Teknisk anvendelse af polymerer og kompositter

Sensory Polymers: From their Design to Practical Applications discusses recent developments in the field of sensory polymers and showcases the potential applications of these materials in food control and security, civil security, the biomedical field, environmental control and remediation, industrial control of chemicals, and more. Written by worldwide experts in the field, chapters provide in-depth knowledge on several different polymer sensors and their response to different stimuli, which makes this book a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students in polymer science, materials science, and chemistry, as well as those interested on sensing applications and chemical sensory systems, including industry R&D.

This volume presents the recent developments in synthetic biodegradable and biobased polymers. The syntheses of many polymer types such as polyesters and polyamides, and also their processing technologies are discussed herein, and new aspects from fundamental and from industrial research are covered. This combination of both perspectives within this volume will be of interest for many research scientists from academia and industry and also for lectures and teachers. Chapters ''BioPBSTM (Polybutylene succinate)'' and ''Polymer biodegradability 2.0: A holistic view on polymer biodegradation in natural and engineered environments'' are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com. For further details see license information in the chapter.

Additive Manufacturing of Polymer-based Composite Materials: Materials, Processes, and Properties presents the latest developments in additive manufacturing of polymer matrix composites and illustrates the large range of composite materials that can be obtained. Different technologies are presented with their own specificities such as: fused filament fabrication, wet fiber placement, stereolithography, and direct-ink-writing. Composites with chopped or continuous reinforcement, with synthetic or natural fibers, with thermoplastic or thermoset resin are compared and described in detail. Their thermal, physical, electrical, and mechanical properties are discussed.The book is dedicated to professionals involved in engineering design and production, as well as industrial communities who want to gain in-depth knowledge in the field of 3D printed composites.

For 30 years, "Designing Plastic Parts for Assembly" has been the definitive guide for both seasoned part designers and novices to the field, facilitating cost-effective design decisions and ensuring that the plastic parts and products will stand up under use.The detailed yet simplified discussion of material selection, manufacturing techniques, and assembly procedures enables the reader to evaluate plastic materials and design plastic parts with confidence. Good joint design and implementation, the geometry and nature of the component parts, the types of load involved, and other fundamental information necessary for a successful outcome are all included. Throughout, the treatment is practice-oriented and focused on everyday problems and situations.The 10th edition includes an extensive revision of the chapter on welding techniques for plastics, including a new subchapter on hot gas welding. There are also many more minor updates, improvements, and corrections throughout, including numerous new color figures.

The book on advanced structured materials is designed to facilitate teaching and informal discussion in a supportive and friendly environment. The book provides a forum for postgraduate students to present their research results and train their presentation and discussion skills. Furthermore, it allows for extensive discussion of current research being conducted in the wider area of advanced structured materials. Doing so, it builds a wider postgraduate community and offers networking opportunities for early career researchers. In addition to focused lectures, the book provides specialized teaching/overview lectures from experienced senior academics. The 2022 Postgraduate Seminar entitled "e;Advanced Structured Materials: Development - Manufacturing - Characterization - Applications"e; was held from February 28th till March 4th, 2022, in Malta. The book that presented postgraduate lectures had a strong focus on polymer mechanics, composite materials, and additive manufacturing.

Covers the chemistry and physics of conjugated polymers, and how they can be designed and optimised for various electronic applications.

This book presents a comprehensive collection of reviews and experimental research findings in the realm of composite materials. It explores manufacturing technologies and applications, as well as recent breakthroughs in nanomaterial-based composites, polymer-based composites, titanium matrix composites (TMCs), conducting polymers, natural polymers, graphene polymers, graphene composites, and organosulfur polymeric composites, alongside reinforced aluminum matrix composites. The mechanical and tribological aspects take center stage, with a focus on aluminum alloy composites as a superior alternative to traditional gear materials. The book also addresses cutting-edge composite materials developed for drug removal via adsorption techniques, radiation shielding, and their use as shielding absorbers for ionizing radiation. Furthermore, the significance of electrical contact materials and their performance is explored. The book unveils fabrication methods, sample preparation techniques, properties, and various applications of these remarkable composites. Topics range from additive manufacturing to solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction utilizing diverse composites as adsorbents. Additionally, the inverse vulcanization process, a novel technique involving the copolymerization of elemental sulfur with different monomers based on their resource origins, is discussed. Technologies such as powder metallurgy (PM), mechanical alloying (MA), self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), and rapid solidification processing (RSP) are described. The book further delves into the preparation techniques of zeolite using both conventional and advanced methods, along with the synthesis of various zeolite-based composites, particularly their application in environmental remediation. The book culminates with a summary of analysis and modeling techniques used in composite materials, including those employed in ballistic applications.

