Elektroteknik

This Green Book provides the design engineer with an understanding of the electrical parameters and methods required in designing compact AC and DC lines. Compact AC and DC lines are becoming increasingly necessary due to the limitation of right of way access and the need to upgrade power transfer in existing, narrower line corridors. Another requirement for compact AC lines is the lower impedance permitting increased power flow.For DC power lines, increased power flow can only be realised by increasing the current through the conductors and/or increasing line voltage. In AC it can also be achieved by bundle expansion and phase compaction due to the variation of impedance. The effect of compaction on AC and DC lines is not identical as with the constraints. The Green Book covers the theory relating to the constraints such as corona, audible noise, insulation coordination, electric and magnetic fields and others for both AC and DC lines.In addition to the theory, the Green Book includes actual calculations of electric parameters for different pole (DC) and phase (AC) configurations. Standards applied by various countries are tabulated for easy comparison of practices internationally. Case studies on line compaction designs for both AC and DC are described with relation to pole compaction, pole rearrangement and phase configuration. Voltage upgrading is also treated in this book, and some case studies for both AC and DC are considered.

This book contains selected proceedings of EPREC-2021 with a focus on power systems. The book includes original research and case studies that present recent developments in power systems, principally renewable energy conversion systems, distributed generations, microgrids, smart grid, HVDC & FACTS, power quality, power system protection, etc. The book will be a valuable reference guide for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in advancements in power systems.

"Master undergraduate electromagnetics with this concise and accessible textbook, linking theory to realworld engineering applications, with gentle mathematical support. A versatile full-color textbook for a one-or two-semester course, supported by lecture slides, instructor solutions, Matlab animations, and PowerPoint and jpeg digital figures"--

This book is a pioneering exploration of a new form of high-frequencyattenuation chamber that has the potential to revolutionize antenna measurementtechniques. The authors present an innovative concept that leverages theclassical principle of changing the polarization of radio waves, eliminatingthe need for traditional non-reflection chambers. By analyzing experimentalresults and searching for the optimal shape and composition of a depolarizationpanel, this monograph provides valuable insights into creating a non-reflectiveenvironment for accurately measuring the directional properties of antennas.The book delves into the methodology of frequency analysis, optimization of thedepolarization panel, and the creation of a measuring workplace using thispanel. It highlights the crucial attenuation phenomenon of suppressingcross-polarization coupling between transmitting and receiving antennas,enabling antenna measurements in any laboratory environment. With its promisingresults and practical applications in antenna technology, this publicationoffers a compelling and cutting-edge approach to antenna measurement that willcaptivate researchers, engineers, and professionals in the field.

In diesem Lehrbuch der Ingenieurwissenschaften werden die grundlegenden Konzepte der Mechanik, Festigkeitslehre, Thermodynamik, Maschinendynamik, Kraftfahrzeugtechnik, Elektrotechnik und Regelungstechnik auf eine mathematisch fundierte Weise erörtert. Die Besonderheit liegt in der praxisnahen Herangehensweise, bei der aus den mathematischen Formulierungen konkrete Modelle entwickelt und mithilfe von Matlab/Simulink simuliert werden. Dieses Buch richtet sich an Studierende der Ingenieurwissenschaften und bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die zentralen Disziplinen. Praktische Beispiele, dargelegt durch Matlab-Codes und Simulink-Modelle, dienen dazu, das Verständnis zu vertiefen. Eine unverzichtbare Ressource für angehende Ingenieure, die eine tiefgehende und praxisorientierte Auseinandersetzung mit den Grundlagen der Ingenieurwissenschaften suchen.

New Technology For Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Comprehensive Utilization Systems: Applications for Cold Regions provides step-by-step coverage of innovative areas of solar/photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) hot water and heating systems, covering principles, structure, modeling, experimental testing, operating characteristics and optimization, and economic evaluation. The book begins by discussing the concepts, classification, advantages, and application methods of current solar hot water/heating systems, phase change storage, and connection methods. Several novel systems are investigated and analyzed, with applications in extreme cold and subtropical regions, including tank-type systems, dual-condenser heat pipe systems, heat pipe PV/T-Trombe wall systems, PV/T road heat pump systems, and PV/T-PCM-PEM electrolyzer hydrogen/heating systems. Finally, other new types of PV/T systems and building design considerations for special climate regions, and perspectives and future directions, are considered. This is a valuable resource for researchers, scientists, advanced students, engineers, R&D professionals, and other industrial personnel with an interest in solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) technologies, solar energy, built environment, and renewable energy.

