Geologi, geomorfologi og lithosfæren

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

The book "Viscoelastic Seismic Modelling Scheme" presents an accurate and efficient modelling technique for seismic data analysis. The author, introduces the use of viscoelastic models in seismic analysis, which better simulate the complexities of the Earth's subsurface. The book is focused on a specific case study, DVP India, which serves as an example of how the modelling scheme can be applied in practice. The book starts with an introduction to the basic concepts of seismic modelling and the challenges faced by traditional modelling techniques. It then goes on to explain the use of viscoelastic models and their advantages over traditional models. The author explains the step-by-step process of the proposed modelling scheme, including the incorporation of geological constraints and the calibration of the model parameters. Overall, the book is a valuable resource for geologists, seismologists, and researchers involved in seismic data analysis. It provides a comprehensive guide to viscoelastic modelling techniques and their practical applications.

This book comprehensively analyzes and summarizes the types, characteristics and prevention of deep-sea geological disasters in the South China Sea based on the research progress of global background. It also brings attention to the general public and stakeholders the risks of deep-sea geological disasters.

Microbiome-Based Decontamination of Environmental Pollutants explores the complex interactions of plant-associated microbiomes, providing insights into the pressing challenges of managing environmental resources such as soil, water, and waste. Analysis has shown a formidable potential based in the network interactions between plant microbiota and environmental contaminants. This book presents insights into the potential exploitation of these plant-associated microbial functions. This volume in the Plant and Soil Microbiome series summarizes microbiological aspects of environmental management from the basics to advanced theoretical as well as practical aspects of microbial-based approaches. The physical and chemical changes caused by pollution of an ecosystem can occur rapidly, significantly impacting the functionality of ecosystem services in that environment. Environmental contamination poses and increasingly global challenge through direct and indirect adverse impacts on the climate, soil productivity and the health concerns of human beings. Traditional remediation techniques are not consistently feasible in mitigating environmental contaminants challenges in terms of cost-effectiveness, limited land resources and toxic residual products. The use of plant-associated microbes as part of a network of tools opens a new door to explore an alternative, eco-friendly and economical technology to mitigate the challenges of environmental contamination.

This book presents a study aimed at identifying, through the use of satellite images and Geographic Information Systems, areas potentially suitable for hydrogeological prospecting in the Sebt Brikyne region. The data used are topographic maps, geological maps, Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) and satellite images. GIS was used to determine the geomorphological and hydrological features of this region. The use of multi-source spatial remote sensing data enabled the production of a geological mapping sketch, which provides more information because of the detail it provides (1:100,000) compared with existing cartographic documents, and the elaboration of a structural map of the lineaments affecting the area. The cross-referencing of products generated from satellite images and the digital terrain model (DTM) has enabled us to propose a recharge model for the Sebt Brikyne groundwater table.

This book examines the abilities of new machine learning models for predicting ore grade in mining engineering. A variety of case studies are examined in this book. A motivation for preparing this book was the absence of robust models for estimating ore grade. Models of current books can also be used for the different sciences because they have high capabilities for estimating different variables. Mining engineers can use the book to determine the ore grade accurately. This book helps identify mineral-rich regions for exploration and exploitation. Exploration costs can be decreased by using the models in the current book. In this book, the author discusses the new concepts in mining engineering, such as uncertainty in ore grade modeling. Ensemble models are presented in this book to estimate ore grade. In the book, readers learn how to construct advanced machine learning models for estimating ore grade. The authors of this book present advanced and hybrid models used to estimate ore grade instead of the classic methods such as kriging. The current book can be used as a comprehensive handbook for estimating ore grades. Industrial managers and modelers can use the models of the current books. Each level of ore grade modeling is explained in the book. In this book, advanced optimizers are presented to train machine learning models. Therefore, the book can also be used by modelers in other fields. The main motivation of this book is to address previous shortcomings in the modeling process of ore grades. The scope of this book includes mining engineering, soft computing models, and artificial intelligence.