Polymer Nanocomposites: Interface Engineering of Carbon Nanotubes, Advanced Properties and Recent Applications presents detailed information on various approaches for the interface engineering of CNTs and their resultant properties when incorporated in the polymer matrix. The book covers the fundamentals, as well as up-to-date techniques for predicting the properties of surface engineering. Core shell structures are also covered, along with the functionalization and modification of CNTs and their relationships with the polymer matrix in tailoring engineering properties. The book also discusses the influence of surface treatments on various resultant properties and applications. This book will be a valuable reference resource showcasing the current state-of-the-art on interface engineering of CNTs for production of industrial components.

Advanced Structural Textile Composites Forming: Characterization, Modeling, and Simulation comprehensively describes the influence of fiber/fabric architectures and properties on composites forming, along with their deformability and structural optimization, covering the latest advances in the composites forming field. Part one reviews textile reinforcement architectures and discusses the forming behaviors of important 2D and 3D fabrics. Part two discusses numerical models to conduct simulation analysis of different structural composites forming at mesoscopic and macroscopic scales, in particular, 3D preforms with through-the-thickness yarns. Part three looks at the latest developments in the relationship between forming and other steps in composite manufacturing, such as resin injection, and automated fiber placement (AFP) and the effects on certain mechanical properties, such as structural damage and impact resistance. The book will be an essential reference for academic researchers, industrial engineers and materials scientists working with the manufacture and design of fiber-reinforced composite materials.

Non-halogenated Flame-Retardant Technology for Epoxy Resins, Thermosets and Composites provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the latest advances and technological developments in the field. Chapters cover important flame-retardant systems based on phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon, and boron as well as novel flame retardant epoxy nanocomposites such as graphene, graphitic carbon nitride, MoS2, phosphorene, CNTs, LDHs, and POSS. The use of flame retardant epoxy thermosets and composites in varying applications are also covered, for example, in coatings and paints, in electric and electronic applications, and in aviation and automotive sectors. This comprehensive book will be an essential reference resource for academic and industrial researchers as well as materials scientists and polymer engineers. It will also be ideal for anyone working in the development of flame retardant epoxy-based materials.

Non-destructive Testing of Impact Damage in Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites: Fundamentals and Applications provides detailed knowledge on the fundamentals and applications of frequently used nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques utilized to assess impact damage in composite structures. This book starts with an introduction to impact damage in composite structures, each subsequent chapter focuses on evaluating damage using specific NDT methods. Chapters 2-4 concentrate on vision-based NDT methods such as visual inspection, digital image correlation, and digital shearography. Following this, Chapters 5-6 delve into ultrasound-based methods, including acoustic emission and phased-array ultrasonic inspection. Radiation-based methods, micro-CT, and thermography are discussed in Chapters 7 and 8, while Chapters 9 and 10 elucidate microwave inspection and electrical impedance tomography. This book is a useful reference for both academia and industry and covers the fundamentals, practical tips, case studies, and applications, as well as current research trends and future possibilities, for each technique.

Biotechnological Production of Bioactive Phytochemicals of Medicinal Value: A Comprehensive Treatise covers a broad variety of methods for secondary metabolites production (both pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals), compiling state-of-the-art material about the current knowledge of in vitro production for a large number of bioactive phytochemicals. Plants are a source of bioactive compounds and specialty chemicals such as ginsenosides; paclitaxel, artemisinin, veregen and nutraceuticals. Biopharmaceuticals are important in human healthcare, and herbal actives are gaining importance all over the world. With natural resources dwindling, in vitro production of secondary compounds on a commercial scale is being more and more required. Besides providing an alternative technology to bypass difficulties, the plant tissue culture (used in a broad sense to include cell, tissue, and organ culture) offers many advantages. In vitro technology also facilitates novel means of conserving the genetic diversity of the germplasm of medicinal plants through cryopreservation, production of novel compounds through biotransformation, somatic hybridization, and selective gene transfer through recombinant DNA technology for enhancing metabolite production.

