Teknisk anvendelse af polymerer og kompositter

Synthesis of Six- and Seven-Membered Heterocycles: The Role of DMF and its Synthesis compares different synthetic approaches using DMF, including the advantages and disadvantages of those reactions, green methods, and the sustainability of reported synthetic methodologies, especially the microwave methods. The book presents several methodologies for the synthesis of six- and seven-membered heterocyclic compounds using dimethylformamide. Users will find the most up-to-date information in this fast-moving field which can be particularly challenging. With DMF drawing the attention of synthetic organic chemists, this book will help readers understand further developments in the uses of dimethylformamide beyond just its use as a polar solvent. As it can be expected that the use of dimethylformamide as a precursor will continue to grow in organic synthesis with new applications in sustainable and green chemistry, this book provides an ideal primer on the topics covered.

Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Energy Applications covers recent developments in conducting electrodes, photovoltaics, solar cells, battery applications, fuel cells, electrocatalysts, photocatalysts, and supercapacitors. The book is one of four volumes that together provide a comprehensive resource in the field of Advanced Ceramic Coatings, also including titles covering: fundamentals, manufacturing, and classification; biomedical applications; and emerging applications. These books will be extremely useful for academic and industrial researchers and practicing engineers who need to find reliable and up-to-date information about recent progresses and new developments in the field of advanced ceramic coatings. Smart ceramic coatings contain multifunctional components are now finding application in transportation and automotive industries, in electronics, and energy, sectors, in aerospace and defense, and in industrial goods and healthcare. Their wide application and stability in harsh environments are only possible due to the stability of the inorganic components that are used in ceramic coatings.

Advanced Hybrid Composite Materials and Their Applications provides a basic understanding of the engineering of hybrid composite materials. The main topics covered include the fundamental principles of hybrid composite materials, their properties, chemistry, fabrication, and applications. New and modern ways of synthetic engineering are also discussed in detail. The book brings together two very important classes of engineering materials and explains their properties in an easy-to-understand manner. It also covers the latest research outcomes and new technologies from synthetic processes right though to recent applications in different industrial sectors. This book will benefit those with no previous background knowledge as well as the expert working in this field. It will serve as a single comprehensive information resource on various types of engineering materials.

This book focuses on 3D printing and molding/ copying technologies and approaches, which innovatively proposes the concept of polymer 3D copying technology. It introduces the two technologies of polymer 3D printing and 3D copying by analogy and elaborates the core principles and processes of polymer 3D copying technology, the composition, basic parameters and structure design of polymer 3D copying machines, precision control methods, defect generation mechanism and solutions of polymer 3D copying products, and also discussed the future development of polymer 3D copying technology. The novel concept of 3D copying is one of the major features of the book, which is particularly suited for readers who are interested in rapid prototyping and molding. The book is based on both traditional and new knowledges, with novel content and concept, focusing on both principles and engineering practice. It systematically reflects the content and application of polymer 3D printing and 3D copying technology, which can benefit researchers, engineers, and students of related majors engaged in the fields of polymer processing, rapid prototyping, 3D printing and molding/ copying, etc.

The book Function-oriented bioengineered skin equivalents - continuous development towards complete skin replication aims to provide potential readers with a comprehensive summary of the available information on various in vitro skin models, from historical background to different modeling approaches and their applications. Particular emphasis is placed on presenting the current technological components available for the development of engineered skin equivalents by summarizing advances in cell cultivation, materials science, and bioengineering. Using examples of the current-state-of-art, we describe the advantages, limitations, and challenges of developing in vitro skin models for successful use in clinical applications and skin-related research.

Covering the most recent literature in the field, with special emphasis on the physical mechanisms behind their rheological behaviour, this book demonstrates the controllability of soft matter through an external (magnetic) stimulus.

The Handbook of Natural Polymers, Volume Two: Functionalization, Surface Modification, and Properties covers modifications, functionalization, analysis and properties of polymers from natural sources. The book begins by introducing the current state-of-the-art, challenges and opportunities in natural polymers. This is followed by detailed coverage of methods for chemical, physical and surface modifications, and functionalization of natural polymers, including nanocellulose composites, gluten, chitin, alginate, pectin, keratin, shellac, wool, hemicellulose, lignin, natural rubber, albumin, collagen, gelatin, zein, soya protein, silk fibroin, gutta percha and gum. The final chapters explain several other key aspects, such as microscopical and spectroscopical analysis, mechanical, thermal, and more. The book aims to offer potential avenues for the preparation, modification, and implementation of advanced natural polymer-based materials with the desired properties for specific applications.