Increased environmental and energy concerns have renewed global interest in raw earth as a building material. Low-energy requirements, low-cost, high availability at construction sites, and favorable engineering properties make (EBMs) an attractive alternative to conventional cement-based construction materials. Though the use of native binders to improve soil properties has garnered attention in recent literature, the available knowledge has not been covered in a single document. This book highlights the key soil properties that determine the mechanical performance of earthen building materials, importance of unsaturated soil mechanics in the engineering behavior of earthen building materials, the different types of stabilizers used to improve the engineering performance of earthen building materials including the use of select native binders, the characteristics of compressed earth blocks stabilized with cement and cement + wood ash additives and the improvement in the engineering properties of adobes stabilized with plant fibers and cow dung.

This edited book is based on the accepted papers for presentation at the 1st MedGU Annual Meeting, Istanbul 2021. With four parts spanning a large spectrum of geological, geochemical, geophysical and petroleum topics, this book presents a series of newest research studies that are nowadays relevant to Middle East, Mediterranean region, and Africa.The book covers various topics from the fields of (1) sedimentology, stratigraphy, paleontology, (2) geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology, volcanology, (3) structural geology, tectonics, geodynamics, and (4) petroleum and energy engineering, and petroleum geology. The content of these papers provides new scientific knowledge for further understanding new case studies and approaches in these various topics.

The dynamic mechanism of plate tectonics remains a reasonable theory, but one with shortcomings such as insufficient bases for plate division, unclear plate boundaries, and unclear geological characteristics. This book proposes that the world's continents should not be divided by plates, and that their formation is not due to plate tectonics but rather due to global crustal uplift evolution and sea-land evolution. This proposal is based on the authors' broad theoretical foundation and comprehensive professional knowledge, built up over more than ten years of in-depth research by many scholars on the evolution of the Earth's continents.In this book, many case studies are better explained by global crustal uplift and sea-land evolution. Namely, that the entire continents of the world are indivisible, and the changes of each land block over geological periods resulted from the sea-land changes.The book further develops the original "geomechanics theory" created by the famous geologist Li Siguang. As a vibrant and highly rigorous work, Prof Li's book offered important theoretical guidance that enriched the global geological community and led to a re-development within geological science. The strong response highlights the significance of geomechanics theory and our theories that build upon it in this book.

Principles of Geology is a groundbreaking classic of science, Mentioned multiple times in glowing terms by Charles Darwin, in The Origin of Species, and heralded by such contemporaries as Melville, Emerson, Tennyson and George Eliot, Principles of Geology is here for a new generation concerned with Earth sciences, climate and the processes which shape it.

This book is directed to those who are interested in petroleum geology, especially source rock from both academia and industrial societies. Our chapter-based book is written by a list of world-class subject-matter experts.The book includes recent advancements in analytical source rock characterization methods with some case studies. It is also used as part of a course curriculum or guide for source rock interpretation for all researcher categories.Significant improvement in the source rock characterization techniques in the last two decades and the knowledge is disseminated in a huge amount of papers and studies. The book intends to collect these recent advancements in one textbook to benefit students and researchers in general. In addition, it is supplemented by many case studies from all over the world that represent important data sets for the regional geology of these areas.

The aim of this work is to highlight the impact of anthropogenic activities on the environment, as well as the close relationship between the polluted environment and the contamination of aquifers and surface waters. Physico-chemical parameters and trace metals were measured in 19 water samples, including 14 groundwater samples and 5 surface water samples. The results of the chemical analyses were processed using hydrochemical and statistical methods (principal component analysis, PCA and hierarchical ascending classification, HAC and Piper diagram). A geographic information system (GIS) was set up to study the spatial variation of physico-chemical parameters and trace metals.

This book focuses on many aspects of mass transfer dynamics of contamination in fractured media. First, it discusses the concept, structure and properties of fractured media. It then traces topics such as basic law of seepage in fractured media, the basic mass transfer theory of fractured media, numerical simulation of mass transfer process in fractured media, mathematical model and parameter inversion of mass transfer in fractured media and the frontier of mass transfer in fractured media. The book is a comprehensive reference for both graduate students and scientific and technological teams working in the fields of hydrogeology, water conservation, mining and civil engineering, environmental engineering, transportation, civil air defense and national defense.

