Elektroteknik

This book includes high quality research papers presented at the International Conference on Communication, Computing and Electronics Systems 2021, held at the PPG Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India, on 28-29 October 2021. The volume focuses mainly on the research trends in cloud computing, mobile computing, artificial intelligence and advanced electronics systems. The topics covered are automation, VLSI, embedded systems, optical communication, RF communication, microwave engineering, artificial intelligence, deep learning, pattern recognition, communication networks, Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems, and healthcare informatics.

This book provides the background and the mathematical methods necessary to understand the basic transforms in signal processing and linear systems and probability and random processes to prepare for in depth study of analog and digital communications systems.This tutorial presentation provides developments of Fourier series and other orthogonal series, including trigonometric and complex exponential Fourier series, least squares approximations and generalized Fourier series, and the spectral content of periodic signals.This text thoroughly covers Fourier transform pairs for continuous time signals, Fourier transform properties, and the magnitude and phase of Fourier transforms.The author includes discussions of techniques for the analysis of continuous time linear systems in the time and frequency domains with particular emphasis on the system transfer function, impulse response, system/filter bandwidth, power and energy calculations, and the time domainsampling theorem.The basics of probability and random processes, including the key concepts of expected value, variance, characteristic functions, common probability distributions, autocorrelation, power spectral densities, wide sense stationarity, and ergodicity, are all developed in some detail. Many examples and problems are included to illustrate and examine these topics.¿ Provides developments of Fourier series and other orthogonal series¿ Presents fundamental Fourier transform properties and example applications¿ Discusses techniques for the analysis of continuous time linear systems in the time and frequency domains¿ Presents a fundamental development of probability and random variables¿ Develops the basic ideas of random processes including autocorrelation, power spectral densities, stationarity, and ergodicity

This book describes the state-of-the-art use of biological insulating liquids in detail. In recent years, more and more transformers filled with esters have been put into operation. This is because people recognize the benefits of ester liquids in terms of their fire safety (high flash and fire points) and environmental characteristics, judging from their biodegradability, their low CO2 footprint (only valid for natural ester) and their beneficial interactions with solid insulation, etc. One of the main reasons is that the water adsorption and absorption characteristics of these liquids are excellent and very different compared to mineral oil. The today¿s discussion about climate change and global warming is an additional driver for using natural ester. Another advantage is that transformers filled with biological insulating liquids can operate with an overload of up to 150%. This is advantageous in the case of volatile energy generation from wind and solar power and in the supply of electrical energy for electromobility. Liquid inside electrical equipment is the lifeblood that serves both as a dielectric and a cooling medium. Some properties of these liquids differ from mineral oil, which had to be considered in the transformer design. The dielectric liquid is always in direct contact with transformer materials; therefore, the interaction should be very well understood, especially when retrofilling an existing mineral oil filled device. There are several natural ester fluids derived from various seeds and fruits on the market, and their properties may differ more or less. In the book, the most important properties of the different biological insulating fluids and mineral oil are compared. Ester fluids have already found their way into various standards. The condition of the device can be verified very well from the contents of the insulating liquids. For analysis and testing, the same equipment and devices that are commonly used for mineral oilare used for ester liquid. The chemical and physical behaviors of ester fluids compared to mineral oil are different. This must always be considered when interpreting test results stemming from ester fluids. The book is a guideline for students, original equipment manufacturers, users, laboratories and authorities in the use of biological insulating liquids.

This book presents advances in control technologies for efficient operation of the brushless doubly-fed induction generator (BDFIG). For robust and low-cost operation of BDFIGs, it is required to keep high-quality output voltage and eliminate the speed/position encoder under different loads and operation conditions. Some advanced control technologies, from the authors' latest work on these topics, are presented to achieve this goal with simple and accurate texts, illustrations, and tables. The qualified outcomes obtained from this book assure the high-performance operation of BDFIGs and also give the readers a straight insight toward challenges in this research area in the future.

