Bygningsfysik og energieffektiv konstruktion

Versatile wooden windows In her book, the trained carpenter and architect Judith Resch looks at what scope still exists in modern window design and construction. The process of simplification is more difficult to achieve for windows than for most building components, since windows, due to their function, must meet high technical specifications. She presents a variety of window design projects that have one thing in common: they pursue a singular design concept using the simplest possible means. All projects are presented in detail with technical drawings and photographs. 10 simple wooden window designs From retrofitting historical windows to the possibilities of DIY design Precisely designed, handcrafted, highly repairable windows

This problem book is a companion volume to the 2nd edition of the book "Building Physics: From Physical Principles to International Standards". The primary book offers a comprehensive presentation of the most important phenomena in building physics: heat transfer, moisture/humidity, sound/acoustics and illumination. The problem book includes both problems and solutions. Most of the problems are as practical as possible, while remaining conceptual and avoiding overreach. Many of the solutions presented do not simply end upon determination of the correct answer, but include further explanations for a deeper understanding of the theory and/or connections to other everyday phenomena. These explanations can be of great value to lecturers who use the primary book for their courses. All solutions are cross-referenced to the formulas or explanations in the primary book. This establishes the connection between theory and practice and contributes to a more thorough understanding of the subject. The book is primarily intended for lecturers and students of all subjects related to building physics.

This new proceedings discusses developments in air, gas and refrigeration compressors, vacuum pumps, and expanders. It is the 13th edition of the International Conference on Compressors and their Systems, a three-day conference organised by the Centre for Compressors Technology at City, University of London in collaboration with, among other, the MEchE, IIR, and IOR.The conference offers a platform to identify current challenges in the field and provide the essential content and direction to shape future research. The International Conference on Compressors and their Systems series began in 1999 as a result of industrial consultation and a need for academic collaboration. Initially, the conference was organised by the Fluid Machinery Group of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) with the support of Holroyd. From 2009, the Centre for Compressor Technology at City, University of London took over its management and the conference is now one of the main conventions,taking place biennially in the UK, becoming world-renowned for its place in industry and academia to gather and discuss a broad range of topical issues related to compressors and compression systems.This year's conference has the theme "Compressors and Expanders in Future Energy Systems¿ and will be of interest to researchers and engineers in industry.

This book examines in great detail the D-B and IPD methods, while touching on D-B-B and CM project deliveries. In this vein, the discussion regarding IPD is a variation from ASHRAE Technical Committee TC 7.1, Integrated Building Design (IBD), with the focus herein on HVAC-Led IPD Opportunities by consulting engineers and mechanical contractors. This IPD variation is also described later in the book as a 21st-century version of what was 20th-century D-B project delivery although D-B project delivery is still widely used.

This second edition builds on the foundation established by the previous first edition published in 2017. The first edition covered background information, description, and analysis of four major cooling system technologies - vapor compression cooling, evaporative cooling, absorption cooling, and gas cooling. The second edition has been expanded to include increased coverage of cooling system refrigerants, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and building cooling loads. With increasing climate change due to the buildup of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, there has been a worldwide impetus to transition to cooling systems and refrigerants that have a low or even zero global warming potential. The text is written as a tutorial for engineering students and practicing engineers who want to become more familiar with the performance of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. The goals are to familiarize the reader with cooling technology nomenclature and provide insight into how refrigeration and air conditioning systems can be modeled and analyzed. Emphasis is placed on constructing idealized thermodynamic cycles to represent actual physical situations in cooling systems. The book contains numerous practical examples to show how one can calculate the performance of cooling system components. By becoming familiar with the analyses presented in the examples, one can gain a feel for representative values of the various thermal and mechanical parameters that characterize cooling systems. 

This book describes new energy service controls of VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) air-conditioners, i.e., distributed-type air-conditioners for commercial buildings in the near future, in the context of the energy savings for CO2 reduction and the reform of the electric power system. In other words, this book introduces the state-of-the-art technology of the next-generation distributed building air-conditioning energy service system, from IoT cloud control to AI optimal control, as well as standards for the smart grid supply and demand adjustment market. Rather than simple saving energy by On Off operations or shifting set- temperatures, the author proposes technology that sends numerical commands for the air-conditioner inverters directly from the cloud. By using this innovative IoT method, this book describes how to realizes the AI optimal cloud control as a cluster of air-conditioners while machine-learning of each air conditioner's situation.