This book highlights recent developments related to fabrication and utilization of nanoparticle-engineered metal matrices and their composites linked to the heavy industries, temperature fasteners, high-pressure vessels, and heavy turbines, etc. The mechanical properties of newly developed metallic composites are discussed in terms of tensile modulus, hardness, ductility, crack propagation, elongation, and chemical inertness. This book presents the design, development, and implementation of state-of-the-art methods linked to nanoparticle-reinforced metal nanocomposites for a wide variety of applications. Therefore, in a nutshell, this book provides a unique platform for researchers and professionals in the area of nanoparticle-reinforced metal nanocomposites.

The book focuses on joining of advanced materials such as ceramics, intermetallics, laminated materials, composite materials and functional materials considering both in theory and in practice. It also covers details of joint design, weldability and quality assurance of the product. Both principles and engineering practice have been addressed to show advanced, scientific and novelty features. The latest research on advanced joining technology is one of the major features of the book, which is particularly suited for readers who are interested to learn practical solutions in joining of advanced materials. The book can benefit researchers, engineers and graduate students in the fields of joining, materials design and manufacturing, etc.

The book presents chitosan and chitosan-based nanocomposites and their extensive applications in medical science. Utilization of chitosan nanostructured composites in different biomedical applications is highlighted. The book is suitable to be used as reference/textbook for studying the biological aspects of chitosan hybrid materials and their efficacy in different therapeutic applications. The important features of the book are summarized as follows:Chitosan as an overviewKey biological aspects of chitosan-based nanocompositesSynthetic techniques for fabrication of chitosan nanocomposites for biomedical applicationsDesigning of chitosan-based smart materials for release of therapeuticsFabrication of nanostructured chitosan-based devices for diagnosis and sensing applicationsChitosan nanocomposites for regenerative applicationsMedicinal and therapeutic efficacy of chitosan-based hybrid materials.¿

Providing a neat overview of the current research for the biomaterials science community, this book is a one-stop resource for researchers and practitioners working on lignin-based biomaterials..

Ceramic Matrix Composites: Lifetime and Strength Prediction Under Static and Stochastic Loading focuses on the strain response and lifetime prediction of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites under stress-rupture loading at intermediate temperatures. Typical damage mechanisms of matrix cracking, interface debonding and oxidation, and fiber's oxidation and fracture are considered in the micromechanical analysis. Effects of composite's constituent properties, peak stress, and testing temperature on the composite's strain response and lifetime are also analyzed in detail. Finally, a comparison of constant and different stochastic stress spectrum on composite's damage evolution and fracture is discussed. This book will be a practical guide for the material researcher and component designer needing to better understand the composite's damage and fracture behavior under stress-rupture loading at intermediate temperatures.

Polymeric Adsorbents: Characterization, Properties, Applications, and Modelling offers comprehensive information on the various types of polymeric adsorbents and uses, enabling the reader to understand, identify and prepare adsorbents with the required structure and properties for a range of key industrial applications. The book presents the various types of polymeric adsorbents and their characteristics, focuses on physicochemical properties, synthesis methods, functionalization, and composites and hybrid materials, and highlights key application areas, including gas adsorption, heavy metal removal, hazardous dye removal, and adsorption of antibiotics. Finally, the book provides detailed guidance on modeling of polymeric adsorbent behavior and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. This is a valuable resource to researchers and advanced students across polymer science, chemistry, materials science, engineering, environmental science, and engineers, scientists, and R&D professionals with an interest in polymeric adsorbents for industrial applications.

Approx.720 pages

Flexoelectricity is the ability of materials to generate a voltage when they are bent or, conversely, to bend under voltage. Flexoelectricity can be present in all materials; however, the magnitude of the flexoelectric coefficients is so small that flexoelectricity is virtually imperceptible on the human scale. The book's objective is to look at the flexoelectric effect in ceramics for various applications point of view such as sensor, actuator and energy harvesting etc. It briefly discusses the flexoelectric effect theories and models with the latest development in this field. Several methods are discussed to increase the flexoelectric effect in ferroelectric and other ceramics. It focused on the latest development in various possible applications such as flexopyroelectric, flexocaloric and nano energy generators. Apart from these, it will also discuss the inverse flexoelectric effect, flexoelectric effect in 2D materials, ambiguities and controversies in this field. This book resolved many questions related to flexoelectricity and made significant discoveries with profound implications beyond flexoelectricity, in such diverse areas as caloric or MEMS devices, etc. It covers the most recent breakthroughs in nano-generator, composite-based ceramics to maximize energy harvesting and storage. Therefore, this book will be handy for a researcher working in this direction of ceramics and can be a reference book for allied specializations. It will open a new approach to using the flexoelectric effect in various ceramics and varieties of applications.

