Teknisk anvendelse af biomaterialer

This handy volume illustrates the basics of clinical three-dimensional (3D) printing, addressing the practical aspects of establishing a simple and effective 3D printing service in a medical facility. No longer confined to makers and workshops, this very recent technology has been fast developing and rapid prototyping has proven its potential in the clinical field as well, leading to new approaches. The declared aim of this work is enabling medical professionals to create bespoke anatomical models from a series of CT or MRI images, and assisting them in choosing the best suited 3D printers and materials for each specific clinical need. The text includes original, full-color step-by-step photos for better guidance, and a complete review of related publications in literature. Single chapters devoted to specific areas of 3D printing application, such as rhinoplasty, ear reconstruction, oculoplasty, maxillofacial surgery, as well as for surgical simulations.Contents are completed by a review of the legal aspects and the safety and quality considerations, as well as a thorough examination of the variety of 3D printers, compatible materials as filaments and resins, and including the available online resources. Plastic, Ophthalmologic and Maxillofacial surgeons, and professionals dealing with surgical reconstruction, will find this guide to be a valuable companion for the understanding of 3D printing in clinical practice.

This book presents a collection of chapters on modern bioelectrochemistry, showing different aspects of emerging techniques and materials, biodevice design and reactions. The chapters provide relevant bibliographic information for researchers and students interested in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy applied in biodevices, trends, and validation on impedimetric immunosensors in the application of routine analysis, electrochemical-surface plasmon bioanalytics and carbon nanomaterials in electrochemical biodevices, insights on inorganic complexes and metal based for biomarkers sensors, bioelectrodes and cascade reactions and field effect-based reactions.

This book provides cutting-edge, up-to-date research findings on the use of bionanocomposites in biodegradable and environmental applications, while also detailing how to achieve bionanocomposites preparation, characteristics, and significant enhancements in physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal properties and applications. This book on biodegradable and environmental properties of bionanocomposites provides a comprehensive and updated review of major innovations in the field of polymer-based bionanocomposites for biodegradable and environmental applications. It covers properties and applications, including the synthesis of polymer-based bionanocomposites from different sources biomaterials-based composites and tactics on the efficacy and major challenges associated with successful scale-up fabrication on bionanocomposites.It is an essential reference for future research in bionanocomposites as topics such as sustainable, biodegradable, and environmental methods for highly innovative and applied materials are current topics of importance. The book covers a wide range of research on bionanocomposite and their biodegradable and environmental applications. Updates on the most relevant polymer-based bionanocomposite and their prodigious potential in the fields of biodegradable and the environment are presented. Leading researchers from industry, academy, government, and private research institutions across the globe contribute to this book. Scientists, engineers, and students with interest in the most important advancements in the field of bionanocomposites involving high-performance bionanocomposites will benefit from this book which is highly application-oriented.   

This updated book reflects improvements in a variety of techniques used to study the aptamer field. Beginning with a section on selection procedures, the volume continues with methods to characterize aptamers' interaction and structural properties by biophysical approaches, as well as a variety of applications that have been adapted to the aptamer compound class. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, Nucleic Acid Aptamers: Selection, Characterization, and Application, Second Edition serves as an ideal guide for researchers aiming to further our understanding of aptamer biology and more.

This book reviews work that covers everything from basic chemistry to advanced applications. Chitin and chitosan are used in a plethora of applications from wastewater treatment to prosthetics. After introducing the subject of polysaccharides as a whole, the authors turn to the preparation of chitin and chitosan and the characterization of the latter. The book provides information on chitin chemistry, extraction of chitin, chitosan preparation processes, and the applications of their derivatives in various fields. Among the applications that are included in detail are the adsorption of heavy metals for pollution prevention and clean-up, biosensors, cosmetics, various medical applications from anti-tumor activity to bone tissue engineering, agriculture and food production, and proton exchange membranes for fuel cells.Chitin and Chitosan features:*  information on molecular structure, synthesis, properties, and latest research related to chitin and chitosan;*  coverage of a wide range of topics from the properties of chitosan to its derivatives and applications;*  in-depth information on biomedical applications of chitin and chitosan; and*  information that can be applied to other biopolymer processing engineering areas.This book will be of interest to practitioners working in a wide variety of industries for which chitin and chitosan are useful materials, researchers in biosensors and heavy-metal adsorption, and to academic researchers investigating the properties, preparation, and uses of these materials.