Texas Fossils: An Amateur Collector's Handbook, is a classical and a rare book, that has been considered important throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we at Alpha Editions have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and redesigned. These books are not made of scanned copies of their original work, and hence their text is clear and readable. This remarkable volume falls within the genres of Science Geology

Overview of Geotechnical EngineeringGeotechnical engineering is a crucial discipline in the field of civil engineering that deals with the behavior and properties of soil and rock materials. It plays a significant role in the construction industry, providing engineers with essential knowledge and tools to design and construct safe and reliable infrastructure.This subchapter aims to provide engineers, particularly those specializing in civil engineering, with a comprehensive overview of geotechnical engineering. It will cover the fundamental principles, practices, and techniques employed in this field, highlighting their importance in construction projects.To begin with, the subchapter will delve into the basics of geotechnical engineering, explaining the significance of understanding soil and rock mechanics. Engineers will gain insights into the composition of soil and rock, their physical and mechanical properties, and how these properties influence the behavior of the ground.The subchapter will then explore the various geotechnical investigations and testing methods employed to gather crucial data about the site conditions. Engineers will learn about the different in-situ and laboratory tests used to determine soil and rock characteristics, including density, strength, permeability, and compressibility. Understanding these properties is crucial for making informed decisions regarding foundation design, slope stability, and overall project feasibility.Furthermore, the subchapter will discuss the design principles and practices employed in geotechnical engineering. Engineers will be introduced to various design methods for foundations, retaining structures, embankments, and slopes. They will also learn about the different types of geotechnical engineering analyses, such as settlement analysis, bearing capacity analysis, and slope stability analysis.The importance of geotechnical considerations in construction projects will also be emphasized. Engineers will understand how geotechnical engineering plays a vital role in ensuring the safety and stability of structures, as well as mitigating potential risks. Additionally, geotechnical challenges associated with different types of soil and rock formations will be discussed, providing engineers with valuable insights for addressing specific site conditions

This textbook presents an extensive manual of crystallography, including geometric crystallography, crystallochemistry, and crystallophysics. Illustrated with a wealth of figures and diagrams, it offers a thorough introduction to crystals for undergraduate and graduate students interested in learning the essentials and advanced concepts of crystallography.The book begins with basic concepts such as the geometry, morphology and symmetry of lattices, allowing readers to approach the subject from a mathematical point of view, abstracting it from its material content. In turn, the second part focuses on crystallochemistry and explains the differences between ideal and real crystals, and between static and dynamic ones. The third part of the textbook concerns crystallophysics and addresses the electrical, magnetic, mechanical, elastic and optical properties of crystals, as well as the fundamental laws and methods of X-ray diffraction.

Texas Gemstones, is a classical and a rare book, that has been considered important throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we at Alpha Editions have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and redesigned. These books are not made of scanned copies of their original work, and hence their text is clear and readable. This remarkable volume falls within the genres of Science Geology

Theory of the Earth, With Proofs and Illustrations, Volume 2, is a classical and a rare book, that has been considered important throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we at Alpha Editions have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and redesigned. These books are not made of scanned copies of their original work, and hence their text is clear and readable. This remarkable volume falls within the genres of Science Geology

Le esplorazioni geochimiche per la ricerca dell'oro spesso non producono risultati favorevoli perché i pathfinder dell'oro non sono stati identificati correttamente. In altri casi, non è stato possibile collegare i pathfinder alla geologia dell'orrido e quindi i giacimenti ad alto potenziale sono rimasti non sfruttati. L'obiettivo di questo studio è quello di testare l'efficacia degli strumenti geostatistici (statistica multivariata) nell'identificazione degli elementi indice e pathfinder durante l'esplorazione di un giacimento minerario, soprattutto quando sono coinvolti dati geochimici di massa. La trasformazione logaritmica è stata richiesta per garantire la stazionarietà e la normalità dei dati. Per i pathfinder sono state utilizzate la Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) e la Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Per delineare le zone anomale per l'oro sono stati utilizzati l'Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) e il Kriging.