Matematik for ingeniører

This book reports on advances in applied mechanics research and applications. It covers methods, modeling, and simulation tools for products design, material behavior analysis, and for optimizing production processes. It also reports on cutting-edge techniques for increasing performance of mechanical systems. The book gathers selected contributions to the 11th International Congress for Applied Mechanics (JET¿2022), held on November 16-18, 2022, in Marrakech, Morocco. The congress was organized by the Franco-Maghreb Association of Mechanics and Materials (AF3M) with the close collaboration of the Moroccan Society of Mechanical Sciences (SMSM). Overall, this book gives a special emphasis to theoretical and practical advances in mechanics, supporting sustainable and environmentally friendly development. It covers applications in transportation, building engineering, bioengineering and manufacturing.

This book is a pioneering exploration of a new form of high-frequencyattenuation chamber that has the potential to revolutionize antenna measurementtechniques. The authors present an innovative concept that leverages theclassical principle of changing the polarization of radio waves, eliminatingthe need for traditional non-reflection chambers. By analyzing experimentalresults and searching for the optimal shape and composition of a depolarizationpanel, this monograph provides valuable insights into creating a non-reflectiveenvironment for accurately measuring the directional properties of antennas.The book delves into the methodology of frequency analysis, optimization of thedepolarization panel, and the creation of a measuring workplace using thispanel. It highlights the crucial attenuation phenomenon of suppressingcross-polarization coupling between transmitting and receiving antennas,enabling antenna measurements in any laboratory environment. With its promisingresults and practical applications in antenna technology, this publicationoffers a compelling and cutting-edge approach to antenna measurement that willcaptivate researchers, engineers, and professionals in the field.

In diesem Lehrbuch der Ingenieurwissenschaften werden die grundlegenden Konzepte der Mechanik, Festigkeitslehre, Thermodynamik, Maschinendynamik, Kraftfahrzeugtechnik, Elektrotechnik und Regelungstechnik auf eine mathematisch fundierte Weise erörtert. Die Besonderheit liegt in der praxisnahen Herangehensweise, bei der aus den mathematischen Formulierungen konkrete Modelle entwickelt und mithilfe von Matlab/Simulink simuliert werden. Dieses Buch richtet sich an Studierende der Ingenieurwissenschaften und bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die zentralen Disziplinen. Praktische Beispiele, dargelegt durch Matlab-Codes und Simulink-Modelle, dienen dazu, das Verständnis zu vertiefen. Eine unverzichtbare Ressource für angehende Ingenieure, die eine tiefgehende und praxisorientierte Auseinandersetzung mit den Grundlagen der Ingenieurwissenschaften suchen.

This contributed volume explores innovative research in the modeling, simulation, and control of crowd dynamics. Chapter authors approach the topic from the perspectives of mathematics, physics, engineering, and psychology, providing a comprehensive overview of the work carried out in this challenging interdisciplinary research field. The volume begins with an overview of analytical problems related to crowd modeling. Attention is then given to the importance of considering the social and psychological factors that influence crowd behavior ¿ such as emotions, communication, and decision-making processes ¿ in order to create reliable models. Finally, specific features of crowd behavior are explored, including single-file traffic, passenger movement, modeling multiple groups in crowds, and the interplay between crowd dynamics and the spread of disease.Crowd Dynamics, Volume 4 is ideal for mathematicians, engineers, physicists, and other researchers working in the rapidly growing field of modeling and simulation of human crowds.