This book explores recent advances in the microbial production of xylitol and its applications in food and medical sector. Xylitol is an important biomolecule from lignocellulose biorefinery which is produced from the xylose by chemical reactions or microbial fermentation methods. Currently, the demand of xylitol at commercial scale is being met through chemical methods. However, recent breakthroughs made in plant cell wall destruction, genetic engineering to develop the designer microorganisms, fermentation methods and media formulations and downstream processing have led the ways for sustainable production of xylitol at commercial scale in lignocellulose biorefineries. Microbial production of xylitol is preferred over the chemical processes as it is environmentally friendly, higher process efficiency with the desired product yield, and product recovery with minimum impurities. This book is a unique compilation of 11 book chapters written by experts in their respective fields. These chapters present critical insights and discuss the current progress and future progress in this area into fermentative xylitol production.Chapter 9 is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. For further details see license information in the chapter.

This second edition volume expands on the previous edition with discussions about the latest viral metagenomics aspects covering a range of different specimens such as soil, freshwater, wastewater, fecal samples, blood plasma, clinical tissues, fungi, and herbarium samples. Chapters also look at different viral groups including archaeal viruses, eukaryotic viruses, phages, mycoviruses, and circular DNA viruses. Techniques required for studying the three viral metagenomic steps of samples processing, library construction, and analysis of data are also discussed. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and cutting-edge, Vital Metagenomics: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable resource for researchers who are interested in learning more about this important and developing field.

Nanotechnology has shown great potential to alleviate increasing pressure to meet food needs for our increasing human population, Novel agricultural innovations are required to enhance the health of edible crops and per unit area yield without impacting the associated environment in a negative way. Recent advancements in nanotechnology-based agricultural solutions have proven to help overcome the problems in agriculture that are associated with run-off of essential fertilizers from agricultural soils, low nutrient accumulation by crops, as well as to control insects, pests, and seasonal biotic factors, treatment of wastewater used for irrigation, plant uptake of xenobiotics (heavy metals, pesticides, industrial chemicals, drugs, and so on) that may be present in contaminated soils. Additionally, the consumption of such food crops may result in malnourishment and plant-mediated transfer of toxic substances among humans especially in underprivileged and rural populations. Agents to stimulate plant growth include various types of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, metal, and metal-oxide nanoparticles. Applications of particular nutrients or elements in crop plants can be shown to aid human nourishment (either by directly inducing its uptake or indirectly through enhancing the intracellular levels of other associated elements that ultimately boost the synthesis of the desired nutrient in plants). It is also important to consider the competence and fate of nanomaterials in soil ecosystems. The entry route of nanomaterials into the environment includes both natural and anthropogenic sources. In order to achieve sustainable and safe use of nanotechnological products in agriculture, similar environmental conditions must be simulated on lab scale with the careful selection of organisms related to agriculture. Thus, emphasis should be placed on the judicial use of nano-enabled products without compromising the sustainability of the environment and human health. This comprehensive book highlights recent field research as well as contributions from academicians in the lab. This book addresses the major aspects related to nanotechnology, biofortification of crops, and human and environmental health.

This book highlights contemporary state of research in multidisciplinary areas in computer science, computer engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, physics, biomedical sciences, life sciences, medicine, and health care. The accepted submissions to the 7th IRC Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (IRC-SET 2021) that were presented on August 7, 2021, are published in this conference proceedings. The papers presented here were shortlisted after extensive rounds of rigorous reviews by a panel of esteemed individuals who are pioneers and experts in their respective domains.

