Materialeprøvning

This volume highlights the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of metal forming, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the 14th International Conference on Technology of Plasticity (ICTP), held in Mandelieu-La Napoule, France on September 24-29, 2023. It covers a diverse range of topics such as manufacturing processes & equipment, materials behavior and characterization, microstructure design by forming, surfaces & interfaces, control & optimization, green / sustainable metal forming technologies, digitalization & AI in metal forming, multi-material processing, agile / flexible metal forming processes, forming of non-metallic materials, micro-forming and luxury applications. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists.

This book will provide readers with a good overview of some of the most recent advances in the field of detector technology for gamma-ray imaging, especially as it pertains to new applications. There will be a good mixture of general chapters in both technology and applications in medical imaging and industrial testing. The book will have an in-depth review of the research topics from world-leading specialists in the field. The conversion of the gamma-ray signal into analog/digital value will be covered in some chapters. Some would also provide a review of CMOS chips for gamma-ray image sensors.

This book describes analytical instruments widely used to characterize the nanostructured materials. It provides information about how to assess material quality, defects, the state of surfaces and interfaces, element distributions, strain, lattice distortion, and electro-optical properties of materials and devices. The information provided by this book can be used as a back-up for material processing, material design and debugging of device performance. The basic principles and methodology of each analysis technique is described in separate chapters, adding historic perspectives and recent developments. The data analysis, from simple to advanced level, is introduced by numerous examples, mostly taken from the authors' fields of research; semiconductor materials, metals and oxides. The book serves as a valuable guide for scientists and students working in materials science, physics, and engineering, who wish to become acquainted with the most important analytical techniques for nanomaterials.

This detailed volume explores key concepts and experimental design related to Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging that have revolutionized our understanding of human biology. The first part focuses on recent advances in radiotracer probe development to enable the detection of materials, from large macromolecules to complicated drug-like structures. The next section describes how key physiological and pathophysiological processes can be interrogated and quantifiably measured with this imaging technique. Finally, chapters examine important technological developments in the field that are revolutionizing the way these innovative PET probes are utilized in the clinic. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Positron Emission Tomography: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for researchers looking to use imaging to revolutionize the way we diagnose and treat disease.

This book focuses on polarization microscopy, a powerful optical tool used to study anisotropic properties in biomolecules, and its enormous potential to improve diagnostic tools for various biomedical research. The interaction of polarized light with normal and abnormal regions of tissue reveals structural information associated with its pathological condition. Diagnosis using conventional microscopy can be time-consuming, as pathologists require an hour to freeze and stain tissue slices from suspected patients. In comparison, polarization microscopy more quickly distinguishes abnormal tissue and provides better microstructural information of samples, even in the absence of staining. This book provides a basic understanding of the properties of polarized light, a description of the polarization microscope, and a mathematical formalism of Mueller matrix polarimetry. The authors discuss various advanced linear and nonlinear optical techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), reflectance and transmission spectroscopy, fluorescence, multiphoton excitation, second harmonic generation, Raman microscopy, and more. They explore the exciting potential of integrating polarimetry with these techniques for possible applications in different areas of biomedical research, as well as the associated challenges. Including the most recent developments on the topic, this book serves as a modern guide to polarization microscopy and advancements in its use in biomedical research.

This book introduces characterizations of hyperordered structures using latest quantum beam technologies, the advanced theoretical methods for understanding the roles of the structures, and the state-of-the-arts materials containing the structures. In this book, the authors focus on the importance of defect complexes to improve functionality of crystals and that of orders of network structures to improve functionality of glass materials. These features can be regarded as interphases between perfect crystals and perfect amorphous, and they are the key factor for the evolution of materials science to a new dimension. The authors call such interphases "hyperordered structures" in this book. This is the first book that comprehensively summarizes glass science, defect science, and quantum beam science. It is valuable not only for active researchers in industry and academia but also graduate students.