This book considers a class of ergodic finite controllable Markov's chains. The main idea behind the method, described in this book, is to develop the original discrete optimization problems (or game models) in the space of randomized formulations, where the variables stand in for the distributions (mixed strategies or preferences) of the original discrete (pure) strategies in the use. The following suppositions are made: a finite state space, a limited action space, continuity of the probabilities and rewards associated with the actions, and a necessity for accessibility. These hypotheses lead to the existence of an optimal policy. The best course of action is always stationary. It is either simple (i.e., nonrandomized stationary) or composed of two nonrandomized policies, which is equivalent to randomly selecting one of two simple policies throughout each epoch by tossing a biased coin. As a bonus, the optimization procedure just has to repeatedly solve the time-average dynamic programming equation, making it theoretically feasible to choose the optimum course of action under the global restriction. In the ergodic cases the state distributions, generated by the corresponding transition equations, exponentially quickly converge to their stationary (final) values. This makes it possible to employ all widely used optimization methods (such as Gradient-like procedures, Extra-proximal method, Lagrange's multipliers, Tikhonov's regularization), including the related numerical techniques. In the book we tackle different problems and theoretical Markov models like controllable and ergodic Markov chains, multi-objective Pareto front solutions, partially observable Markov chains, continuous-time Markov chains, Nash equilibrium and Stackelberg equilibrium, Lyapunov-like function in Markov chains, Best-reply strategy, Bayesian incentive-compatible mechanisms, Bayesian Partially Observable Markov Games, bargaining solutions for Nash and Kalai-Smorodinsky formulations, multi-traffic signal-control synchronization problem, Rubinstein's non-cooperative bargaining solutions, the transfer pricing problem as bargaining.

This book offers a careful selection of studies in optimization techniques based on artificial intelligence, applied to inverse problems in radiative transfer. In this book, the reader will find an in-depth exploration of heuristic optimization methods, each meticulously described and accompanied by historical context and natural process analogies.From simulated annealing and genetic algorithms to artificial neural networks, ant colony optimization, and particle swarms, this volume presents a wide range of heuristic methods. Additional approaches such as generalized extreme optimization, particle collision, differential evolution, Luus-Jaakola, and firefly algorithms are also discussed, providing a rich repertoire of tools for tackling challenging problems.While the applications showcased primarily focus on radiative transfer, their potential extends to various domains, particularly nonlinear and large-scale problems where traditional deterministic methods fall short. With clear and comprehensive presentations, this book empowers readers to adapt each method to their specific needs. Furthermore, practical examples of classical optimization problems and application suggestions are included to enhance your understanding.This book is suitable to any researcher or practitioner whose interests lie on optimization techniques based in artificial intelligence and bio-inspired algorithms, in fields like Applied Mathematics, Engineering, Computing, and cross-disciplinary areas.

This lecture provides an introduction to transmission line effects in the time domain. Fundamentals including time of flight, impedance discontinuities, proper termination schemes, nonlinear and reactive loads, and crosstalk are considered. Required prerequisite knowledge is limited to conventional circuit theory. The material is intended to supplement standard textbooks for use with undergraduate students in electrical engineering or computer engineering. The contents should also be of value to practicing engineers with interests in signal integrity and high-speed digital design. Table of Contents: Introduction / Solution of the Transmission Line Equations / DC Signals on a Resistively Loaded Transmission Line / Termination Schemes / Equivalent Circuits, Cascaded Lines, and Fan-Outs / Initially-Charged Transmission Lines / Finite Duration Pulses on Transmission Lines / Transmission Lines with Reactive Terminations / Lines with Nonlinear Loads / Crosstalk on Weakly Coupled Transmission Lines

This study guide is designed for students taking a Calculus III course. The textbook includes examples, questions, and practice problems that will help students to review and sharpen their knowledge of the subject and enhance their performance in the classroom. The material covered in the book includes linear algebra and analytical geometry; lines, surfaces, and vector functions in three-dimensional coordinate systems; multiple-variable functions; multiple integrals and their applications; line integrals and their applications. Offering detailed solutions, multiple methods for solving problems, and clear explanations of concepts, this hands-on guide will improve students¿ problem-solving skills and foster a solid understanding of calculus, which will benefit them in all of their calculus-based courses.