The textbook is intended for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of chemistry, biology and medicine. It covers diverse topics of biophysical chemistry ranging from the structure of cells, lipids, and proteins to nonequilibrium thermodynamics, enzyme catalysis, and fast reaction kinetics. The book discusses the fundamental structural concepts in the first part and provides a systematic account of different experimental techniques such as chromatography, electrophoresis, and gel filtration that are extensively employed in biochemical research in the second part. It also includes typical applications using NMR, ESR, and SPR to comprehend the power of spectroscopic tools in biophysical chemistry. This textbook also deals with advanced topics of entropy production and biosensors. It consists of a large number of schematic diagrams as well as tabular compilations of kinetic, electrochemical, and thermochemical data. It includes multiple-choice questions, numerical examples, and descriptive questions in various chapters to aid self-learning among students. In view of the diverse coverage of topics, this textbook is a valuable asset to undergraduate and postgraduate students. It is also a useful reference for researchers and professionals in chemistry, biology, and medicine.

This biography provides an understanding of William Bateson as well as a reconciliation of diverging views (e.g. the hierarchical thinking of Gould and the genocentrism of George Williams and Richard Dawkins). Evolutionists may thus, at long last, present a unified front to their creationist opponents. The pressing need for this text is apparent from the high percentages reported not to believe in evolution and the growth of the so-called "e;intelligent design"e; movement.

This book is an evidence-based update on recent most significant advances in dental ceramics, specifically related to the relationships between composition, microstructure and mechanical behavior. Readers will find an introduction to the chemistry of dental ceramics as well as information about the technological progress and practical requirements restorative materials need to satisfy for long-lasting structural integrity. The book uses mechanistic approaches to address failure mechanisms from controlled experiments thus providing the tools for the application of sound research methodologies in the field. It is targeted for researcher and dentists interested in the field of dental ceramic materials and fracture mechanics.

This detailed volume explores newly-developed methods in PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) research, methods currently applied to other ncRNAs involved in nuclear regulation which can be used to study piRNAs, and piRNA methods applied in non-classical organisms. It also includes several bioinformatic and biophysical methods related to piRNA studies, consistent with the increasing importance of high-throughput sequencing and computational methods. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, piRNA: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for researchers seeking to elucidate the numerous mysteries of this area of multicellular biology.

This book will serve as a one-stop, reference manual to understand the basic concepts of dental implant design, the related microbiome, research models and current concepts as well as futuristic perspectives in implant surface modification. The manual-like design including colorful illustrations and important critical questions will help researchers and advanced students in understanding the contemporary status and in designing studies for innovative treatments of dental implant infections. Considering the microbiome of dental implant related environment in health and disease is imperative to design strategies to good practice and prevention of infections around implants. This monograph will serve as a single reference material which links the interdisciplinary aspect of the dental implants covering material sciences, engineering and biological aspects, thus effectively bridging the gap between engineering and oral health sciences.

This handbook covers the medicinal and chemical properties of Ayurvedic medicines, the plants that produce them and the currently known organic compounds that occur therein. It provides therapeutic attributes of each plant as well as indicates its potential for use as modern herbal or molecular drug. It combines the works of Ayurvedic folk medicine with modern pharmacology, botany, and chemistry in a singularly effective way. It also provides a useful standardization of classical Ayurvedic formulations. Consisting of numerous photographs of medicinal plants, this handbook will serve as an excellent reference work for chemists, botanists, pharmacists, and medical professionals.