This concise book covers fundamental principles of colloidal self-assembly and overviews of basic and applied research in this field, with abundant illustrations and photographs. Experimental and computer simulation methods to study the colloidal self-assembly are demonstrated. Complementary videos "Visual Guide to Study Colloidal Self-Assembly" on the research procedures and assembly processes are available via SpringerLink to support learning.The book explains basic elements of mechanics and electromagnetism required to study the colloidal self-assembly, so that graduate students of chemistry and engineering courses can learn the contents on their own. It reviews important research topics, including the authors' works on the colloidal self-assembly of more than 30 years¿ work. The principal topics include: (1) crystallization of colloidal dispersions, with the emphasis on the role of surface charges, (2) fabrication of large and high-quality colloidal crystals by applyingcontrolled growth methods, (3) association and crystallization by depletion attraction in the presence of polymers, (4) clustering of colloidal particles, especially those in oppositely charged systems, and (5) two-dimensional colloidal crystals. Furthermore, it covers (6) applications of colloidal crystals, ranging from cosmetics to sensing materials. We also describe space experiments on colloidal self-assembly in the International Space Station.This book will interest graduate school students in colloid and polymer science, pharmaceutics, soft matter physics, material sciences, and chemical engineering courses. It will also be a useful guide for individuals in academia and industry undertaking research in this field.

. The main aim of this book is to shine a spotlight on key experiments and their crucial importance for advancing our understanding of physics. Physics is an empirical science, and experiments have always been a driving force in the development of our understanding of nature. Facts matter. In that sense, the book attempts to be complementary to the many popularizations of theoretical physics, and to counterbalance the frequent emphasis there on more speculative ideas.Experimental physics is also an essential pillar in physics teaching, as well as helping broader audiences to better understand important concepts, particularly in challenging fields such as relativity or quantum physics, where our common sense intuition often fails.Readers are taken on an historical journey, starting with ¿Free Fall¿ and culminating in ¿Spooky Action at a Distance¿. En route they will encounter many important branches ofphysics, whose main ideas and theoretical description will be given a more empirical meaning. At the end, the reader is invited to reflect on what could be exciting and important directions for fundamental physics. All readers with an undergraduate degree in physical sciences or engineering will enjoy and learn much from this stimulating and original text.

This book is devoted to non-destructive materials characterization (NDMC) using different non-destructive evaluation techniques. It presents theoretical basis, physical understanding, and technological developments in the field of NDMC with suitable examples for engineering and materials science applications. It is written for engineers and researchers in R&D, design, production, quality assurance, and non-destructive testing and evaluation. The relevance of NDMC is to achieve higher reliability, safety, and productivity for monitoring production processes and also for in-service inspections for detection of degradations, which are often precursors of macro-defects and failure of components. Ultrasonic, magnetic, electromagnetic and X-rays based NDMC techniques are discussed in detail with brief discussions on electron and positron based techniques.

This book offers historical and state-of-the-art molecular spectroscopy methods and applications in dynamic compression science, aimed at the upcoming generation in physical sciences involved in studies of materials at extremes. It begins with addressing the motivation for probing shock compressed molecular materials with spectroscopy and then reviews historical developments and the basics of the various spectroscopic methods that have been utilized. Introductory chapters are devoted to fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, overviews of dynamic compression technologies, and diagnostics used to quantify the shock compression state during spectroscopy experiments. Subsequent chapters describe all the molecular spectroscopic methods used in shock compression research to date, including theory, experimental details for application to shocked materials, and difficulties that can be encountered. Each of these chapters also includes a section comparing static compression results. The last chapter offers an outlook for the future, which leads the next-generation readers to tackling persistent problems.

The NUMISHEET conference series is the most significant international conference on the area of the numerical simulation of sheet metal forming processes. It gathers the most prominent experts in numerical methods in sheet forming processes and is an outstanding forum for the exchange of ideas and for the discussion of technologies related to sheet metal forming processes. Topics covered in this volume include but are not limited to the following: Materials Modeling and Experimental Testing MethodsFriction and ContactFormability, Necking, and FractureInstabilities and Surface DefectsFracture and DamageNumerical MethodsSpringbackIncremental Sheet FormingRoll FormingInnovative Forming MethodsProduct and Process Design and Optimization

This second edition volume expands on the previous edition with new and updated chapters on the latest developments in the study of yeast within the biotechnology field. The chapters in this book cover topics such as transformation protocols for genetic engineering of Saccaromyces cerevisiae and Komagataella spp.; an overview of selection markers, promoters, and strains used for metabolic engineering of S. cerevisiae, P. pastoris, and Z. bailii; the use of yeast in CRISPR/Cas9 technology; tools to study metabolic pathway in Yarrowia lypolitica; and a discussion on the "e;universal expression system"e; that is applied in a broad spectrum of fungal species. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and authoritative, Yeast Metabolic Engineering: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable resource for researchers and scientists interested in learning more about this important and developing field.