The book is composed of 15 chapters in total. All chapters presented by the authors (co-authors) are published in the author¿s edition and aim to present an issue on how to achieve more sustainable and more environmentally safe development of modern transport and energy sector. The chapters are grouped into 3 parts. The first part ¿Decisions for alternative energy sources use in modern transport¿ represents novel solutions in alternative energy sources development and implementation in different spheres of the modern transport sector. The second part ¿Solutions for reducing negative impact of energy and transport on environment¿ is devoted to advances in technologies aimed on reducing impact of energy and transport sectors on environment and utilization of waste. The third part of the book ¿Advance in alternative motor fuels technology¿ represents recent developments in chemical technology of alternative fuels production and aspects of modern fuels quality control.

The tuned mass damper is one of the classic dynamic vibration absorbers with effective devices for energy dissipation and vibration reduction. The electromagnetically tuned mass damper system is extensively used for vibration reduction in engineering. A better understanding of the nonlinear dynamics of the electromagnetically tuned mass damper system is very important to optimize the parameters of such systems for vibration reduction. However, until now, one cannot fully understand complex periodic motions in such a nonlinear, electromagnetically tuned mass damper system. In this book, the semi-analytical solutions of periodic motions are presented through period-1, period-3, period-9, and period-12 motions. The corresponding stability and bifurcations of periodic motions are determined. The frequency-amplitude characteristics for bifurcation routes of such higher-order periodic motions are presented. This book helps people better understand the dynamical behaviors of an electromagnetically tuned mass damper system for the new development and design of vibration reduction and energy harvesting systems.

This book presents a compilation of lectures delivered at the São Paulo School of Advanced Sciences on Nonlinear Dynamics, categorized into four groups: parametric resonance, nonlinear modal analysis and model reduction, synchronization, and strongly nonlinear dynamics. Interwoven seamlessly, these groups cover a wide range of topics, from fundamental concepts to practical applications, catering to both introductory and advanced readers. The first group, consisting of chapters 1 and 2, serves as an introduction to the theory of parametric resonance and the dynamics of parametrically excited slender structures. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 form the second group, offering insights into normal forms, nonlinear normal modes, and nonlinear system identification. Chapters 6 and 7 delve into asynchronous modes of structural vibration and master-slave topologies for time signal distribution within synchronous systems, respectively, representing the third group. Finally, the last four chapters tackle the fourth group, exploring nonlinear dynamics of variable mass oscillators, advanced analytical methods for strong nonlinear vibration problems, chaos theory, and dynamic integrity from the perspectives of safety and design. This book harmoniously combines theoretical depth and practical relevance to provide a comprehensive understanding of nonlinear dynamics.

This book gathers peer-reviewed contributions submitted to the 21st European Conference on Mathematics for Industry, ECMI 2021, which was virtually held online, hosted by the University of Wuppertal, Germany, from April 13th to April 15th, 2021. The works explore mathematics in a wide variety of applications, ranging from problems in electronics, energy and the environment, to mechanics and mechatronics. Topics covered include: Applied Physics, Biology and Medicine, Cybersecurity, Data Science, Economics, Finance and Insurance, Energy, Production Systems, Social Challenges, and Vehicles and Transportation.The goal of the European Consortium for Mathematics in Industry (ECMI) conference series is to promote interaction between academia and industry, leading to innovations in both fields. These events have attracted leading experts from business, science and academia, and have promoted the application of novel mathematical technologies to industry. They have also encouraged industrial sectors to share challenging problems where mathematicians can provide fresh insights and perspectives. Lastly, the ECMI conferences are one of the main forums in which significant advances in industrial mathematics are presented, bringing together prominent figures from business, science and academia to promote the use of innovative mathematics in industry.

The aim of this book is to educate the beneficiaries of this technology, because there is so little awareness and understanding of what can be achieved with tuned mass dampers and vibration absorbers and of the relatively small increase in mass and complexity in exchange for the tremendous benefit in vibration reduction. It introduces the feedback approach to help understand why these devices work and are very helpful in modeling the devices on complicated structures. The hardware demonstrators are simple and directly scalable to more complicated structures. Once a reader successfully operates the demonstration hardware, the concepts in the book are directly scalable to implementations on very complex structures like airplanes and rockets. A recipe is provided to 3D print most of the parts as well as easy-to-find brackets and sensors. The whole kit can be assembled in an afternoon. The directions will be similar in detail to a DIY magazine article, providing simple, step-by-step procedures. Via app: download the SN More Media app for free, scan a link with play button and access MP4 directly on your smartphone or tablet.

