Elektronisk udstyr og materialer

Devices for generation, distribution and regulation of electric power are important parts of appliances for healthcare, comfort, defence and transportation. Two classes of such devices discussed in this thesis are diodes and MOSFETs. These are used in rectification, amplification and switching applications, and are realized in semiconductor materials. The power level at which these devices operate is decided by the application. Depending on the voltage and current rating, this can vary from 1 Giga Watt at the power station to few Watts for mobile chargers. To cater to this wide range of power levels, power converter circuits are often employed. Depending on the application, these converters could be AC-DC, DC-AC, DC-DC or AC-AC. Although the functionality of these circuits is different, all of them invariably requires power switches. The performance of these switches decides the conversion efficiency of the converter. So far, power devices fabricated in Si (silicon) have been the workhorse. It is of interest to discuss the performance of a Si switch in terms of the five characteristics listed above. Silicon switches are mostly normally off and thereby avoid complex driving circuits. Apart from this, Si switches underperform in terms of the other four characteristics. Superjunction concept was originally introduced in the context of silicon devices. Later, it has been extended to other wide bandgap materials like SiC and GaN to combine the advantage of linear VBR-RONSP relation and the large value of EC. It is to be noted that although different materials offer different technological challenges to realize a superjunction, the theory of superjunction operation and the analytical design equations are valid across materials upon making changes to the material specific parameters (e.g. impact ionization coefficients, mobility etc.). Hence, a model developed to design the optimum superjunction parameters has potentially a large impact. It can help technologists working across materials to steer their efforts more effectively towards realizing the best device for a target application with minimum cost and effort.

La programación puede parecer desalentadora a veces, y es especialmente intimidante para los principiantes, pero con la invención de la Raspberry Pi, se volvió mucho más fácil de aprender y más asequible. El Pi es una pequeña computadora del tamaño de una tarjeta de crédito que dio lugar a la aparición de una comunidad completamente nueva de geeks. Con esta guía sencilla y fácil de seguir, los aspirantes a programadores ahora pueden aprender el oficio sin sentirse abrumados y desarrollar dispositivos geniales y robots complejos.La Raspberry Pi ha vendido millones de unidades desde su llegada al mercado, y esta Guía completa para principiantes para la configuración, programación (conceptos y técnicas) y el desarrollo de proyectos geniales de Raspberry Pi le mostrará por qué.Esto es lo que obtendrá al leer este libro para principiantes:1. Configure su propia Raspberry Pi y aprenda cómo conectarle otros dispositivos.2. Aprenda a trabajar con Linux y a usar comandos básicos.3. Ingrese al mundo de la programación con Python, un lenguaje poderoso con renombre mundial por ser fácil de aprender, pero muy versátil.4. Captar los conceptos más avanzados de programación orientada a objetos.5. Explore el proceso de creación de proyectos geniales, desde el humilde rastreador web hasta la poderosa estación meteorológica.Abre tu mente a todo un mundo de posibilidades.

The book systematically accounts for the scientific and technological problems of nanostructured silicon in the form of porous and black silicon. Nanostructured silicon is currently a pioneer research topic worldwide due to its enormous potential applications for modern electronic devices, such as sensitive photodetectors, solar cells, biochemical sensors, hydrogen generators, and display devices. The main structural modifications of this nanomaterial are porous and black silicon. Porous silicon addresses crystalline silicon with nanopores and black silicon with nanoneedles. Historically, porous silicon is thought to be a kind of precursor to black silicon. The formation, research, and application of nanostructured silicon remains the main cornerstone of nanotechnologies, and this book is useful for a wide range of researchers in the fields of semiconductor physics, micro-, and nanoelectronics. The author outlines the prospect of black silicon fabrication and its various applications. As for porous silicon, the book contains a detailed analysis of this material as a precursor of black silicon. This allows it to be possible to carry out correlations between two structural modifications of nanostructured silicon to clearly and reasonably show their advantages and disadvantages. With many references to a vast resource of recently published literature, this book serves as an important and insightful source of valuable information and provides scientists and engineers with new ideas to better understand the formation processes of nanostructured silicon as well as improve and expand their properties.

