il che lo rende un libro significativo, soprattutto oggi con l'aumento della tecnologia. La ricerca è ricca di risultati entusiasmanti e non solo dal punto di vista scientifico, ma anche di paesaggi e differenze culturali sorprendenti.

This book makes the case that almost the entire Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic geologic record has been impacted in some manner by the Noahic Flood and its aftermath. However, seafloor spreading, in this proposed model, is inferred to have initiated towards the end of the actual Flood Year, being enabled by the receding waters of the Flood. Descriptions of formations in key regions were correlated in stratigraphic order with the historical stages evident from the record in the book of Genesis. This enabled a new biblical young earth geological history model to be developed, including the receding waters and drying phases of the Flood Year. It is remarkable that initial continental breakup began in the Triassic and that this coincided with a time of major sea level low and widespread continental drying. Receding seawater introduced into the top of the mantle via Flood fountain-fragmented zones would drastically lower the melting temperature and viscosity of mantle silicates, both of which would have led to supercontinent breakup and seafloor spreading in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.

Minerals continue to play a notable role in infrastructural development. Their harnessing involves applying exploration methods that are begged on prior geological knowledge and practical concepts. The geological knowledge is preliminarily learned from field geological mapping which can then be followed by applying investigations and analyses that involve methods such as geophysical survey, geochemical analytical techniques or drilling methods, or at times a combination of the methods so as to unravel the envisaged details. Indeed, mineral mapping process begins with the analysis of historical information, geological mapping, field observations and collection of field samples for further investigations under laboratory conditions. Such investigations were undertaken for Ainamoi Area, Kericho County in Kenya. The investigations resulted to identification of anomalies that have substantial bauxite mineralization as geochemical and lab results obtained showed. The study investigated the economic potential of bauxite mineral deposits (Aluminum ore) with respect to concentration per acre of land, depth and/or height of the resource.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This book gives a bright perspective on the nature of carbonatites along with different magmatic and hydrothermal processes that affect the distribution of these dykes. In the past there has been several debates on the enrichment mechanisms of rare-earth elements, making it a significant book especially now with the increase in technology. The research is filled with exciting findings and not just from a scientific view but also with amazing landscapes and cultural differences.

Sparks From A Geologist�������s Hammer is a book written by Alexander Winchell in 1881. The book provides a comprehensive overview of geology, including the history of the Earth, the formation of rocks, and the processes that shape the planet. The author uses his extensive knowledge and experience as a geologist to explain complex concepts in an accessible manner, making the book suitable for both experts and lay readers. The book is divided into chapters, each focusing on a different aspect of geology, such as mineralogy, paleontology, and volcanoes. Throughout the book, Winchell provides numerous examples and illustrations to help readers understand the principles of geology. The book also includes a glossary of geological terms and a comprehensive index, making it a valuable reference for anyone interested in the subject. Overall, Sparks From A Geologist�������s Hammer is an informative and engaging book that offers a fascinating glimpse into the world of geology.This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the old original and may contain some imperfections such as library marks and notations. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions, that are true to their original work.

Our work can be considered as a contribution to the geotechnical and mineralogical study of the Oxfordian clays of the Frenda and Takhemaret regions (wilaya of Tiaret), which form part of north-western Algeria, given the lack of information and the fact that previous studies in this field and in this region are rare. Clays are of great economic importance, and are exploited as a raw material for brickworks (Frenda brickworks), the sectors exploited being those of Kef Lazreg (Frenda) and Oued el Abd (Takhemaret), The present study will focus first on field work, which involves taking samples, and then on laboratory work, where these samples will be subjected to X-ray diffractometry (XRD) analyses (mineralogical) and physico-chemical tests (geotechnical).This study could later be the starting point for other mineralogical and geotechnical characterization studies of the large clay formation of which ours is a part, which will undoubtedly help to classify the clays of this formation with a view to possible economic exploitation.