Angriffe aus den eigenen Reihen durch sogenannte Innentäter sind für Unternehmen nur schwer zu erkennen. Unter Innentätern versteht man Personen, die in Unternehmen oder Organisationen vorsätzlich dolose Handlungen vornehmen. Ihnen fällt es aufgrund ihres Wissens über Interna leichter, etablierte Schutzmaßnahmen zu überwinden. Unternehmensinhaber trifft im Rahmen des mehrdeutigen Begriffs unternehmerischer Compliance auch eine Pflicht, in ihrem Betrieb für regelgetreues Verhalten der Beschäftigten zu sorgen. Es besteht insofern ein Spannungsverhältnis zwischen dem Recht auf informationelle Selbstbestimmung des Beschäftigten, welches durch das Datenschutzrecht geschützt wird, und der Pflicht des Arbeitgebers, in seinem Unternehmen für rechtskonformes Verhalten zu sorgen. Gegenstand des Buchs ist daher die Frage, welche Konsequenzen die Datenschutz-Grundverordnung sowie die Gesetzgebung auf nationalstaatlicher Ebene für den Beschäftigtendatenschutz im Allgemeinen sowie für die Umsetzung der neuen Anforderungen bei unternehmensinternen Compliance-Maßnahmen hat.

This monograph represents the outcome of research effort of the authors on scalable synchronization of large-scale multi-agent systems (MAS). Cooperative control of multi-agent systems has been growing in popularity and is highly interdisciplinary in recent years. The application of synchronization of MAS includes automobile systems, aerospace systems, multiple-satellite GPS, high-resolution satellite imagery, aircraft formations, highway traffic platooning, industrial process control with multiple processes, and more. Most of the proposed protocols in the literature for synchronization of MAS require some knowledge of the communication network such as bounds on the spectrum of the associated Laplacian matrix and the number of agents. These protocols suffer from scale fragility wherein stability properties are lost for large-scale networks or when the communication graph changes. In the past few years, the authors of this monograph have worked on developing scale-free protocol design for various cases of MAS problems. The key contribution of the monograph is to offer a scale-free design framework and provide scale-free protocols to achieve synchronization, delayed synchronization, and almost synchronization in the presence of input and communication delays, input saturation and external disturbances. The scale-free design framework solely is based on the knowledge of agent models and does not depend on information about the communication network such as the spectrum of the associated Laplacian matrix or size of the network. Drawing upon their extensive work in this area, the authors provide a thorough treatment of agents with higher-order dynamics, different classes of models for agents, and the underlying networks representing actions of the agents. The high technical level of their presentation and their rigorous mathematical approach make this monograph a timely and valuable resource that will fill a gap in the existing literature.

Dynamic Environments Testing, Volume 7: Proceedings of the 41st IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2023, the seventh volume of ten from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects Dynamic Environments Testing including papers on:Vibration Testing Shock TestingMulti-Axis Shaker Testing Test Fixture Design Dynamic Environment Definition Specifications for Acceptance Testing

Dieses Lehrbuch richtet sich an Studierende von fachfremden Studiengängen mit Informatikanteilen. Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf den sogenannten Lebenswissenschaften, wie Medizintechnik, Rettungsingenieurwesen, Biotechnologie, Umwelttechnik oder Verfahrenstechnik. Das Lehrbuch eignet sich für Leser in Studium und Praxis, die sich einen Einstieg in die Informatik verschaffen wollen. Die Besonderheit dieses Buches liegt in der problembasierten Herangehensweise, sowie der nach verschiedenen Taxonomiestufen konzipierten Übungsaufgaben.