This book presents various design theories and methodologies for silicon-based high-sensitivity broadband receivers, including millimeter-wave radiometer chips and photoelectric receivers, which are core elements in imaging systems, data centers, and telecommunication infrastructures. As a key module in application systems, the high-sensitivity broadband receiver, not only attracts the attention of engineers and researchers in the radio-frequency and optoelectronic fields, but also garners significant interest from other disciplines, including optics, communications, and security. The book introduces various silicon-based critical design technologies aim to overcome the limitations inherent in silicon devices, distinctly enhancing sensitivity with a broad bandwidth. These innovative design methodologies, initially proposed and subsequently validated through meticulous measurements, represent a pioneering contribution. The book provides readers with detailed insights into design intricacies and considerations. Its audience includes undergraduate and graduate students with a specific interest in RF/optoelectronic receiver technology, along with researchers and engineers engaged in the study of imaging systems, data centers, or other communication applications.

Smart nanomaterials are making their presence ever so noticeable in areas like environmental protection and remediation, as well as in many other fields of study. The international team of expert researchers behind Smart Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications aims to spotlight the latest, rapid developments in the design and manipulation of materials at the nanoscale and to concisely present information regarding their novel methods of utilization for the safeguard of the environment, while at the same time apprising readers of challenges encountered and anticipated prospects. The volume illustrates state-of-the-art, actionable content, which is relevant and extremely valuable for those who want to apply this up-to-date knowledge in industry too.

Advances in Nanostructures: Processing and Methodology to Grow Nanostructures provides readers with the most appropriate nanostructuring methods used for obtaining nanoparticles with specific requirements suitable for different applications, taking into consideration characteristics such as dimension and shape. The different methods used to synthesize nanomaterials are thoroughly discussed, along nanomaterials’ properties and characterization techniques reviewed. Chapters on advanced nanostructures’ applications provide in-depth knowledge on applications of these nanostructures in interdisciplinary fields, such as energy, environment, and healthcare areas.

Nanophototherapy: Preparations and Applications provides a comprehensive overview of the various multifunctional nanoparticles used for phototherapy, with an emphasis on fundamental nanotechnology and the latest research of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The different types of phototherapeutic nanomaterials are thoroughly described, along with their structural features and synthesis. This is the first book to cover nanomaterial-based phototherapy for both cancer and bacterial infections. It is an essential resource for researchers, academics, and professionals interested in the potential of multifunctional nanomaterials for therapeutic applications.

Advances in Electrically Conductive Textiles: Materials, Characterization, and Applications covers non-metallic electro-conductive textiles that are known for being polymeric, flexible, durable, moldable, and light weight. A brilliant quality of these textiles is the capability to alter conductivity through various external stimuli (e.g., strain, torsion, pH, humidity) to suit a specific application, such as sensors, heating garments, EMI shielding, and more. Based on these concepts, this book has been structured into three main sections that discuss the various preparation methods of electro-conductive textiles, their characteristics and features, and end-use applications and sustainability.

Renewable and Clean Energy Systems Based on Advanced Nanomaterials: Basis, Preparation and Applications describes the fundamental aspects of a diverse range of nanomaterials used in the fields of renewable and clean energy. Various methods of preparing several different nanomaterials for green energy systems, such as advanced nanomaterials for solar cells, mixed metal oxide-based nanomaterials for hydrogen storage, and active nanomaterials for Li ion batteries are presented along with their advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Chapters also discuss novel methods of power analysis, frequency regulation methods, practical applications of solar panels, economic efficiency of solar energy, solar physics, and much more.This is a valuable resource on the basic science, preparation methods, and practical applications of advanced nanomaterials for green energy systems.

Semiconducting materials have been around since the early 19th century, when Michael Faraday discovered that, unlike pure metals, the electrical resistance in silver sulphide decreased as the temperature of the material was raised. From a more practical perspective, a semiconductor is a substance with electrical conductivity between that of an insulator and a metal, as the name suggests. There is a plethora of non- conducting features of semiconductors that have led to their uses in a wide variety of applications. After the development of the transistor device, silicon (Si) has become the most well-known semiconductor in the world. Without a doubt, the advent of the transistor in the 20th century was the single most important scientific event of the last two centuries, paving the way for the rapid development of technology in our modern world. In the last few decades, Transition Metal Oxide Semiconductors (TMOS) are a class of materials that have attracted significant attention in the field of electronics and optoelectronics due to their unique properties. These materials are composed of transition metal cations and oxygen anions, and can exhibit a wide range of electronic and optical behaviors, including band gap tuning, carrier density modulation, and photoresponse enhancement. TMOS are especially promising for applications such as solar cells, gas sensors, and electronic devices, due to their high carrier mobility, chemical stability, and abundance of raw materials. The diverse range of properties exhibited by TMOS makes them a promising avenue for developing new and advanced technologies in the field of materials science.