State Estimation Strategies in Lithium-ion Battery Management Systems presents key technologies and methodologies in modeling and monitoring charge, energy, power and health of lithium-ion batteries. Sections introduce core state parameters of the lithium-ion battery, reviewing existing research and the significance of the prediction of core state parameters of the lithium-ion battery and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of prediction methods of core state parameters. Characteristic analysis and aging characteristics are then discussed. Subsequent chapters elaborate, in detail, on modeling and parameter identification methods and advanced estimation techniques in different application scenarios. Offering a systematic approach supported by examples, process diagrams, flowcharts, algorithms, and other visual elements, this book is of interest to researchers, advanced students and scientists in energy storage, control, automation, electrical engineering, power systems, materials science and chemical engineering, as well as to engineers, R&D professionals, and other industry personnel.

Energy Systems Transition: Digitalization, Decarbonization, Decentralization, and Democratization provides a thorough multidisciplinary overview of the operation of modern green energy systems and examines the role of 4D energy transition in global decarbonization mitigation efforts for meeting long-term climate goals. Contributions present practical aspects and approaches with evidence from applications to real-world energy systems, offering in-depth technical discussions, case studies, and examples to help readers understand the methods, current challenges, and future directions. A hands-on reference to energy distribution systems, it is suitable for researchers and industry practitioners from different branches of engineering, energy, data science, economics, and operation research.

This book provides a thorough overview of the concept of whole energy systems and the role of vector-coupling technologies (VCTs) in meeting long-term decarbonization strategies. It is the first comprehensive reference that provides basic definitions and fundamental, applicable approaches to whole energy systems analysis and vector-coupling technologies in a multidisciplinary way. Whole Energy Systems presents practical methods with evidence from applications to real-world and simulated coupled energy systems. Sample analytical examples are provided to aid in the understanding of the presented methods. The book will provide researchers and industry stakeholders focused on whole energy systems, as well researchers and developers from different branches of engineering, energy, economics, and operation research, with state-of-the-art coverage and the latest developments in the field.

The book contains select proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Grid Energy Systems and Control (SGESC 2021). The proceedings is divided into 03 volumes, and this volume focuses on renewable energy towards the smart grid. It includes papers related to smart grid, renewable energy, its integration, and DERs in the network for better energy management and ancillary services. The book presents cutting-edge research in the emerging fields of micro, nano, and smart devices and systems from experts. Most of the contributors have built devices or systems or developed processes or algorithms in these areas. This book is a unique collection of chapters from different areas with a common theme and will be immensely useful to academic researchers and practitioners in the industry.

The conference offers a forum for academic and technical communication for researchers and engineers working in the fields of energy science and technology, electrical systems, and power electronics. It conducts in-depth exchanges and discussions on pertinent subjects like new energy and electrical technology. The book aids scholars and engineers worldwide in understanding the academic development trend and expanding their lines of inquiry by disseminating the research status of cutting-edge technologies and scientific research accomplishments. It also strengthens international academic research, academic topics exchange, and discussion, and encourages the industrialization of academic achievements.

This book focuses on the control strategies for gearless permanent magnet synchronous motor traction elevators. Both basic principles and experimental evaluation have been addressed. This is achieved by providing in-depth study on a number of major topics such as speed detection at low-speed operation, starting torque strategy based on dichotomy and staircase methods, fuzzy self-tuning method, MPC and ADRC, etc. The comprehensive and systematic treatment of control strategies for cost-effective gearless PMSM traction elevators and practical issues are the major features of the book, which is particularly suited for readers who are interested to learn the control strategies for cost-effective gearless PMSM traction elevators. The book benefits researchers, engineers, and graduate students in the fields of ac motor drives and control strategies for cost-effective gearless PMSM traction elevators, etc.