This comprehensive guide to color science and shade selection in Dentistry presents all the theory and clinical guidance required in order to achieve consistent clinical success. The book opens by reviewing color and its dimensions and discussing color perception, drawing attention to the various phenomena that impact upon it. Shade selection in Operative Dentistry is then explained in detail with the aid of copious illustrations. The coverage encompasses shade selection methods for resin-based composite restorations and for bleaching procedures, with presentation of the latest evidence on their accuracy and reliability. Guidance is then provided on how to achieve predictable color harmony between the natural tooth and the composite restorative material in the context of biomimetic Dentistry, with discussion of special effects, pigments, layering techniques, surface texture, and finishing and polishing. Changes in color over time and responses to such changes are also outlined. The book will be of value for practitioners in Restorative and Esthetic Dentistry as well as for dental students and researchers.

This book gathers peer-reviewed contributions presented at the 5th International Conference on Bio-Based Building Materials (ICBBM), held in Vienna, Austria, on June 21-23, 2023. Focusing on bio-based building materials (3BM) as well as their applications in sustainable building constructions, the contributions highlight the latest findings in this fast-growing field, addressing topics such as natural fibres- and aggregates, ramped earth, innovative hybrid composites based on bio-based ingredients, novel sustainable binders, energy efficiency aspects- and life cycle analysis of these materials.

This detailed book compiles a series of laboratory protocols covering the most important aspects of R-loop biology. Beginning with a range of methods allowing for the detection of DNA-RNA hybrids, as well as their purification and visualization by electron microscopy, the volume continues with methods based on the use of RNase H-derived tools to detect DNA-RNA hybrids in vitro and in vivo. Several protocols permit studying non-canonical RNA nucleotides in the R-loop context, as well as a number of specific protocols devoted to the investigation of R-loop topology and their functional roles in the biology of mitochondria and telomeres. Finally, a large block of chapters is dedicated to different methods allowing genome-wide mapping of DNA-RNA hybrids in various organisms. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, R-Loops: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal resource for those working on R-loop homeostasis but also to scientists studying such areas of molecular and cell biology as genome integrity, DNA replication and repair, chromatin remodeling, transcription, RNA processing, modification and export, as well as for researchers elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cancer and genetic diseases.

This book emphasizes various challenges and opportunities in biopolymers and identifying their potential applications in various fields including food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and electronics. It offers an overview of the environmental-related issues, regulatory and legislative issues,  green extraction technologies, and sustainability challenges. It will be interesting and valuable for researchers working in the related field.

This book is a detailed, state-of-the-art account of the applications and uses of luminescence thermometry. It covers a wide range of fields, including biomedicine, biology, and catalysis. The book also explains the luminescence thermometric parameters used to sense temperature via luminescence with different materials, analyzing the different strategies used to improve thermal sensitivity and temperature resolution.The readers of this book are any researcher interested in the field, because of its topical coverage, as well as bachelor and graduate students, as an introduction to this novel field. The book ends with a general critical analysis of the results presented, where the editors discuss about the challenges and opportunities in the development of these highly sensitive new class of thermometers.

Bio-degradable polymers are rapidly emerging as a sustainable alternative to traditional petroleum-based plastics and polymers. However, the synthesis and processing of such polymers present unique challenges and opportunities. In this comprehensive volume, Dr. Saha and her team provide an in-depth exploration of the synthesis and processing of bio-degradable polymers and their emerging applications in various sectors from drug delivery to food packaging.Covering a wide range of topics, including synthesis, modification, processing techniques, and few of their advanced applications in emerging areas, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the field. The authors also delve into cutting-edge research on the synthesis, properties and applications of bio-degradable polymers in various fields, such as agricultural, food preservation, biomedical arena, energy storage and other advanced application areas.This volume is an essential resource for scientists, engineers, and policymakers interested in the future of sustainable materials. Whether you are a researcher looking to expand your knowledge of biodegradable polymer synthesis and processing or a policymaker interested in the potential of biodegradable polymers to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, this book is an invaluable guide to the field.