Synthetic and Mineral Fibers, Their Composites and Applications reviews recent advances and technological developments in this important research field. The book provides an up-to-date record of significant research findings and observations along with an update on current and future potential applications. The book provides vital information on recent advancements, modern processing technologies, manufacturing, and applications and summarizes lifecycle and performance parameters for these types of composites. This book will be a valuable reference resource for academic and industrial researchers and materials scientists and engineers working in the development of polymer composite materials reinforced with synthetic and mineral fibers for applications in aerospace, medical, defense, automotive and construction sectors.

This book presents the selected papers presented at the 2nd World Conference on Byproducts of Palms and their Applications (ByPalma 2021), held as a virtual conference on September 28-30, 2021. The conference focused on the byproducts of palm plantations around the globe and their current and potential applications. It provided an interdisciplinary platform for leading academic scientists, researchers, artisans, entrepreneurs and industry professionals as well as palm growers to exchange recent developments, technologies, innovations, trends, concerns, challenges, and opportunities, related to palm by-products R&D, manufacturing, and crafts. As a reference, it will be of interest to students, scientists, engineers, government officials, and industrial practitioners.

This easy-to-understand guide provides the necessary information to implement a scientific molding program. It is a hands-on reference for people on the molding floor, including those previously lacking theoretical background or formal education.The book covers how the injection molding machine prepares the plastic and understanding of plastic flow. The functions of the main machine components are explained and understanding of correct procedures and testing is developed. Each step of the process is clearly explained in a step-by-step manner, and simple examples of important calculations are provided. The practical approach is augmented by useful guides for troubleshooting and machine set-up. The 2nd edition has a new chapter covering the effects of making specific changes to the process, as well as a number of other improvements throughout. Bonus download included: Excel spreadsheet with tests for process and machine performance.Contents1. Injection Unit: Screw2. Injection Unit: Barrel3. Clamping Unit4. Ejectors/Controllers, Human Machine Interface (HMI)5. Machine Performance Testing6. Process Development Test7. Plastic Temperature8. Plastic Flow9. Plastic Pressure (Pack/Hold)10. Cooling11. Benchmarking the Injection Molding Process12. Process Troubleshooting13. What is Important on a Set-Up Sheet?14. Commonly Used Conversion Factors and Formulas15. Machine Set-Up16. Things That Hurt the Bottom Line of a Company17. Terms and Definitions

This book provides the background needed to understand not only the wide field of polymer processing, but also the emerging technologies associated with the plastics industry in the 21st century. It combines practical engineering concepts with modeling of realistic polymer processes. Divided into three sections, it provides the reader with a solid knowledge base in polymer materials, polymer processing, and modeling."Understanding Polymer Processing" is intended for the person who is entering the plastics manufacturing industry and as a textbook for students taking an introductory course in polymer processing. It also serves as a guide to the practicing engineer when choosing a process, determining important parameters and factors during the early stages of process design, and when optimizing such a process. Practical examples illustrating basic concepts are presented throughout the book.New in the third edition are chapters on data-driven modeling and physics-driven modeling, as well as new sections on manufacturing and dimentional analysis. In addition to a number of other smaller improvements and corrections throughout the book, bonus code downloads are also providided. Contents: Part I: Polymeric MaterialsThis section gives a general introduction to polymers, including mechanical behavior of polymers and melt rheology.Part II: Polymer ProcessingThe major polymer processes are introduced in this section, including extrusion, mixing, injection molding, thermoforming, blow molding, film blowing, and many others.Part III: ModelingThis last section delivers the tools to allow the engineer to solve back-of-the-envelope polymer processing models. It includes dimensional analysis and scaling, transport phenomena in polymer processing, and modeling polymer processes.