This book gathers selected papers presented at the International Conference on SMART Automatics and Energy (SMART-ICAE 2021), held in Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation during 7-8 October 2021. The book will be useful for wide range of specialists in the field of designing innovative solutions and organizational measures that increase the efficiency of the use of industry technologies in their various manifestations. The issue is also of interest to scientific and engineering personnel engaged in the achievements and farsighted researches in the area of intellectual technology use for solving of real, applied tasks in various areas of industries and policies of nations and systems and for students and undergraduates studying "Power systems engineering and electrotechnics", "Automatized systems", "Managerial systems in power technologies", etc., and postgraduate students in the corresponding branches of study.

Sustainable Energy Planning in Smart Grids curates a diverse selection of innovative technological applications for problem-solving towards a sustainable smart grid. Through these examples, the reader will discover the flexibility and analytical skills required for the race towards reliable, resilient, renewable energy. This book's combination of real-world case studies allows students and researchers to understand the complex, interdisciplinary systems that impact potential solutions. Detailed analysis highlights the positives and drawbacks of a variety of options, modeling considerations, and criteria for success. Trials and testing include electric vehicle charging, public lighting, energy mapping, heating solutions, and a proposal for 100% renewable cities. With contributions from a global range of experts, this book builds the complex picture of integrated, systemic modern energy planning.

The book contains select proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Grid Energy Systems and Control (SGESC 2021). The proceedings is divided into 03 volumes, and this volume focuses on power electronics, machines, systems integrations, and high voltage engineering. This book is a unique collection of chapters from different areas with a common theme and will be immensely useful to academic researchers and practitioners in the industry.

This book brings together state-of-the-art advances in intelligent data analytics as driver of the future evolution of PaE systems. In the modern power and energy (PaE) domain, the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) and the consequent empowerment of consumers as a central and active solution to deal with the generation and development variability are driving the PaE system towards a historic paradigm shift. The small-scale, diversity, and especially the number of new players involved in the PaE system potentiate a significant growth of generated data. Moreover, advances in communication (between IoT devices and M2M: machine to machine, man to machine, etc.) and digitalization hugely increased the volume of data that results from PaE components, installations, and systems operation. This data is becoming more and more important for PaE systems operation, maintenance, planning, and scheduling with relevant impact on all involved entities, from producers, consumer,s and aggregators to market and system operators. However, although the PaE community is fully aware of the intrinsic value of those data, the methods to deal with it still necessitate substantial enhancements, development and research. Intelligent data analytics is thereby playing a fundamental role in this domain, by enabling stakeholders to expand their decision-making method and achieve the awareness on the PaE environment. The editors also included demonstrated codes for presented problems for better understanding for beginners.

Este artigo desenvolve e modela uma rede sem fios DS-CDMA por simulação. Apresenta uma visão geral dos sistemas de transmissão CDMA, em comparação com outros esquemas de acesso múltiplo. Os parâmetros e condições do canal são variados e o desempenho estudado. A investigação da difusão, modulação e codificação é levada a cabo. As técnicas de modulação BPSK são utilizadas para ver o desempenho do sistema quando cada uma delas é utilizada. O RIC é utilizado como uma ferramenta para monitorizar a saída do sistema, uma vez que o SNR é variado. O canal AWGN é utilizado na simulação. A simulação começa com um único utilizador e mais tarde o número de utilizadores é aumentado e os resultados são avaliados. Os resultados finais são comparados com os resultados teoricamente calculados e finalmente concluídos.

Questo documento sviluppa e modella una rete wireless DS-CDMA mediante simulazione. Presenta una panoramica dei sistemi di trasmissione CDMA rispetto ad altri schemi di accesso multiplo. Vengono variati i parametri e le condizioni del canale e vengono studiate le prestazioni. Vengono analizzati lo spreading, la modulazione e la codifica. Le tecniche di modulazione BPSK sono utilizzate per verificare le prestazioni del sistema quando ciascuna di esse viene utilizzata. Il BER viene utilizzato come strumento per monitorare le prestazioni del sistema al variare dell'SNR. Nella simulazione viene utilizzato il canale AWGN. La simulazione inizia con un singolo utente e successivamente viene aumentato il numero di utenti e vengono valutati i risultati. I risultati finali vengono confrontati con quelli calcolati teoricamente e infine conclusi.