This lecture provides an introduction to transmission line effects in the time domain. Fundamentals including time of flight, impedance discontinuities, proper termination schemes, nonlinear and reactive loads, and crosstalk are considered. Required prerequisite knowledge is limited to conventional circuit theory. The material is intended to supplement standard textbooks for use with undergraduate students in electrical engineering or computer engineering. The contents should also be of value to practicing engineers with interests in signal integrity and high-speed digital design. Table of Contents: Introduction / Solution of the Transmission Line Equations / DC Signals on a Resistively Loaded Transmission Line / Termination Schemes / Equivalent Circuits, Cascaded Lines, and Fan-Outs / Initially-Charged Transmission Lines / Finite Duration Pulses on Transmission Lines / Transmission Lines with Reactive Terminations / Lines with Nonlinear Loads / Crosstalk on Weakly Coupled Transmission Lines

The book is composed of 15 chapters in total. All chapters presented by the authors (co-authors) are published in the author¿s edition and aim to present an issue on how to achieve more sustainable and more environmentally safe development of modern transport and energy sector. The chapters are grouped into 3 parts. The first part ¿Decisions for alternative energy sources use in modern transport¿ represents novel solutions in alternative energy sources development and implementation in different spheres of the modern transport sector. The second part ¿Solutions for reducing negative impact of energy and transport on environment¿ is devoted to advances in technologies aimed on reducing impact of energy and transport sectors on environment and utilization of waste. The third part of the book ¿Advance in alternative motor fuels technology¿ represents recent developments in chemical technology of alternative fuels production and aspects of modern fuels quality control.

High-Temperature Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage covers the fundamentals, thermal characteristics, measurement, design, and applications of high-temperature phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage, supported by examples and numerical modeling. The differences between low-temperature and high-temperature PCMs are examined with respect to thermophysical properties, phase change properties, and melting/solidification processes, with detailed coverage of how to alter or shorten the phase transition temperature range between melting and solidification, providing routes for the utilization of PCMs for specific high-temperature applications. The book also addresses key challenges, such as the design of PCM containers, phase transition temperature with little deviation, high latent heat capacity, thermal conductivity, viscosity, efficiency, ecocompatibility, and cost. This book is a valuable resource for researchers, advanced students, and scientists across the areas of energy storage, power generation, energy engineering, thermodynamics, materials science, renewable energy, energy management, mechanical engineering, and chemical engineering as well as engineers, research and development professionals, and other industry personnel with an interest in thermal energy storage design and materials.

Enhancing Resilience in Distribution Systems presents practical guidance for readers on the challenges and potential solutions for resilience in modern power systems. The book begins by explaining the risks and problems for resilience presented by renewable-based power systems. It goes on to clarify the current state of research and propose several novel methodologies and technologies for analysis and improvement of power system resilience. These methods include deep learning, linear programming, and generative adversarial networks. Packed with practical steps and tools for implementing the latest technologies, this book provides researchers and industry professionals with guidance on the resilient systems of the future.

Vehicle Electrification in Modern Power Grids: Disruptive Perspectives on Power Electronics Technology and Control Challenges collects the newest advances in technology for electric vehicle integration into one practical volume for professionals and advanced researchers. The book not only summarizes and clarifies legislation and grid codes for the area, but also outlines the modeling and analytical techniques needed, including predicting power converter reliability and its remaining useful life. Specializing in microgrid clusters, the book provides advanced power electronics device technology from wide-band-gap (WBG) to DSP-based digital control platforms and new materials for passive filters. Blending cutting-edge research and practical technology, this book provides a centralized resource for advanced researchers and engineers looking to accelerate vehicle electrification in the power grid.

Applications of Deep Machine Learning in Future Energy Systems pushes the limits of current Artificial Intelligence techniques to present deep machine learning suitable for the complexity of sustainable energy systems. The first two chapters take the reader through the latest trends in power engineering and system design and operation before laying out current AI approaches and limitations. Later chapters provide in-depth accounts of specific challenges and the use of innovative third-generation machine learning, including neuromorphic computing, to resolve issues from security to power supply. An essential tool for the management, control, and modelling of future energy systems, this book maps a practical path towards AI capable of supporting sustainable energy.

This thesis introduces a fully data driven approach for the prediction and optimization of critical electrical grid states due to poor power quality. Therefore, a nonvolatile memory model for time series forecasting, designed to profit especially from big data bases and complex pattern use cases as well as an Artificial Intelligence based Smart Demand Side Management framework to enable system inherent resources / components for minimization of harmonic disturbances is applied to measured power grid scenarios.