"Energy in Plastics Technology" provides, unlike any other book, the necessary fundamentals for dealing with thermotechnical issues in the processing of plastics, leading to efficient, robust, reliable, economical, and environmentally friendly processes for high-quality products. The following four areas are addressed: - Methodical application of the essential fundamentals to practical problems. The focus is on the formulation of energy balances.- Special emphasis is placed on the understanding of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, with their manifold implications.- Access to key advanced technical literature, which can be highly theoretical, and forms the basis for advanced simulation methods, is provided.- Analytical approaches for modeling processes (as opposed to numerical simulation methods) are covered, so that the influence of the essential process parameters can be better recognized, and correct results in terms of order of magnitude are obtained with reasonable effort. These simplified considerations provide a valuable support for the preparation of experiments and numerical simulations and their critical evaluation. The fundamentals provided are applied - in exemplary calculation examples - to problems relevant to practice in the most important processing and forming methods. The book is aimed at engineers and students working in plastics technology as well as technicians and plastics technologists. Contents:Part 1 - Introductory Fundamentals: Introduction, Material Behavior of Plastics, Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics I, Heat TransferPart 2 - Advanced Fundamentals: Steady-State Heat Conduction, Transient Heat Conduction, Thermodynamics of Air-Drying, Fluid Mechanics II, Recycling of PlasticsPart 3 - Practical Examples

Phase separation in polymer blends has achieved a tremendous techno-commercial importance. Most of the applications of polymer blends, such as tissue engineering, membrane technology, electromagnetic shielding, energy harvesting, structural materials, packaging, smart multiphase polymer coatings, depend on the morphologies developed during processing.This book outlines the fundamental aspects of polymer blend thermodynamics, the state-of-the-art processing techniques for specific polymer blend systems currently in use, and the design and fabrication of multiphasic polymeric materials, which will present a multiplicity of opportunities in the water remediation, packaging, and electronic industries, to mention a few. It emphasizes recent research developments, processing techniques, characterization methods, factors influencing phase separation temperature in phase-separated, including partially miscible, polymer blends, and key research challenges in the development of phase-separated polymers materials.With unique and systematic coverage of the journey from fundamentals to applications in polymer blends, this book is ideal for polymer scientists and engineers, material scientists, researchers, engineers, and under- and post-graduate students who are interested in this exciting field of research. It will help industrial researchers and R&D managers bring advanced phase-separated polymer materials/products to the market.

Nanotechnology has progressed to the point where it can mimic natural systems such as porous membranes or the structure of leaves. Technological advances have resulted in a boom in the use of nanotechnology in different areas of engineering, including water purification systems. This book explores nanomaterials used for removing various textile dyes from water. It compiles 8 chapters that discuss the materials and nano systems used in these processes. This reference is designed to provide answers to common questions for scholars, academicians and technologists about fundamentals of nanoscience and nanomaterial induced removal of textile dyes. College students (physics, chemistry and materials science, engineering) will be able to easily understand the subject matter. Key Features: Covers the basics of nano systems, from synthesis to applications Explains the basics of nanomaterial behavior and characterization Describes the classifications of dyes Explains the interactions nanomaterials with different dyes Explains the reaction mechanisms of photocatalysis and the kinetics behind adsorption - two important methods for removing dyes from water Discusses nano systems that are useful for textile dye removal from water. 3 types of nano systems are included: carbon based, oxide based, polymer based or nitride based systems Includes references for further reading Simple presentation for easy and quick understanding of the subject

This book provides comprehensive description of polymeric membranes in water treatment and remediation. It describes both the sustainability challenges and new opportunities to use membranes for water decontamination. It also discusses the environmental-related issues, challenges and advantages of using membrane-based systems and provides comprehensive description of various polymeric membranes, nanomaterials, biomolecules and their integrated systems for wastewater treatment. Various topics covered in this book are direct pressure-driven and osmotic-driven membrane processes, hybrid membrane processes (such as membrane bioreactors and integrating membrane separation with other processes), and resource recovery-oriented membrane-based processes. The book will be useful for students, researchers and professionals working in the area of materials science and environmental chemistry.

This book presents the applications of high-energy beam radiation for synthesis and processing of polymeric materials. It addresses fundamental nature of high energy i.e., ionizing radiations and interaction with monomers and polymers leading to a wide variety of products such as tyres, textiles, shape memory polymers, polymers for aviation and space applications, polymeric biomaterials and natural rubber latex. It discusses general principles and techniques of preparation of polymeric materials including polymer blends, composites and nanocomposites. It also includes the topic of radiation-assisted recycling of polymers through breaking of covalent bonds. This book will be useful for students, researchers and professionals in the areas of polymers science and technology, radiation technology, electron beam technology, gamma radiation technology, advanced materials technology, biomaterials technology, nanotechnology, membrane science technology and environmental science.