More than half of all injection molded plastic parts can be produced more cost-effectively and with better tolerances using foam injection molding compared to traditional compact injection molding.For the part designer, the focus is on the functionality of the molded part, not on the plastic-compatible design, which is precisely what compact injection molding requires. This book describes the necessary fundamentals of physical foam injection molding, clearly illustrated by means of detailed, industrially proven examples to show the technology's potential. Machine and mold technology are also explained in detail, and polymers suitable for the process are discussed. The focus is always on the question of whether the potential of physical foam injection molding has already been exhausted or whether it is emerging as a second standard process alongside compact injection molding.The experienced authors make it possible to look beyond the end of one's nose. The reader can see which plastic parts can be converted from compact to foam injection molding, and is encouraged to rethink the part design. With this book, specialists are able to examine an application for their own company and analyze it with regard to its economic implementation. However, the book also shows the clear limitations of this technology.Content:Foam Injection Molding and its Different Process VariantsDefinition and Characteristics of Physical Foam Injection MoldingDesign Guidelines for Foamed ComponentsPolymers for Foam Injection MoldingProcess SimulationMechanical Fundamentals of the Foam Injection Molding SystemMold TechnologyApplication Examples: Automotive/Household/Packaging/Medical

This volume presents select proceedings of ISAMPE National Conference on Composites (INCCOM-17). The volume focuses on recent developments in the composite industry for manufacturing including aerospace, defense, civilian and automobile industries. The content include chapters on research topics such as design, analysis and simulation, processing and composite tooling, high temperature composites, carbon-carbon composites, ultra high temperature composites, nano and smart composites, structural health monitoring, material characterization, non-destructive evaluation of composite structures, damage tolerance in composites, composite process modelling and simulation, composite repair technology, AI in composites, additive manufacturing of composites, start-up ideas in composite technology and applications of composites. This volume will be of interest to researchers and professionals in the fields of materials and mechanical engineering.

This book presents an in-depth exploration of complex metal oxides, focusing on their applications in photocatalysis and biomedical materials. It highlights the practical importance of complex metal oxides, which have gained significant attention in recent years due to their diverse range of properties. The book specifically delves into the most representative series of compounds based on stable structural types of minerals, such as perovskite, fluorite, pyrochlore, corundum, and rutile. It also emphasizes the scientific interest in the pyrochlore mineral structure, which has been shown to exhibit photocatalytic activity.Recent studies have revealed that some compounds with the pyrochlore structure can act as promising candidates for photocatalysis. Additionally, the book highlights the use of photocatalysis in producing biomedical materials based on natural polymers. These materials possess a unique combination of components assembled in a specific structure, which makes them highly attractive for regenerative medicine associated with cell/tissue regeneration stimulation. Overall, this book offers a comprehensive analysis of the potential of complex metal oxides, particularly those with the pyrochlore structure, and is particularly useful for those researchers working in the fields of green chemistry and biomedical materials science.

Mechanics of Composite, Hybrid, and Multifunctional Materials, Volume 5 of the Proceedings of the 2022 SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the fifth volume of six from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering.  The collection presents early findings and case studies on a wide range of areas, including:Recycled Constituent CompositesDamage DetectionAdvanced Imaging of CompositesMultifunctional MaterialsComposite InterfacesTunable Composites  

Natural fiber composites are a preferred alternative to conventional composites due to their environment-friendly nature. However, their market share is limited due to: a) limited number and quantities of natural fibers available for composites, b) diversity in fibers structure, c) poor mechanical properties of fibers as well as composites, d) susceptibility to microbial attacks, and e) cellulose degradation temperature around 200 deg C, which hinders the development of natural fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites using thermoforming at high temperatures. A number of researchers have contributed to the solution of the problem of poor mechanical properties and issues related to fabrication during the last decade. This book covers these different solutions. The book is divided into two principal themes: a) structure-property relationship: fibers to composites-it includes the discussion on fibers, their surface modifications, variation in the structure of reinforcement, and approaches for the enhancement of properties. b) Fabrication process of composites-it includes the novel approaches used for the development of natural fiber composites using the commingling technique for thermoplastic composites.

This book discusses the diverse array of particles that are found in coatings from both a physical and a performance standpoint.  It also describes the fundamentals of particle behavior and shows how these affect the performance and properties of their end-use applications. It consists of nineteen chapters, demonstrating the wide range of types of particles found in coatings as well as the diversity of the important attributes they hold. The authors also present a forward looking view of current issues and trends in the coatings industry.  In addition, a chapter on the use of particles in paper laminate, a closely aligned field, is included.  This book is of interest to formulators of any type of coatings as well as researchers in aligned fields that use high volumes of small particles, such as the plastics and paper industries.

