Nanoteknologi

Predictions of the impacts of climate change on the intensity, amount, and spatial and temporal variability of rainfall and temperature are required. The aim of this study was to assess the status of climate change and hydrological response to climate change for Gumara River sub-basin. Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM 4.2) was used to downscale HadCM3A2a and HadCM3B2a predictors into finer scale resolution. To estimate the level of impact of climate change, climate change scenarios of precipitation and temperature were divided into four time windows of 25 years each from 2001 to 2099. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate the hydrological response. The results showed that the SWAT calibration and validation reveals a good agreement with R2 = 0.9 and NSE = 0.89 during calibration and R2 = 0.89 and NSE = 0.86 during validation. Annually, both precipitation and temperature showed increasing trends in all future time horizons in which precipitation increases up to a maximum of 13.7% (2076 to 2099) and temperature increases by 1.010c (2076 to 2099).

This is a quick assessment/quiz book, with a vast collection of questions with answers on Data structures and Algorithms. It covers all commonly used data structures and algorithms: arrays; linked lists; stacks; queues; heaps; hash tables; binary trees; binary search trees; balanced trees; graphs; standard (classical) algorithm design techniques; sorting and searching; graph traversals; minimum spanning trees; shortest paths; maximum flow; elementary P-NP. It also covers a few specialized areas (string processing; polynomial operations; numerical & matrix computations; computational geometry & computer graphics).Unique features of the book are: (1) over 1,500 short (True/False and sentence completion) questions; (2) consistent, single-sentence format questions, with wide range of difficulty levels; (3) popular internship / job interview questions; (4) questions on some specialized topics.This can be of use to: (1) students: for self¿assessment, and to prepare for exams and industry interviews; (2) faculty: to quickly select a few questions for a quiz; (3) interviewers/managers: to make a quick, initial assessment of candidates; (4) participants / quiz masters in quiz competitions.

Arm inductor and sub-module capacitor are two key components in the modular multilevel converter. Optimizing the selections of arm inductance and sub-module capacitance is thus critical for the converters design.Arm inductors in MMC are used to limit the circulating current which flows within the converter. The switching frequency harmonic is found to be the dominant component in the circulating current when an active circulating current suppressing controller is implemented. The analytical relationship between the arm inductance and switching frequency circulating current is derived, based on which the arm inductance requirement is obtained by limiting the circulating current to meet the defined specifications. A simulation has been carried out in the MATLAB, and the simulation results verify the theoretical analysis. A scaled-down MMC prototype has been built, and the experimental results validate part of the analysis.

Today, deep underground basements are an important component of new urban building construction. This is often because parking in most large cities is generally inadequate and often serviced by aging, outdated, and deteriorated above-grade parking structures that do not fit the surrounding architecture and occupy valuable aboveground space. The integration of underground parking into major, new building projects in urban environments can enhance the aesthetic and economic values of the overall development. The current state-of-practice for seismic design of buildings with multiple underground storeys involves approximate approaches that primarily differ according to the designer¿s judgement and experience. While current research mainly aims at understanding the effect of soil structure interactions, this study has ultimate goal of finding appropriate recommendations concerning the inclusion of underground storeys in the modelling and analysis of reinforced concrete buildings and optimizing their design.

The aquatic systems are extremely important to mankind as they have various uses, including drinking water supply, irrigation, navigation, recreation, etc. These are also source of organic productivity. Water is one of the essential items needed by man, plant, animal and other living beings for their survival. Water is most precious resources on the earth covering almost 70% of the earth's surface. There are several books and research dealing with water and water related concepts, and maximum number of books and research are focused on marine water or river water. We all know that in hilly region, one of the most important sources of fresh water is ¿lakes¿. And these lakes are the main source of water in most of the river in Himalaya Region. As per their geography, location, climatic condition and approach of reach, these lakes are highly tough. Due to this fact, they are so far from any kind of pollution, and serves the mankind by fulfilling their basic need of life ¿ drinking water.

Voltage sags and harmonics disturb the power quality and this can be overcome by custom power device called Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). The DVR is normally connected between the source or feeder and critical or sensitive load. The performance of DVR depends on the efficiency of the control technique involved in reference signal generation considering phase angle jumps. The control technique shall compensate the voltage disturbances and shall reject the load current disturbance. If voltage regulation is high, disturbance rejection ability decrease and vice versa Hence a robust and optimal control technique is very much required to compromise between voltage regulation and disturbance rejection. The work is focuses on implementation of various control techniques with suitable voltage source converter topology for proper voltage regulation and disturbance rejection.

This book helps the researchers and industrialists working on power quality improvement in renewable source integrated grid topologies. Different optimal renewable integrated topologies and effective utilization of renewable sources have been highlighted in this book. Modernization in every field of industrialization and increasing living standards of the world population demands more power from the utility. Non-linear loads and renewable source integration hinders the quality of power supply. Begining chapters completely dedicated to renewable sources and power quality challeges. Later chapters highlights three main topologies. Such as shunt control topology, Series control topology and Unified Control topology. Different control strategies performance in all the three topologies discussed for mitigating voltage and current abnormalities. By going through this book one can easily understand power quality issues, challenges, mitigating methodologies. The data presented completely supports renewable integration along with power quality improvement.