This book provides the most up-to-date, advanced methods and tools for risk assessment of onshore pipelines. These methods and tools are based primarily on information collected from ILI measurements and additional information about the soil surrounding the pipeline. The book provides a better understanding how the defects grow and interact (repulsion or attraction) and their spatial variability. In addition, the authors contemplate new defects that evolve between inspections and how they could affect the pipeline's reliability. A real-world case is presented to reinforce the concepts presented in the book. The book is structured into three parts: i) an introduction to onshore pipelines and the problem of corrosion, ii) a framework that deals with uncertainty for integrity programs for corroded pipelines, and iii) the applications of the methods presented in the book. The book is ideal for researchers and field engineers in oil and gas transportation and graduate and undergraduate engineering students interested in pipeline reliability assessments, spatial variability, and risk-based inspections.

In diesem Buch wird eine thermoplastische und hochorientierte kurzglasfaserverstärkte Prüfplatte konzeptioniert und vorgestellt. Ebenso wird der Einfluss der fräsinduzierten Oberflächenrauigkeit auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften während der Probenpräparation umfassend beleuchtet. Bisher existieren keine adäquaten Methoden zur Herstellung von spritzgegossenen Prüfplatten mit hoher und homogener Faserorientierung, die eine hinreichende Breite besitzen, um Proben in beliebigem Extraktionswinkel für die mechanische Prüfung herzustellen. Eine solche hochorientierte Prüfplatte wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit konzeptioniert und in einem Spritzgusswerkzeug realisiert. Mikrocomputertomographische Analysen der neuartigen Prüfplatte zeigen einen Faserorientierungsgrad von durchschnittlich 85.1 %. Um ein detailliertes Verständnis der Einflussfaktoren der Probenpräparation auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften zu gewinnen, werden Probekörper mit unterschiedlichen Fräsparametersätzen aus diesenhochorientierten Prüfplatten heraus gefräst. Es resultieren unterschiedliche Oberflächenrauigkeiten. Die Proben mit verschiedenen Faserorientierungen werden unter einachsiger Zugbelastung bei 23 °C (Raumtemperatur) und -10 °C untersucht. Für beide Temperaturen zeigt die systematische Analyse keinen signifikanten Einfluss der Oberflächenrauigkeit auf die mechanischen Kennwerte.

This book reviews the history and evolution of district heating networks, with a focus on current and future issues of the district heating sector. Novel developments in the field of low temperature district heating are studied, limitations for safe operation and avoidance of bacteria are considered, and the associated improved performance of the system with fewer network losses is presented.This book showcases how the evolution of district heating networks is linked to the increased use of renewables and de-carbonized heat sources with specific focus to waste heat streams and solar energy systems. Considering the novelty of these technologies, technological developments and funding schemes for these investments are still immature to some extent. For that reason, a comprehensive review of the main aspects of energy planning as well as district heating economics and financing schemes for large-scale investments in renewable energy systems for district energy systems is performed.In the light of digitalization, networks are increasingly monitored, allowing for a drastic change in the approach for network operation. This book also explores the increased digitization and monitoring of networks and how this impacts network operation.This book is of interest to engineers, academics and officials interested in energy systems, presenting readers with the key concepts and tools to adapt to the evolution of district heating into an integrated, digitized and higher performing system.

This engineering guide provides a methodology to define and quantify the fire development andensuing conditions within the room of fire origin from the fire's incipient stage through its fulldevelopment. The approach presented in this guide was developed using the framework set forthin the SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection. 2nd ed., Quincy, Mass.:National Fire Protection Association, 2007.)It consists of three distinct parts:1. Approach selection2. Input definition and data collection3. Results computationSpecifically, this guide was developed for use as a means to implement the requirements presented in Chapter 10 of the SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection. However, material within this guide has broader applicability and is therefore not limited to performance-based design applications.

Dieses Lehrbuch führt verständlich und anwendungsnah mit über 320 Berechnungsbeispielen in die Hauptgebiete der praktischen Bauphysik ein. Beginnend bei den physikalischen Grundlagen, werden die bei Planung und Konstruktion auftretenden bauphysikalischen Problemstellungen erläutert und Lösungswege aufgezeigt. Zahlreiche Berechnungsbeispiele verdeutlichen anschaulich, wie sich bauphysikalische Anforderungen und Regeln auf die Baukonstruktionen auswirken und welche Maßnahmen für die einwandfreie Funktion eines Bauwerks erforderlich sind.Die 9. Auflage wurde umfassend überarbeitet und aktualisiert, besonders im Hinblick auf aktuelle Beispiele und gültige Normenbezüge und Verordnungen.