This text- and workbook provides a clearly written, comprehensive introduction to the major topics associated with plastics technology, from basic chemistry and processing methods to the problem of waste and the issue of recycling plastics. Guiding questions at the beginning of each lesson help the reader to work through the material in a targeted manner; success checks at the end of each lesson enable the reader to review what he/she has learned. It thus facilitates independent, self-paced learning, meeting the requirements of modern vocational training.

This book focuses on the vibration behavior of ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs), including (1) vibration natural frequency of intact and damaged CMCs; (2) vibration damping of CMCs considering fibers debonding and fracture; (3) temperature-dependent vibration damping of CMCs; (4) time-dependent vibration damping of CMCs; and (5) cyclic-dependent vibration damping of CMCs. Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) possess low material density (i.e., only 1/4 or 1/3 of high-temperature alloy) and high-temperature resistance, which can reduce cooling air and improve structure efficiency. Understanding the failure mechanisms and internal damage evolution represents an important step to ensure reliability and safety of CMCs. Relationships between microstructure, damage mechanisms, vibration natural frequency, and vibration damping of CMCs are established. This book helps the material scientists and engineering designers to understand and master the vibration behavior of CMCs at room and elevated temperatures.

This book covers Poly(vinyl chloride) Fundamentals, Fabrication and characterization of PVC based composites and nanocomposites specifically natural fibre reinforced PVC composites, carbonaceous filler reinforced PVC composites , metal oxide fled PVC composites and nanocomposites etc. This book also covers the conducting PVC composites and recent advances in nanocomposites based on PVC .The rheological, mechanical, barrier, thermal, dielectric behaviour of PVC composites and nanocomposites are discussed in details.

This volume describes new insights into the main aspects of rubber degradation by material's fatigue, wear and aging evolution, as well as their impact on mechanical rubber properties. It provides a thorough state-of-art explanation of the essential chemical, physical and mechanical principles as well as practices of material characterization for wear prediction, and to convey or define novel strategies and procedures of planning effective wear test programs. The initiating factors of abrasion, the development of surface abrasion on sharp and blunt tracks (so called cutting and chipping) and the influence of smear and lubricants is also summarized. The volume is of interest to research scientists in related fields from academia and industry. 

This book provides a comprehensive presentation of the most frequently used high resolution manufacturing techniques available, as well as the polymeric materials used for each of the techniques. Divided into two parts covering the technologies and materials used and the impact on different research fields and case studies, High Resolution Manufacturing from 2D to 3D/4D Printing: Applications in Engineering and Medicine addresses issues like throughput improvement by volumetric 3D printing and presenting novel applications and case studies. In addition, this book also covers the latest breakthrough developments and innovations to help readers understand the future applications of this technology across various disciplines, including biomedicine, electronics, energy, and photonics.

This book provides a comprehensive overview on the recent significant advancements of conductive polymers and their composites in terms of conductive mechanism, fabrication strategies, important properties, and various promising applications. The corresponding knowledge was systematically compiled in the logical order and demonstrated as seven chapters. The special structure, influencing factors of the conductivity, the charge carrier transport model, the wettability and classical categories of the conductive polymers are narrated. Both conventional and novel strategies undertaken to fabricate the conductive polymers are introduced, as provided the overall master of the progress. In comparison with the bulk counterpart, nanostructured conductive polymers with different dimensions such as nanospheres, nano-networks, nanotubes and nanowire arrays are produced through distinct methods, thus presenting unique and distinct performance endowed by the nanometer scale. The combination of conductive polymers with other functional materials results in a number of the composites with improved properties by synergistic effect. The superior performance of conductive polymers and their composites greatly facilitates their development toward various important applications in the advanced and sophisticated fields such as biological utilization, energy storage and sensors. Due to their excellent biocompatibility, conductive polymers and their composites stand out to be useful in the biological field including tissue engineering, drug delivery and artificial muscle. To meet the urgent demand of the energy storage, conductive polymers and their composites play an important role in the devices including supercapacitors, solar cells and fuel cells. Finally, development of conductive polymers and their composites in the modern industry is greatly enhanced by their applications in smart sensors such as conductometric sensors, gravimetric sensors, optical sensors, chemical sensors and biosensors. This book has significant value for researchers, graduate students, and engineers carrying out the fundamental research or industrial production of conductive polymers and their composites.