Nanostructured Hexagonal Ferrites: Novel Characteristics and Multifunctional Applications presents the latest advances in hexaferrite nanostructures, which offer reliability, stability, and efficiency in a range of advanced applications. The book begins by introducing the structure, characteristics, fabrication, processing, characterization methods, and composites of hexagonal ferrites in detail. Solid-state chemistry and magnetic, magnetoelectric, multiferroic, and dielectric properties are examined. Subsequent chapters then provide in-depth coverage of the preparation of nanohexaferrites with specific properties for target applications, in areas such as magnetic energy storage, high-frequency devices, microwave devices, stealth technologies, gyromagnetic devices, and wastewater remediation. This is a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students across nanotechnology, polymer science, composite science, chemistry, and materials science and engineering, as well as industrial scientists, engineers, and R&D professionals with an interest in hexaferrites and advanced nanostructures for advanced applications.

This book is an introductory text for graduate students, researchers in industries, and those who are just beginning to work on organic electronics materials, devices and their applications. The book includes mainly fundamental principles and theories for understanding organic electronics materials and devices, but also provides information about state-of-the-art technologies, applications and future prospects. These topics encompass physics for organic transistors, structure control technologies of polymer semiconductors, nanomaterials electronics, organic solar cells, organic electroluminescence and dynamics for excitation, among others. In this second edition, the topics that have had particular progress in the field of organic electronics over the past seven years were added. For example, Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) technology for organic LED, the development of perovskite materials, light-emitting materials using nanomaterials and the development of skin sensors and wearable/embedded devices. The recent scientific understanding of organic electronics is also introduced. This book will help readers to be able to contribute to society with the technologies and science of organic electronics materials in the future.

Pulsed Laser-Induced Nanostructures in Liquids for Energy and Environmental Applications covers fundamental insights on the mechanism of pulsed laser techniques by considering various experimental conditions to accelerate hypotheses that are appropriate for the production of efficient nanomaterials. In this book, readers will learn about the major advancements in the field of pulsed laser technologies during the past decades, current applications, and the future impacts of pulsed laser technologies. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the development of nanostructured catalytic materials via pulsed laser techniques, their use as energy, environment-related applications and their present trend in the industry and market. In addition, it highlights the latest advances related to the application of these nanostructured materials produced via pulsed laser in liquid techniques in various energy (supercapacitor, batteries, and hydrogen production) and environmental remediation (wastewater treatment and conversion of waste into value-added product) processes. Recent progress on several kinds of both photo and electroactive nanomaterials is reviewed, along with essential aspects that govern catalytic behaviors and corresponding stability.

Nano-refrigerants and Nano-lubricants: Fundamentals and Applications provides an overview of nano-refrigerants and nano-lubricants, their synthesis, characterization, and influence of nanoparticles on the thermophysical properties. The book also describes the theoretical modeling and correlations using artificial intelligence, along with the effect of all these parameters on potential applications. Future challenges and research directions are thoroughly addressed by authors. Nano-refrigerants and Nano-lubricants are a novel class of nanofluids containing a mixture of nanoparticles, lubricant, and refrigerant, and because of their enhanced heat transfer properties, they have a broad potential range of residential and commercial applications.

Nanozymes: Approachable Bio-applications provides an in-depth overview of nanozymes, with a special focus on nanozymes synthesis and their various applications in biological sciences. The book starts with introductory chapters exploring the enzymatic mechanism of nanozymes and providing the concept of engineering to surface modification to achieve enhanced nanozymatic properties. Subsequent chapters focus on the application of nanozymes in many different fields, including biomedical science, agriculture, environmental science and more.This work is an important reference source for worldwide materials scientists and researchers interested on the resent developments, challenges, and future directions of nanozymes research.

This thesis outlines the principles, device physics, and technological applications of electronics based on the ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor aluminum nitride. It discusses the basic principles of electrostatics and transport properties of polarization-induced two-dimensional electron and hole channels in semiconductor heterostructures based on aluminum nitride. It explains the discovery of high-density two-dimensional hole gases in undoped heterojunctions, and shows how these high conductivity n- and p-type channels are used for high performance nFETs and pFETs, along with wide bandgap RF, mm-wave, and CMOS applications. The thesis goes on to discuss how the several material advantages of aluminum nitride, such as its high thermal conductivity and piezoelectric coefficient, enable not just high performance of transistors, but also monolithic integration of passive elements such as high frequency filters, enabling a new form factor for integrated RF electronics.

Covers the chemistry and physics of conjugated polymers, and how they can be designed and optimised for various electronic applications.