The book combines two interrelated lines of research. One of them is devoted to the development of the theory for solving a certain class of three-dimensional electromagnetic field problems of the three-dimensional electromagnetic field, taking into account eddy currents in a moving conducting magnetizing body. Preference is given to the development of the analytical solution methods of the three-dimensional quasi-stationary problem of field conjugation in the system: ¿a contour of an arbitrary spatial configuration with an alternating current is conducting body with a flat boundary surface¿. The second direction refers to the development of mathematical models for solving applied problems, which involve the use of developed methods for calculating the electromagnetic field and their characteristics. The main application of calculation methods is aimed at solving problems of heat treatment non-ferrous and ferrous metal products using the induction method of heating in a transverse magnetic field. The inverse problems are solved to determine the inductor configuration as flat and spatial current contours for providing the necessary temperature distribution of moving metal strips. To achieve uniform heating of strips across the width using inductors in the form of flat current contours parallel to the strip surface, it is advisable to use combinations of current contours, where the geometric dimensions are determined by the size and electro-physical parameters of the metal strips. A more uniform temperature distribution during high-frequency induction heating is achieved by using inductors in the form of current contours of the required spatial configuration.The book is intended for researchers, postgraduate students, and students specialized in theory and calculations of electromagnetic fields and induction heating installations.

This book is about understanding technology using the perspective of systems. It addresses the need for an accessible approach to understanding the broad range of technological devices and systems that create the modern world. Understanding technological systems offers an introduction to engineering and technology centered on the underlying structure common to all technological objects. This framework views technological systems as created using components to provide specific capabilities or functions. Components contributing well-defined functions interact with other components to create systems. Major topics include the concepts of technological function and the embedding of functional capabilities in physical components, the hierarchical nature of systems, and the clustering of related systems into technological domains. The book fills the gap between engineering science and engineering design.

This book covers new technologies and methods related to models for short-term forecasting of electricity imbalances in the IPS of Ukraine, taking into account the impact of forecasts of energy production from renewable sources on the accuracy of the imbalance forecast. The book proposed architecture and mathematical model of an artificial neural network for deep learning forecasting of short-term electricity imbalances using hourly data. Using a model to aggregate data with an hourly resolution followed by forecasting to reduce forecast error, the quasi-dynamic modeling method was used to analyze the impact of periodic generation on the network. The application of quasi-dynamic modeling also allows taking into account the system load curve, generation profile, storage system, as well as renewable energy sources (RES) operation in this area. The use of models makes it possible to achieve realistic estimates of generation for the required period. The book considers a local hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) based on different types of RES, which is more efficient than a system with one type of source.

This book discusses power electronics, signal processing and communication systems applications in smart grids (SG). Smart grids can be considered an evolution of the classic energy model to allow a more efficient management of the relationship between supply and demand, in order to overcome the contingency problems of the modern world. To achieve their goals, they use advanced technologies of information and communication, power electronics and signal processing, and can be used to integrate renewable energy sources.The book is divided into two main parts. The first part presents the application of power electronics technologies in renewable energy systems, while the second part presents some telecommunications, signal processing and energy capture technologies within the context of SGs. The chapters are written by invited expert authors, according to their research areas.

The book "Enhancing PbS Solar Cells with Inorganic HTLs" by T. Shrikanth Reddy provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest research and developments in the field of PbS solar cells. PbS is a promising semiconductor absorber material for thin-film photovoltaic devices due to its excellent charge transport and carrier dynamics properties. However, the energy conversion efficiency of PbS solar cells is limited by the inefficient extraction of charge carriers, which can be improved by using inorganic hole transport layers (HTLs). The book explores the use of various metal oxides, sulfides, selenides, and perovskites as inorganic HTLs and their impact on device performance. The author covers various techniques used for the fabrication of PbS solar cells such as doping, annealing, solution processing, vacuum deposition, spin coating, chemical bath deposition, and atomic layer deposition. The book also delves into the importance of interface morphology and surface modification for efficient electron extraction and hole blocking. The book extensively covers the electrical and optical characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and external quantum efficiency measurements. The author also emphasizes the stability and lifetime of PbS solar cells and their cost-effectiveness for large-scale production. Overall, this book is a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and students working in the field of optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and semiconductor materials. It provides an in-depth understanding of the role of inorganic HTLs in enhancing the performance of PbS solar cells, which is crucial for the development of efficient and sustainable solar energy technologies.