Dieses kompakte Mathematikbuch vermittelt den Studierenden Kenntnisse, die notwendig sind, um die Inhalte der Lehrbücher Elektrotechnik für Ingenieure 1 bis 3 zu verstehen. Selbstverständlich kann es auch von Studierenden anderer Fachrichtungen genutzt werden.

No rádio cognitivo de 5G, o sinal primário do utilizador é mais activo graças à ampla banda de frequência. A detecção normal do espectro cooperativo só detecta uma característica do PU utilizando um tipo de detector. A rádio cognitiva (CR) surgiu como uma técnica promissora para o problema de escassez de espectro enfrentado por todas as administrações sem fios propostas tão recentemente. Na rede de rádio cognitiva (CRN) a detecção de espectro assume a parte principal e é considerada como uma parte básica da CR. O nó CR individual pode não dar resultados de detecção válidos devido à sombra e a problemas terminais secretos do canal de comunicação sem fios. Por conseguinte, para afectar estes problemas, é proposta a implementação durante este artigo de rádio cognitivo cooperativo baseado na detecção do espectro para comunicação 5G. No esquema de detecção cooperativa do espectro (CSS), cada CR sentirá individualmente o espectro e depois transferirá a sua decisão para um nó central também referido como centro de fusão (CF). Usando a probabilidade de detecção falhada (Pmd) e a probabilidade de falso alarme (Pfa) para reconhecer se a detecção do espectro é suficiente ou não, melhorar o desempenho usando Pfa. O resultado da simulação mostra o desempenho superior.

Les handicaps neuromoteurs sont des problèmes importants, généralement incurables et compliqués dans le scénario actuel. Ils s'accompagnent d'un grand nombre de problèmes. La maladie affecte le fonctionnement de chaque neurone moteur, que ce soit dans le corps entier ou dans une partie spécifique du corps. Le handicap peut être le résultat d'une mauvaise communication entre les neurones moteurs et les fibres musculaires. L'infirmité motrice cérébrale est une forme importante de handicap des motoneurones. Il s'agit d'un trouble moteur non progressif. Elle a été décrite comme un trouble continu mais changeant de la posture et du mouvement et ses symptômes se manifestent dès les premières années de la vie. Ce trouble affecte principalement les enfants qui souffrent de troubles de la perception, de la sensation, de problèmes musculo-squelettiques et d'épilepsie. Ces problèmes sont causés par une perturbation de la section corticale ou sous-corticale du cerveau. Pour contrôler ces activités anormales, certaines thérapies sont utilisées pour traiter ces enfants. Auparavant, la kinésithérapie était le seul moyen utilisé pour fournir une thérapie de relaxation musculaire au patient. Cependant, de nos jours, la physiothérapie est accompagnée d'une nouvelle méthode de neurostimulation non invasive connue sous le nom de stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétitive (SMTr).

This Handbook is aimed mainly at Electrical Maintenance Technicians.This advisory book sets out to explain the different Lamps and Lighting Systems that an Electrical Maintenance Technician may come across in a modern day Hazardous and Non Hazardous Area.Most lamps that were ever invented are discussed, with the aid of write-ups and diagrams, along with the reasons why some ofthem are being phased out. Hazards such as Mercury and other Toxins are discussed from very basic lamps of the past to modern LED lamps of today and why random disposal can be hazardous to the environment.The author is an Electrical Training Consultant with 16 years working for HOTA, a company in Hull that specialises in Hazardous Area Training as well as 38 Years working in the Electrical Department of BP. Seven of those years working as BP's Instrument/Electrical Training Officer.