This book covers fundamental microscopic techniques for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and other microscopic tools.  It provides step-by-step instructions and explanations of the basic fundamental concepts and mechanisms and guides the reader on resolving queries related to taking and analyzing microscopy images. The latest advancements and developments in microscopic equipment are described. Theoretical background on microscopy is also provided to enhance the reader's understanding of microscopy techniques and tools. Microscopic Techniques for the Non-Expert is an ideal book for undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as researchers with a background in environmental science, materials science, biomedicine, engineering, or bio-nanotechnology.

This book presents advances in the field of rare-earth (R) ¿ transition metal (M) ¿ boron compounds with extensive references. Since titanium and scandium do not form compounds with rare-earths, the Sc/Ti-M-B series are additionally presented. In each chapter the crystal structures, the complex physical properties as determined from neutron diffraction, magnetic measurements, resonance studies, transport properties and band structure calculations are critical analyzed. The models used in describing the experimental evidence are also presented. Tables with the main properties of the R-M-B compounds are given and representative data are illustrated in figures. In this way, the book provides state-of-the art knowledge and a valuable analysis of up-to-date results in the field. The technical applications, as permanent magnets, thermoelectric and magnetocaloric devices, hydrogen storage are also highlighted along with the authors insights into future directions in the field. The book is ofinterest for scientists involved in the development of the field as well as those working in the technical uses of rare-earth compounds.

The nonlinear optical spectrum signal technology is a new type of optical characterization technology owing to its non-invasiveness and good biocompatibility. This book highlights a comprehensive introduction to the Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS), Two-photon Excited Fluorescence (TPEF) and Second Harmonic Generation signals (SHG) technologies. The four types of nonlinear optical signals technologies, especially two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging, have great application potential in physics, materials science, chemistry and biomedicine. The book covers principles, theoretical calculation methods, signal measurement methods and imaging specific methods. The theoretical part starts from the basics of nonlinear optics and the relationship with strong light, and gradually transitions to theoretical calculation methods for specific optical signals. it combines the classical theory and the quantum theory to help readers develop a thorough understanding of the technologies. The book is a good reference for graduate students majored in physics and chemistry and for researchers working on optics, photonics and materials science.

This book gathers the latest advances, innovations and applications in the field of historic mortars and masonry structures conservation and restoration, as presented by international researchers and professionals at the 6th Historic Mortars Conference (HMC), held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, on September 21¿23, 2022. It covers topics such as characterization of historic mortars and masonry structures¿sampling and test methods; historic production, processing and application of mortars, renders and grouts; assessment of historic renders and plasters; conservation and preventing conservation case studies; repair mortars and grouts¿requirements and design, compatibility issues, durability and effectiveness and adequacy of testing procedures. Special attention is given to historic mortars where one of the binders or the only binder is Portland cement and to the structures in which these materials are used. The contributions, which were selected through a rigorous international peer-review process, share new knowledge and exciting ideas that will help protect heritage buildings more efficiently and foster new multidisciplinary collaborations in this area.Chapter Performance Evaluation of Patch Repairs on Historic Concrete Structures (PEPS): An Overview of the Assessment Methodology is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Based on the success of the first published book on "e;Nondestructive Evaluation and Monitoring Technologies, Documentation, Diagnosis and Preservation of Cultural Heritage"e;,  this book will includes peer reviewed papers submitted to the conference in form of single independent chapters. Each chapter will highlight the benefits of one or more Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods, image processing and data analysis methods and their applications on cultural heritage sites. This book demonstrates Non-destructive sensing technologies and inspection modules as main tools for documentation, diagnosis, characterization, preservation planning, monitoring and quality of restoration, assessment and evaluation of material and preservation work.   Within this book, the benefits of NDT methods and their applications will be demonstrated on diverse and important cultural heritage sites and monuments around the world. NDT sensing technologies and inspection modules are becoming main tools for the documentation, diagnosis, characterization, preservation planning, monitoring and quality control of restoration, assessment and evaluation of materials and preservation works.Distinguished scientists and representatives of the National Geographic Society, the Cultural Heritage Finance Alliance, the International Council of Monuments and Sites ICOMOS, the Organization of World Heritage Cities OWHC, the European Society for Engineering Education SEFI, the European Construction Technology Platform ECTP, the International Federation of Surveyors FIG, the International Committee CIPA Heritage Documentation, the World Monuments Fund and other major International and European Organizations, Associations, networks Universities and Research Centers in the field of cultural heritage preservation, participate in to the International Steering Committee which had successfully organized the 1st TMM_CH Conference as well.