Description:Embark on a captivating journey through the pages of "Radio to Fibre: Evolution of Electronic Communication Systems," a comprehensive exploration of the transformative odyssey that communication technology has undertaken. This book traces the evolutionary path from the humble beginnings of radio waves to the cutting-edge realm of fibre optics, unravelling the threads that weave the intricate tapestry of electronic communication systems.Unveiling the Past:Delve into the early days of radio communication, where signals crisscrossed the airwaves, connecting distant lands and shaping the course of history. From Marconi's pioneering wireless telegraphy to the advent of Frequency Modulation (FM), witness the genesis of technologies that laid the groundwork for a global network of communication.Revolutionizing Clarity and Quality:As the narrative unfolds, follow the revolution sparked by Frequency Modulation (FM) technology. Experience the shift towards clearer signals and superior audio quality that forever changed the way people tuned in to their favorite broadcasts. This section pays homage to the pioneers who paved the way for a new era of broadcasting excellence.Military Contributions and Wireless Wars:Amidst the global upheavals of the World Wars, witness the pivotal role played by electronic communication systems in military operations. Explore the intriguing stories of the Enigma machine, the secret world of coded messages, and the contributions that wartime exigencies made to the evolution of communication technology.Solid-State Electronics and Transistors:The narrative takes an electrifying turn with the advent of solid-state electronics. Witness the birth of transistors, the tiny yet powerful devices that revolutionized electronic communication systems. Discover how these building blocks paved the way for the miniaturized wonders that power our modern communication devices.Overcoming Geographic Boundaries:Soar to new heights with the exploration of Satellite Communication. Break free from terrestrial constraints and venture into the realm of space-based communication systems. Learn how satellites became the bridge that overcame geographic boundaries, connecting people across continents and revolutionizing global communication.Digital Revolution:Immerse yourself in the digital wave that swept across the communication landscape. Trace the journey from analog to digital communication, exploring the profound impact on clarity, efficiency, and the very nature of information exchange. Witness the birth of a digital era that forever changed the way we connect and communicate.Microprocessors and Embedded Systems:Enter the world of microprocessors and embedded systems, the powerhouse behind the devices that define our interconnected lives. Uncover the technological marvels that drive communication devices, from the heart of personal computers to the intelligence embedded in everyday objects.Fibre Optics:Journey at light-speed through the marvels of Fibre Optics. Explore how pulses of light have replaced traditional electrical signals, ushering in an era of high-speed communication and data transmission. Dive into the intricate world of glass strands that carry information across vast distances with unparalleled speed and reliability."Radio to Fibre: Evolution of Electronic Communication Systems" is not just a book; it's a captivating narrative that unfolds the saga of human innovation and the relentless pursuit of interconnected communication. Join this voyage through time and technology, where each chapter unlocks new dimensions of the evolution that has shaped the way we connect, communicate, and transcend boundaries.

Upconversion Nanocrystals for Sustainable Technology focuses on the current research directions in upconverting nanocrystals and their role in the development of sustainable technology. Sections focus on the development of low-cost, nontoxic, energy-efficient, upconverting nanocrystals for a wide range of applications. In particular, the book reviews size control synthesis techniques of nanostructured materials in different dimensions, size-dependent properties, and the relationship between material properties and performance. In addition, it discusses the use of upconversion materials for lasers, display, lighting, energy, and biomedical applications-with a focus on the use of these materials to develop more sustainable technologies. This resource is ideally suitable for new entrants in academia and R&D who have a scientific background in materials science and engineering, chemistry, and chemical engineering.

Biotechnological Production of Bioactive Phytochemicals of Medicinal Value: A Comprehensive Treatise covers a broad variety of methods for secondary metabolites production (both pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals), compiling state-of-the-art material about the current knowledge of in vitro production for a large number of bioactive phytochemicals. Plants are a source of bioactive compounds and specialty chemicals such as ginsenosides; paclitaxel, artemisinin, veregen and nutraceuticals. Biopharmaceuticals are important in human healthcare, and herbal actives are gaining importance all over the world. With natural resources dwindling, in vitro production of secondary compounds on a commercial scale is being more and more required. Besides providing an alternative technology to bypass difficulties, the plant tissue culture (used in a broad sense to include cell, tissue, and organ culture) offers many advantages. In vitro technology also facilitates novel means of conserving the genetic diversity of the germplasm of medicinal plants through cryopreservation, production of novel compounds through biotransformation, somatic hybridization, and selective gene transfer through recombinant DNA technology for enhancing metabolite production.