The book presents a conceptual and methodological basis for the mathematical and computational analysis of genomes.Genomes are containers of biological information, which direct the cell functions and the evolution of organisms. Combinatorial, probabilistic, and informational aspects are fundamental ingredients of any mathematical investigation of genomes aimed at providing mathematical principles for extracting the information that they contain.The topics presented in the book include research themes developed by authors in the last 15 years, and in many aspects, the book continues a preceding volume (Vincenzo Manca, Infobiotics: Information in biotic systems, Springer, 2013). The main inspiring idea of the book is an informational perspective to Genomics. Information is the most recent, among the fundamental mathematical and physical concepts developed in the last two centuries. It has revolutionized the whole science and continues, in this direction, to dominate the trends of the contemporary science. In fact, any discipline collects data from observations, by providing theories able to explain, predict, and dominate natural phenomena. But data are containers of information, whence information is essential in any scientific elaboration.Many open problems in deciphering genomes will be addressed, by showing an informational approach to the discovery of ¿genome languages¿, according to which genomic texts are written. Life strategies, at many levels of organization, are encoded in these texts, and randomness has a crucial role in the birth and in the development of biological information, where the interplay of casualty and computation is probably the most secret key of life intelligence.

Reaction to breakdowns is more expensive, by many orders of magnitude, than prevention. This again became clear during the COVID-19 pandemic and is evinced in the sustainability crisis. The dynamics of living matter transcends deterministic reaction. Embodied in machines, determinism empowered the human being, providing the path to prosperity. However, in conjunction with reductionism, it does away with complexity, in which life is couched.The living is by necessity anticipatory. Awareness of the future means preserving life not in reaction to, but in anticipation of change. Living entities, from the simplest bacteria, to plants and insects, to human beings, are adaptive, goal-oriented, and capable of self-healing. Anticipatory actions are expressed through non-deterministic processes that unfold in concert with reactions. They engage the wholeness of life, including its interactions with the environment. Awareness of consequences, together with memory of the past, informs actions that reflect the creative nature of human beings. Redefining science¿and implicitly, medicine¿is not a negation of its past, but rather an affirmation of trust in explaining life¿s capacity to renew itself. As opposed to increasingly expensive medicine as a practice of repair, to prevent and to heal is to make life sustainable. The moment of truth can no longer be postponed. At stake is the future of humankind and even of life on planet Earth. Reductionist determinism informs the obsession with progress at any cost. Awareness of the fact that the human condition transcends that of the matter in which it is embodied explains, and indeed justifies, the call to Disrupt Science in its current state. The age of the digital machine, in particular of artificial intelligence, is one of opportunities that pale when compared to its inherent risks. The record of breakdowns (including so-called natural disasters), by now global in scale, is part of the empirical premise for the call for completing the Cartesian Revolution. A ¿Second Revolution in Science¿ could unleash humanity¿s remaking, free of surrendering to want. Science has the opportunity not only to measure everything¿life included¿and accumulate data and process it for its own sake, but also to realize its meaning. The future matters. Baruch Gorkin is celebrated internationally for exquisite typefaces and for books reflecting meaning-driven design.

This book provides a comprehensive yet informal introduction to differentiating and integrating real functions with one variable. It also covers basic first-order differential equations and introduces higher-dimensional differentiation and integration. The focus is on significant theoretical proofs, accompanied by illustrative examples for clarity. A comprehensive bibliography aids deeper understanding. The concept of a function's differential is a central theme, relating to the "differential" within integrals. The discussion of indefinite integrals (collections of antiderivatives) precedes definite integrals, naturally connecting the two. The Appendix offers essential math formulas, exercise properties, and an in-depth exploration of continuity and differentiability. Select exercise solutions are provided. This book suits short introductory math courses for novice physics/engineering students. It equips them with vital differentialand integral calculus tools for real-world applications. It is also useful for first-year undergraduates, reinforcing advanced calculus foundations for better Physics comprehension.