Unsere Arbeit kann als Beitrag zur geotechnischen und mineralogischen Untersuchung der oxfordischen Tone in den Regionen Frenda und Takhemaret (Wilaya Tiaret), die zum Nordwesten Algeriens gehören, angesehen werden, da es an Informationen mangelt und frühere Studien in diesem Bereich und in dieser Region selten sind. Tonerde ist von großer wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung und wird als Rohstoff für Ziegeleien (Ziegelei Frenda) abgebaut, wobei die Gebiete Kef Lazreg (Frenda) und Oued el Abd (Takhemaret) betroffen sind, Die vorliegende Studie umfasst zunächst eine Feldarbeit, bei der Proben entnommen werden, und anschließend eine Laborarbeit, bei der die Proben einer Röntgendiffraktometrie (DRX) (mineralogisch) und physikalisch-chemischen Tests (geotechnisch) unterzogen werden.Diese Studie kann später der Anfang für weitere Studien zur mineralogischen und geotechnischen Charakterisierung der großen Tonformation sein, zu der auch unsere Formation gehört, was zweifellos dazu beitragen wird, die Tone dieser Formation im Hinblick auf eine mögliche wirtschaftliche Nutzung zu klassifizieren.

Nasha rabota mozhet rassmatriwat'sq kak wklad w geotehnicheskoe i mineralogicheskoe izuchenie oxfordskih glin regionow Franda i Tahemaret (wilajq Tiaret), kotorye qwlqütsq chast'ü sewero-zapadnogo Alzhira, uchitywaq nedostatok informacii i to, chto predyduschie issledowaniq w ätoj oblasti i w ätom regione redki. Gliny imeüt bol'shoe äkonomicheskoe znachenie i ispol'zuütsq w kachestwe syr'q dlq kirpichnyh zawodow (kirpichnye zawody Frenda), w tom chisle w Kef Lazreg (Frenda) i Uäd äl' Abd (Tahemaret), Nastoqschee issledowanie budet poswqscheno, prezhde wsego, polewym rabotam, kotorye zaklüchaütsq w otbore obrazcow, a zatem laboratornym rabotam, w hode kotoryh äti obrazcy budut podwergnuty analizu s pomosch'ü rentgenowskoj difraktometrii (XRD) (mineralogicheskij analiz) i fiziko-himicheskim ispytaniqm (geotehnicheskij analiz).Jeto issledowanie mozhet stat' otprawnoj tochkoj dlq drugih issledowanij mineralogicheskih i geotehnicheskih harakteristik krupnoj glinistoj formacii, chast'ü kotoroj qwlqetsq nasha, chto, nesomnenno, pomozhet klassificirowat' gliny w ätoj formacii s cel'ü wozmozhnoj äkonomicheskoj äxpluatacii.

O nosso trabalho pode ser considerado como uma contribuição para o estudo geotécnico e mineralógico das argilas oxfordianas das regiões de Frenda e Takhemaret (wilaya de Tiaret), que fazem parte do noroeste da Argélia, dada a falta de informação e o facto de serem raros os estudos anteriores neste domínio e nesta região. As argilas têm uma grande importância económica e são exploradas como matéria-prima para as fábricas de tijolos (fábricas de tijolos de Frenda), sendo os sectores explorados os de Kef Lazreg (Frenda) e Oued el Abd (Takhemaret), O presente estudo centrar-se-á, em primeiro lugar, no trabalho de campo, que consiste na recolha de amostras, e, em seguida, no trabalho de laboratório, onde essas amostras serão submetidas a análises de difractometria de raios X (DRX) (mineralógicas) e a ensaios físico-químicos (geotécnicos).Este estudo poderá, posteriormente, ser o ponto de partida para outros estudos de caraterização mineralógica e geotécnica da grande formação argilosa em que se insere a nossa, o que ajudará, sem dúvida, a classificar as argilas desta formação com vista a uma possível exploração económica.