This book helps unlock the root cause of abnormal grain growth in a commercial nickel alloy. The chapters explore the effects of different solution treating and aging techniques, showing how they impact the hardness properties of hot-rolled and cold-drawn Monel K-500. The book covers how high-frequency induction heat treating can lead to severe duplex microstructure, and uncovers the surprising differences between solution treating in vacuum and convection air furnaces. This book is helpful to anyone seeking to optimize the performance of metal alloys.

This volume presents recent advances and current knowledge in the field of supramolecular assemblies based on electrostatic interactions. The flexibility and simplicity of constructing assemblies is explained via several examples, illustrations, figures, case studies, and historical perspectives. Moreover, as there is an increasing demand for the use of theoretical and computational models of the interaction strengths for assisting with the experimental studies, one chapter specifically focuses on the "e;modelling'' of supramolecular assemblies. Finally, various aspects of the recent advances of the field as well as potential future opportunities are discussed, with the goal being to stimulate critical discussions among the community and to encourage further discovery. This volume aims to inspire and guide fellow scientists and students working in this field and thus it provides a great tool for all researchers, graduates and professionals specializing on the topic.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the current progress in fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP), covering manufacturing, mechanical behavior, and resistance performance. It includes the elastic and damage behavior of unidirectional FRP, and highlights the improvements achieved by adding multiwall carbon nanotubes. The material resistance is assessed through fatigue response, local behavior, local properties, and failure mechanisms, including crack density and microcrack propagation behavior. The book also explores the degradation of macroscopic mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and compressive strength versus plastic strains. Additionally, it focuses on the progress made in out-of-plane composite characterization and modeling response for simulations of critical mechanical parts currently used in different industries, thanks to advances in manufacturing techniques that allow for the production of increasingly complex and thicker geometries.

Co-edited by world-renowned scientists in the field of catalysis, this book contains the cutting-edge in situ and operando spectroscopy characterization techniques operating under reaction conditions to determine a materials¿ bulk, surface, and solution complex and their applications in the field of catalysis with emphasis on solid catalysts in powder form since such catalyst are relevant for industrial applications. The handbook covers from widely-used to cutting-edge techniques. The handbook is written for a broad audience of students and professionals who want to pursue the full capabilities available by the current state-of-the-art in characterization to fully understand how their catalysts really operate and guide the rational design of advanced catalysts. Individuals involved in catalysis research will be interested in this handbook because it contains a catalogue of cutting-edge methods employed in characterization of catalysts. These techniques find wide use in applications such as petroleum refining, chemical manufacture, natural gas conversion, pollution control, transportation, power generation, pharmaceuticals and food processing. fdsfds

This book is a detailed, state-of-the-art account of the applications and uses of luminescence thermometry. It covers a wide range of fields, including biomedicine, biology, and catalysis. The book also explains the luminescence thermometric parameters used to sense temperature via luminescence with different materials, analyzing the different strategies used to improve thermal sensitivity and temperature resolution.The readers of this book are any researcher interested in the field, because of its topical coverage, as well as bachelor and graduate students, as an introduction to this novel field. The book ends with a general critical analysis of the results presented, where the editors discuss about the challenges and opportunities in the development of these highly sensitive new class of thermometers.

This monograph presents the theoretical background of the industrial process for the production of Al-Si alloys in standard aluminum electrolyzers. It reviews the physical chemistry and electrochemistry of cryolite melts containing silica and focuses on analyzing the exchange reactions in Na3AlF6¿Al2O3¿SiO2 melts. It presents the kinetics and mechanism of Si(IV) electroreduction in Na3AlF6¿Al2O3¿SiO2 melts on Al cathodes while the current yields as well as industrial tests performed are discussed. The modern research trends in the field are also overviewed. Providing readers with information not easily obtained in any other single source, this book is of great interest to researchers, graduates, and professionals working in the fields of electrochemistry and technology of cryolite-based melts.