This book presents the latest accomplishments in Novikov/conformal gearing as well as high-conformal gearing.  It is focused primarily on strength calculation of gear teeth and the manufacturing of gears for Novikov/conformal and high-conformal gearing along with a brief discussion of achievements in the modern theory of gearing. The modern theory of gearing is the foundation of all optimal designs of gears, gear-sets, and transmissions of all known designs, as well as, of all those to be developed in the future. As even a small improvement in efficiency on a single gear can represent a significant cost saving, given the millions of gears used in industry every year, this volume provides the design and manufacturing engineer in invaluable resource.

This textbook summarizes the course of engineering mechanics, designed for one or two semesters, at the undergraduate or graduate level for a range of academic majors. The book covers all the main components of the discipline including: Theoretical Mechanics, Theory of Mechanisms and Machines, Resistance of Materials, Machine Parts and Design Basic; and Interchangeability, Standardization, and Technical Measurements. It can also be used by students of other technical areas in to achieve competence in each of the listed disciplines. The concise presentation facilitates concentration on the most important elements of the concepts presented while also outlining the current state of mechanics, demonstrating engineering applications using various computer packages (MathCad, CosmosWorks, Inkscape, AutoCad), and updating data on engineering materials. Examples of both simple and complex engineering calculations are given at the end of each chapter along with self-assessment questions.

This book presents the separation principle which is also known as the principle of separation of estimation and control and states that, under certain assumptions, the problem of designing an optimal feedback controller for a stochastic system can be solved by designing an optimal observer for the system's state, which feeds into an optimal deterministic controller for the system. Thus, the problem may be divided into two halves, which simplifies its design. In the context of deterministic linear systems, the first instance of this principle is that if a stable observer and stable state feedback are built for a linear time-invariant system (LTI system hereafter), then the combined observer and feedback are stable. The separation principle does not true for nonlinear systems in general. Another instance of the separation principle occurs in the context of linear stochastic systems, namely that an optimum state feedback controller intended to minimize a quadratic cost is optimal forthe stochastic control problem with output measurements. The ideal solution consists of a Kalman filter and a linear-quadratic regulator when both process and observation noise are Gaussian. The term for this is linear-quadratic-Gaussian control. More generally, given acceptable conditions and when the noise is a martingale (with potential leaps), a separation principle, also known as the separation principle in stochastic control, applies when the noise is a martingale (with possible jumps).

This book is aimed to provide comprehensive and systematic knowledge of kinematic synthesis as developed up to date. Modern mechanical systems require advance kinematics knowledge to support mechanism design with sound theories and methods. The book includes not only the classical foundations of kinematic synthesis, but also the latest advances developed by the authors. Moreover, many examples are included to illustrate both methods and their supporting theory.The focus is on systems of rigid bodies forming closed loops. The four-bar linkage, representing the foundations of mechanical systems,  is given due attention, in its three domains: planar, spherical, and spatial. The book contains six chapters, the first two covering fundamentals for kinematic synthesis, including qualitative synthesis. Chapters 3-5 describe, in full detail,  the function, motion, and path syntheses of single-dof linkages.  In the last chapter, the synthesis of single-dof complex linkages, including six-bar and ten-bar linkages, is introduced.The book is suitable for graduate students of mechanical engineering, researchers of mechanism and robot design, and machine design engineers.