Nutmeg is an important tree spice which produces two different spices namely Nutmeg and mace. The Nutmeg fruits are harvested on time at the proper stage of maturity in order to maintain their nutrient level as well as attaining desirable quality. Presently, the method adapted for harvesting Nutmeg in Konkan region by anual i.e. by hand picking, by shaking the tree branches or by using bamboo stick having a curves hook. It was therefore necessary to develop harvesting system with simple design, easy for operation, low cost but higher working efficiency.

This second edition adds newly established techniques and material properties codified in the past ten years to this authoritative reference. The volume retains its comprehensive coverage of damage and healing mechanics with updates to core topics and references and addition of other types of damages not covered in the first edition, including thermo-elastoviscoplastic damage-healing model for bituminous materials, damage in granular materials, damage in biological tissue, damage in rubber materials, damage crashworthiness in cars and airplanes, risk analysis in damaged structures, and evaluating damage with digital image correlation. The Handbook details computational modeling of constitutive equations as well as solved examples in engineering applications. A wide range of materials that engineers may encounter are covered, including metals, composites, ceramics, polymers, biomaterials, and nanomaterials. The internationally recognized team of contributors employs a consistent and systematic approach, offering readers a user-friendly reference that is ideal for frequent consultation. The Handbook of Damage Mechanics: Nano to Macro Scale for Materials and Structures, second edition is ideal for graduate students and faculty, researchers, and professionals in the fields of Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Materials Science, and Engineering Mechanics.

This reference work presents an authoritative review of microplastics as vectors of environmental contaminants and provides a comprehensive coverage of their ecotoxicological and toxicological effects. Divided into four sections, this book outlines the current analytical techniques and applications for sampling, processing analysis, and data reporting of microplastics pollution in the environment, explores microplastics degradation and interaction with chemical pollutants, discusses the fate and behaviour of microplastics in the environment, and provides valuable insights about prevention, regulation and remediation of microplastics pollution.Written by interdisciplinary expert academics and practitioners, this reference work will appeal to a wide readership of students, researchers and professionals interested in this field, including marine scientists, environmental scientists, analytical chemists, organic chemists, biochemists, biologists, polymer scientists, and toxicologists.

This book begins with an introduction of nanobiotechnology, followed by biosyntheses of AgNPs, development of silver/chitosan (Ag/CS) polymer nanocomposites, synthesis of silver/chitosan-g-poly acrylamide (Ag/CS-g-PAAm) nanocomposite hydrogel and silver/chitosan/poly vinyl chloride (Ag/CS/PVC) blend. Finally, it presents novel bioengineering of polyfunctional metallic nanostructures other than Ag, emphasizing biomass utilization and value-added conversion over an extended span, including life cycle assessment of the synthesized nanostructures.Features:Includes prospective cost effective, eco-friendly, and safe nanomaterials, synthesized through facile pathsCovers the synergistic effect of phytochemicals and nano-Ag antimicrobial agents from an antiviral perspectiveIncludes surface coating systems and super absorbent materials for biomedical purposesExamines nanobiotechnological applications for generating nanoalloys with synchronized nanostructural arrangement of alkaline earth metals and nanoscale dots of transition metalsExplores the life cycle assessment of synthesized nanomaterialsThis book aims at researchers and graduate students in biomaterials, chemical engineering, green chemistry, nanomaterials, and biotechnology.

The book, Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems, presents a treatise on nanosensors technology including wearables, implantable devices and wireless tools. The recent pandemic (COVID-19) has changed the behaviour of people towards diagnosis of infectious diseases and monitoring remote patient health status in real-time. The main focus of this book is the basic concepts of nanomaterials and sensing paradigms for medical devices based on nanosensor technology. The book will be valuable to researchers, engineers and scientists interested in the field of healthcare for monitoring health status in real-time.

Since the Nobel Prize for the discovery of graphene was presented in 2010, graphene has been frequently leveraged for different applications. Owing to the strategic importance of elastomer-based products in different segments, graphene and its derivatives are often added to different elastomers to improve their properties. Graphene-Rubber Nanocomposites: Fundamentals to Applications provides a comprehensive and innovative account of graphene-rubber composites. Features: Provides up-to-date information and research on graphene-rubber nanocomposites Presents a detailed account of the different niche applications ranging from sensors, flexible electronics to thermal, and EMI shielding materials Offers a comprehensive know-how on the structure-property relationship of graphene-rubber nanocomposites Covers the characterization of graphene-based elastomeric composition Delivers a comprehensive understanding of the structure of the graphene, including its chemical modification for usage in elastomer compositesThis book will be a valuable resource for graduate-level students, researchers, and professionals working in the fields of materials science, polymer science, nanoscience and technology, rubber technology, chemical engineering, and composite materials.

This book highlights the characteristics, aims, and applications of bionanotechnology as a possible solution for sustainable management and bioremediation of environmental pollutants. It covers remediation of toxic pollutants, removal of emerging contaminants from industrial wastewater, and so forth.