Hot Embossing: Theory of Microreplication, Second Edition presents the current state-of-the-art in microreplication, with a focus on hot embossing, nanoimprint, thermoforming, and roll-to-roll replication. Polymer processing, the theory of polymers and the processing of polymers are discussed in detail. The book contains in-depth analysis of processing processes and replication techniques, including mold fabrication. Monitoring, data analysis and reliability of molded parts is also discussed. In this updated edition, new processes are included, such as the process of micro- and nanothermoforming to generate 3D structures and the hot pulling processes to generate hierarchical structures with high aspect ratios. Based on hot pulling, "Nanofur? for Oil-water-separation is a large-scale biomimetic application. Upscaling, especially the seamless roll-to-roll replication, is also explored. The book is designed to cover the entire workflow for a seamless lithographic sleeve. This new edition marks a substantial update of the previous edition, incorporating several new chapters. It is an important resource for materials scientists and engineers working in the areas of micro- and nanofabrication.

This book showcases the state of the art in the field of electronics, as presented by researchers and engineers at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Italian Electronics Society (SIE), held in Noto (SR), Italy, on September 6¿8, 2023. It covers a broad range of aspects, including: integrated circuits and systems, micro- and nano-electronic devices, microwave electronics, sensors and microsystems, optoelectronics and photonics, power electronics, electronic systems and applications.

From smart sensors to cloud integration and the world of TinyML, this book is your comprehensive guide to the IoT ecosystem, using the ESP32 and industry-standard tools and technologiesKey Features:Build IoT projects from scratch using ESP32Customize solutions, take them to cloud, visualize real-time data, implement security featuresPractice using a variety of hands-on projects such as an audio player, smart home, and moreBook Description:ESP32, a low-cost and energy-efficient system-on-a-chip microcontroller, has become the backbone of numerous WiFi devices, fueling IoT innovation. This book offers a holistic approach to building an IoT system from the ground up, ensuring secure data communication from sensors to cloud platforms, empowering you to create production-grade IoT solutions using the ESP32 SoC.Starting with IoT essentials supported by real-world use cases, this book takes you through the entire process of constructing an IoT device using ESP32. Each chapter introduces new dimensions to your IoT applications, covering sensor communication, the integration of prominent IoT libraries like LittleFS and LVGL, connectivity options via WiFi, security measures, cloud integration, and the visualization of real-time data using Grafana. Furthermore, a dedicated section explores AI/ML for embedded systems, guiding you through building and running ML applications with tinyML and ESP32-S3 to create state-of-the-art embedded products.This book adopts a hands-on approach, ensuring you can start building IoT solutions right from the beginning. Towards the end of the book, you'll tackle a full-scale Smart Home project, applying all the techniques you've learned in real-time.Embark on your journey to build secure, production-grade IoT systems with ESP32 today!What You Will Learn:Explore ESP32 with IDE and debugging tools for effective IoT creationDrive GPIO, I2C, multimedia, and storage for seamless integration of external devicesUtilize handy IoT libraries to enhance your ESP32 projectsManage WiFi like a pro with STA & AP modes, provisioning, and ESP Rainmaker framework featuresEnsure robust IoT security with secure boot and OTA firmware updatesHarness AWS IoT for data handling and achieve stunning visualization using GrafanaEnhance your projects with voice capabilities using ESP AFE and Speech RecognitionInnovate with tinyML on ESP32-S3 and the Edge Impulse platformWho this book is for:If you are an embedded software developer, an IoT software architect or developer, a technologist, or anyone who wants to learn how to use ESP32 and its applications, this book is for you.A basic understanding of embedded systems, programming, networking, and cloud computing concepts is necessary to get started with the book.Table of Contents:Introduction to IoT development and the ESP32 platformUnderstanding the Development ToolsUsing ESP32 PeripheralsEmploying Third-Party Libraries in ESP32 ProjectsProject - Audio playerUsing Wi-Fi Communication for ConnectivityESP32 Security Features for Production-Grade DevicesConnecting to Cloud Platforms and Using ServicesProject - Smart HomeMachine Learning with ESP32Developing on Edge ImpulseProject - Baby Monitor

Wideband Radar focuses on system theories and signal processing techniques for wideband radar systems. Author Professor Teng Long and his fellows present a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental theory, latest technology developments in signal processing and recent progresses in civil applications of wideband radar. Each chapter begins with an introduction describing what a reader will find in that chapter. The book is addressed to all scientists, whether at universities or in industry, who wish to keep abreast of the important advances in wideband radar. We look forward to further excitement ahead and new developments in wideband radar, and we hope to share them with you, our esteemed readers.