This book, fully updated for Python version 3.6+, covers the key ideas that link probability, statistics, and machine learning illustrated using Python modules in these areas.  All the figures and numerical results are reproducible using the Python codes provided. The author develops key intuitions in machine learning by working meaningful examples using multiple analytical methods and Python codes, thereby connecting theoretical concepts to concrete implementations. Detailed proofs for certain important results are also provided. Modern Python modules like Pandas, Sympy, Scikit-learn, Tensorflow, and Keras are applied to simulate and visualize important machine learning concepts like the bias/variance trade-off, cross-validation, and regularization. Many abstract mathematical ideas, such as convergence in probability theory, are developed and illustrated with numerical examples. This updated edition now includes the Fisher Exact Test and the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Test. A new section on survival analysis has been included as well as substantial development of Generalized Linear Models. The new deep learning section for image processing includes an in-depth discussion of gradient descent methods that underpin all deep learning algorithms.   As with the prior edition, there are new and updated *Programming Tips* that the illustrate effective Python modules and methods for scientific programming and machine learning. There are 445 run-able code blocks with corresponding outputs that have been tested for accuracy.  Over 158 graphical visualizations (almost all generated using Python) illustrate the concepts that are developed both in code and in mathematics. We also discuss and use key Python modules such as Numpy, Scikit-learn, Sympy,  Scipy, Lifelines, CvxPy, Theano, Matplotlib, Pandas, Tensorflow, Statsmodels,  and Keras.This book is suitable for anyone with an undergraduate-level exposure to probability, statistics, or machine learning and with rudimentary knowledge of Python programming.

This book examines the issues of ensuring anti-terrorist security of an aviation enterprise, provides a history of terrorism in the aviation sector, and analyzes the legal regulations. This book provides mathematical and mathematical-psychological models for reducing the risk of terrorist threats, which makes it possible to objectively increase the safety of air transport facilities, reduce the likelihood of terrorist attacks, save human lives and prevent significant material losses. The solutions of general humanistic problems proposed in the book-preventing accidents and preserving the world-are an original feature of the book, which allows one to treat it with the necessary attention and interest for the reader. The concept of anti-terrorist security of an aviation enterprise presented in this book has been widely tested and introduced into the activities of leading aviation enterprises, including the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC), and has been used in the investigation of aviation accidents.This book is written for a wide range of audience associated with ensuring aviation transport security and for the end users of airlines-passengers, in order to expand their knowledge about the reliability of using air transport. 

With approximately 2500 problems, this book provides a collection of practical problems on the basic and advanced data structures, design, and analysis of algorithms. To make this book suitable for self-instruction, about one-third of the algorithms are supported by solutions, and some others are supported by hints and comments. This book is intended for students wishing to deepen their knowledge of algorithm design in an undergraduate or beginning graduate class on algorithms, for those teaching courses in this area, for use by practicing programmers who wish to hone and expand their skills, and as a self-study text for graduate students who are preparing for the qualifying examination on algorithms for a Ph.D. program in Computer Science or Computer Engineering. About all, it is a good source for exam problems for those who teach algorithms and data structure. The format of each chapter is just a little bit of instruction followed by lots of problems. This book is intended to augment the problem sets found in any standard algorithms textbook. This book * begins with four chapters on background material that most algorithms instructors would like their students to have mastered before setting foot in an algorithms class. The introductory chapters include mathematical induction, complexity notations, recurrence relations, and basic algorithm analysis methods. * provides many problems on basic and advanced data structures including basic data structures (arrays, stack, queue, and linked list), hash, tree, search, and sorting algorithms. * provides many problems on algorithm design techniques: divide and conquer, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, graph algorithms, and backtracking algorithms. * is rounded out with a chapter on NP-completeness.

This book provides two new optimization algorithms to address real optimization problems. Optimization is a fundamental concept in engineering and science, and its applications are needed in many fields. From designing products and systems to developing algorithms and models, optimization plays a critical role in achieving efficient and effective solutions to complex problems. Optimization algorithms inspired by nature have proven effective in solving a wide range of problems, including those in engineering, finance, and machine learning. These algorithms are often used when traditional optimization techniques are impractical due to the size or complexity of the problem. In this book, we are presenting two new optimization algorithms inspired by plant roots and the Mycorrhiza Network. The first algorithm is called the Continuous Mycorrhiza Optimization Algorithm (CMOA), which was proposed based on the model of the Continuous Lotka-Volterra System Equations. The second algorithm is called the Discrete Mycorrhiza Optimization Algorithm (DMOA), which design based on the model of Discrete Lotka-Volterra System Equations. By mastering the proposed algorithms, the readers able to develop innovative solutions that improve efficiency, reduce costs, and improve performance in the corresponding field of work.