This book covers vibroacoustic monitoring, inertial attitude systems, and control system for device processing in complex objects. Modern approaches to the synthesis of algorithmic support for a strapdown inertial attitude system are considered. The general characteristics of navigation systems and the composition of their inertial measurement unit are given. The methods of initial alignment of the system on a stationary base are described. Particular attention is paid to the attitude kinematic parameters of the body frame and methods of their numerical integration. Picard's methods for integrating the Bortz and Poisson kinematic equations are shown. An algorithm for a strapdown inertial attitude system based on using real signals of high-precision laser gyroscopes is proposed. System simulation was carried out using the proposed algorithmic methods.The relevance of the control system created for the processing device parts in the conditions of automated manufacturing is substantiated. Theoretical studies are presented, and the relation between electrical signals, the level of tool wear, and the main reasons for generating electrical signals are identified. A mathematical model of cutting tool wear control was developed based on measuring the variable component of cutting electromotive force. A control system for processing device parts on computer numerical control machines in automated production conditions has been developed. It allows for recording critical wear and breakage of the cutting tool, performing its dimensional adjustment directly on the device, and carrying out its industrial approval in flexible production systems.

In diesem Buch werden die Grundlagen für die Ermittlung von Kurzschlussströmen behandelt. Die Berechnung der Ströme gehört mit zu den wesentlichen Aufgaben bei der Planung elektrischer Netze. Da die Netze zuverlässig und sicher betrieben werden müssen, ist die Berechnung durch internationale und nationale Normen standardisiert. In der gültigen IEC/VDE-Norm werden konkrete Rechenverfahren angewendet, die sich in vielen Jahrzehnten bewährt haben. Hierbei werden neue technische Entwicklungen laufend ergänzt. Vielfach sind jedoch die Hintergründe nicht mehr bekannt, so dass in diesem Buch diese Grundlagen beschrieben werden. Der Autor ist seit 1972 in der Normung der Kurzschlussstromberechnung tätig und hat die in dieser Zeit gewonnen Erkenntnisse zusammengetragen.

Das Buch geht auf die konkreten Probleme der Führung in der IT ein, räumt mit überholten Standardlehren auf und konzentriert sich auf die Fähigkeiten der IT-Führungskraft der Zukunft. Der Leser erhält sofort umsetzbare Handlungsempfehlungen, die durch Fallbeispiele auf Basis von Interviews mit IT-Führungskräften internationaler Unternehmen ergänzt werden.Wenn Sie es als IT-Führungskraft satt haben, dass die IT als Kostenfaktor statt als Business Enabler gesehen wird, wenn Sie überzeugt sind, dass die IT der Zukunft eine ganz andere Arbeits- und Führungsweise erfordert, wenn Ihre IT nicht mehr als Handlanger zur sinnbefreiten Kennzahlen-Generierung missbraucht, sondern als innovativer Partner des Business akzeptiert werden soll, dann ist dieses Buch genau das Richtige. Wollen Sie jedoch weitermachen wie bislang, ist es nichts für Sie.

This book presents the materials of the IV International Conference on Applications in Electronics and Computing Systems. Combining empirical and theoretical information, this book demonstrates advanced cross-cutting issues in various fields such as communication engineering, electronics and microelectronics, power systems, electric machines, unmanned systems and control systems. The results of the research constitute the research basis in applied science of transport infrastructure and electric power systems, including renewable and promising energy resources.

The book gives an overview about automation technology over the last 50 years, based on my own experiences. It is a good summery for automation since 1970 for all who want to know about the context of automation developments and their standards. It is a fundamental summery and enables the reader to get experience in the complex field of automation.In detail the question is arised, whether Industry 4.0, China 2025, IoT, AI are a revolution or more an evolution of timewise established availbale technologies in HW, SW and algorithms.  Is the hype about Industry 4.0 justified or not?In that context a timelline since 1970 ist shown for AI, ANN, essential milestones in automation, e.g OSI-model, automation pyramid, standards for bus systems,  main SW-languages, robots, AI, ANN, pattern recognittion, Ethernet, the 12 most important international field busses, their main features and characterisitcs, foundation of committees, harmonization and standardization efforts, OPC UA and cloud computing, field devices, PLCs, SCADA, MES, ERP  and automation history. All that history is seen in the context of u-controller, DSP (Digital signal processor), FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays), ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) , Chip on Board. It is include the HW-history, from Intel 8080 to octuple multicore processors. In the same way it is shown the history of field device out from laboratory into the field with all difficulties and benefits of that transition. The issues are summerized in a pyramid of complexity. Requirements for robustness and safety are shown for field devices.  In the same way it is shown the development of mainframes, workstations and PC's. SAP a leading ERP System  is explained in mor detail. Specially it is figured out how SAP works and what has to be considered in working with such kind of system. The differences between MES- and ERP-systems are discussed, specially also for future combined SAP/MES systems. Explained are the problems of middlesized companies (SMEs) in dealing with Industry 4.0 and automation. Further examples are given and discussed for automized quality control in automotvie, PCB-handling, CIGS (Solar cell)-production. Also shown is the upgrade for older products and make them ready for automation standards. In detail the history oft he modern robotics is shown for the automotive industry. In summery also is figured out the Industry 5.0 which is just coming up more and more.