This book presents experimental as well as simulation methodologies for analysis and development of nanostructures for introducing the desirable effects through modifications in the basic structure of select nanomaterials. The initial chapters in this book focus on exploring the basic aspects of nanomaterials, e.g., distinguishing features, synthesis, processing, characterization, simulation and application dimensions, or nanostructures that enable novel/enhanced properties or functions. The chapters also cover the size-dependent electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of nanomaterials in exposing the specific properties essential for applications in nanophotonics, nanoplasmonics, nanosystems (e.g., biological, medical, chemical, catalytic, energy, and environmental applications), and nanodevices (e.g., electronic, photonic, magnetic, imaging, diagnostic, and sensor applications). This book is a useful resource for students, researchers, and technologists in gathering recent knowledge on novel nanostructures and their use in different application areas.

This volume deals with the various fabrication techniques, surface functionalization and biomedical applications of polymeric fibers possessing different scale and structure. It provides an overview of fabrication techniques such as Co-axial, Centrifugal, Melt and Yarning to procure multiscale, tubular and layered fibrous scaffold employed for biomedical applications. The chapters in this volume discusse the surface/chemical functionalization of fibers which enhance the biological properties of the fibrous scaffolds as well as the development of hybrid, layered and external stimuli-responsive fibrous scaffolds that hold potential application in biosensor and other biomedical fields. In addition, recent advances and applications of polymeric multiscale fibers in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and drug delivery are presented. The potential use of fibrous scaffolds in bone, neural, tendon/ligament and cardiac tissue engineering, nanofibers as an antimicrobial wound dressing, employed in cancer theragnostics and in the treatment of skin/periodontal infections are discussed. The volume provides expert knowledge on the fabrication techniques, development of different scale and hybrid structure fibers, surface functionalization, layered and external stimuli responsive fibrous scaffolds. It will be beneficial to material/biomaterials scientists, bioengineering and biotechnologists by providing a better understanding on the subject of the innovative applications of fibrous scaffolds in drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressings and regenerative medicine.

This book gives an overview of the processing, properties, and applications of fibers and cellulose derivatives obtained from annual plant materials in the formation of non-wood source of pulp. The book comprises illustrations and tables summarizing the latest research on the production of fibers and cellulose derivatives using several key methods and/or characterization techniques. This book collates the information and knowledge of new ways to prepare cellulosic derivatives and describe the concepts and architecture of fibers obtained from annual plants. This book caters to researchers, policymakers, and industrial practitioners who are interested in natural fibers as a way to preserve the forest resource and to satisfy the increasing demand in pulps.

This book comprises select papers presented at the conference on Technology Innovation in Mechanical Engineering (TIME-2021). The book discusses the latest innovation and advanced research in the diverse field of Mechanical Engineering such as materials, manufacturing processes, evaluation of materials properties for the application in automotive, aerospace, marine, locomotive and energy sectors. The topics covered include  advanced metal forming, Energy Efficient systems, Material Characterization, Advanced metal forming, bending, welding & casting techniques, Composite and Polymer Manufacturing, Intermetallics, Future generation materials, Laser Based Manufacturing, High-Energy Beam Processing, Nano materials, Smart Material, Super Alloys, Powder Metallurgy and Ceramic Forming, Aerodynamics, Biological Heat & Mass Transfer, Combustion & Propulsion, Cryogenics, Fire Dynamics, Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, Sensors and Transducers, Turbulent Flows, Reactive Flows, Numerical Heat Transfer, Phase Change Materials, Micro- and Nano-scale Transport, Multi-phase Flows, Nuclear & Space Applications, Flexible Manufacturing Technology & System, Non-Traditional Machining processes, Structural Strength and Robustness, Vibration, Noise Analysis and Control, Tribology. In addition, it discusses industrial applications and cover theoretical and analytical methods, numerical simulations and experimental techniques in the area of Mechanical Engineering. The book will be helpful for academics, including graduate students and researchers, as well as professionals interested in interdisciplinary topics in the areas of materials, manufacturing, and energy sectors.