Il nostro lavoro può essere considerato un contributo allo studio geotecnico e mineralogico delle argille oxfordiane delle regioni di Frenda e Takhemaret (wilaya di Tiaret), che fanno parte dell'Algeria nord-occidentale, data la mancanza di informazioni e la rarità di studi precedenti in questo campo e in questa regione. Le argille rivestono una grande importanza economica e sono sfruttate come materia prima per le fabbriche di mattoni (Frenda brickworks); i settori sfruttati sono quelli di Kef Lazreg (Frenda) e Oued el Abd (Takhemaret), Il presente studio si concentrerà in primo luogo sul lavoro sul campo, che consiste nel prelevare campioni, e poi sul lavoro di laboratorio, dove questi campioni saranno sottoposti ad analisi di diffrattometria a raggi X (XRD) (mineralogiche) e a test fisico-chimici (geotecnici).Questo studio potrebbe in seguito essere il punto di partenza per altri studi di caratterizzazione mineralogica e geotecnica della grande formazione argillosa di cui la nostra fa parte, che contribuiranno senza dubbio a classificare le argille di questa formazione in vista di un possibile sfruttamento economico.

In der Neuzeit werden in entwickelten Ländern der Welt mit kontinentalen und trockenen Klimabedingungen Forschungen durchgeführt, um die hydrogeologischen Bedingungen des Grundwassers in aktiven Wasseraustauschzonen zu bewerten und Trink- und Brauchwasser in den folgenden vorrangigen wissenschaftlichen Bereichen zu überwachen: Grundmuster der Verteilung und Dynamik des Grundwassers; Feststellung der konvektiven Migration geochemischer Elemente aus der Tiefe, sowohl in freier Form als auch zusammen mit dem Grundwasser; Entwicklung von Methoden zur Modellierung und Analyse von Möglichkeiten zur künstlichen Bildung von Süßwassergrundwasserreserven in der Zone des aktiven Wasseraustauschs; Bestimmung der Art und des Mechanismus für die rationelle Nutzung der Grundwasserressourcen in Trockengebieten.

No período moderno, nos países desenvolvidos do mundo com condições climáticas continentais e áridas, estão sendo realizadas pesquisas para avaliar as condições hidrogeológicas das águas subterrâneas em zonas ativas de troca de água e para monitorar a água potável e industrial nas seguintes áreas científicas prioritárias: padrões básicos da distribuição e dinâmica das águas subterrâneas; estabelecimento da migração convectiva de elementos geoquímicos em profundidade, tanto na forma livre como em conjunto com as águas subterrâneas; desenvolvimento de métodos de modelagem e análise de mudanças nas formas de formação artificial de reservas de água doce subterrânea na zona de troca ativa de água; determinação da natureza e mecanismo para o uso racional dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos em áreas áridas.

In the modern period, in developed countries of the world with continental and arid climatic conditions, research is being conducted to assess the hydrogeological conditions of groundwater in active water exchange zones and to monitor drinking and industrial water in the following priority scientific areas: basic patterns of distribution and dynamics of groundwater; establishment of convective migration of geochemical elements from depth, both in free form and together with groundwater; development of methods for modeling and analyzing changes in the ways of artificial formation of fresh groundwater reserves in the zone of active water exchange; determination of the nature and mechanism for the rational use of groundwater resources in arid areas.

Karakalpak Ustyurt, characterized by its peculiar geological and tectonic structure, geomorphology, the presence of very deep and drainless depressions, as well as diverse fauna, has attracted the attention of researchers since ancient times. Meanwhile, the data on geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, soil and climatic conditions of the studied territory were obtained much later. Initial data on physical-geographical conditions and geological structure of the area were fragmentary and had a route-reconnaissance character. Nowadays outdated information about the Ustyurt Plateau has only historical significance. As it is known from historical data, the first land description of the Ustyurt Plateau territory was made in the second century by Claudius Ptolemy. And information about underground waters of the plateau was obtained much later. Until now we are still conducting research on the movement of underground waters and placement of minerals in the Ustyurt plain of the Republic of Karakalpakstan.

This collection presents papers from the 152nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.