The presented book deals with the use of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) as a means of stiffening and reinforcing free-form sheet metal as an application in facade. The main focus of the research is developing a methodology for welding ontop of pre-bent sheet metal; including digitizing of arbitrarily-formed sheet metal, developing of process-parameters for welding on thin sheet metal and generating force-responsive welding paths.The research is focused on singly-curved sheet metal profiles, and is concluded by the production of a number of small-scale prototypes which illustrate the potentials for reinforcing sheet metal using WAAM.

This book offers a unique treatment of building insulating products and the integration of these products with building components. This book was written for all those involved in building design, specification, construction, and commissioning, providing them with an understanding of and appreciation for the wide variety of thermal insulation products and technologies available for use in all types of buildings. The book proceeds from basic definitions and discussion of heat-transfer topics and thermal insulation concepts, to the design and use of these products. The impact of thermal insulation on dynamic building performance, including factors other than heating and cooling, is also discussed.The book does not require an advanced mathematical background. The authors provide sufficient information to provide a qualitative understanding, with more mathematical sections included for those interested in modeling and analysis. The basic physics associated with heat transfer in buildings are presented, along with the steady-state and transient analysis techniques needed for the effective implementation of thermal insulation and assemblies.Modern building design involves the integration of comfort, safety, economics, durability and cost considerations, all of which impact the selection and use of thermal insulation materials in buildings. In addition to theoretical explanations of the underlying science, the book details the properties and application of new thermal insulation materials, including vacuum panels, gas-filled panels, aerogels, phase-change materials, and radiation control technologies.Given its scope, the book will be of interest to researchers and building engineers wishing to understand the latest technologies and materials available, so as to achieve reduced energy consumption in commercial and residential buildings.

This book systematically discusses state-of-the-art dew-point evaporative cooling and provides key insights into current research efforts and future research interests. Novel energy-efficient and environment-friendly cooling technologies are essential to reduce the sharply rising energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. Conventional air-conditioners which adopt a vapor compression cycle are neither energy-efficient nor sustainable due to the use of compressors and chemical refrigerants, as well as their intrinsic coupling of sensible and latent cooling loads. With the merits of high energy efficiency and the ability to decouple cooling loads without using chemical refrigerants, indirect dew-point evaporative cooling provides an ideal alternative solution to air conditioning in a variety of applications. A comprehensive review of evaporative cooling and their underlying engineering challenges is included. Advanced engineering andmodeling experience critical to the development of dew-point evaporative coolers are highlighted. The effective analysis techniques for dew-point evaporative coolers are documented, and their intrinsic characteristics captured by these methods are reported. Lastly, advanced dew-point evaporative cooling systems in various energy-connected applications are discussed by providing multiple case studies. Specifically targeted at HVAC engineers, thermal scientists, and energy-engineering researchers, this book will balance fundamental concepts, industrial applications, and leading-edge research. As this book provides readers with depth and breadth of coverage, it can also be used by graduate-level students in relevant fields.

Ausgehend von einer Entwicklung thermisch aktivierter Gebäudehüllelemente aus nahezu sortenreinen, zementgebundenen Werkstoffen, die jedoch aus einer tragenden Innenschale mit aufgebrachter Dämmung aus ultraleichtem, mineralisiertem Schaum sowie einer Vorhangfassade aus sehr dünnen, mikrobewehrten UHPC-Platten bestehen, wird die Frage diskutiert, inwiefern sich derartige Bauteile auch als tragende Sandwichelemente umsetzen lassen.Hierzu wird in einem ersten Schritt der mögliche Kerndämmstoff aus ultraleichtem, zementgebundenem Schaum mechanisch untersucht und die für eine Sandwichanwendung relevanten Werkstoffkenngrößen ermittelt. Für eine mögliche Berechnung von Sandwichelementen aus mineralisiertem, zementösem Schaum werden aus der Literatur bekannte Sandwichtheorien aufbereitet und im Hinblick auf ihre Anwendbarkeit bei einem derart schubweichen Kernmaterial sowie in Bezug auf den Rechenaufwand und die daraus generierte Genauigkeit der Ergebnisse miteinander verglichen und bewertet.Im Hinblick auf die Klimaschutzziele sollte bei allen neuartigen Konstruktionen immer auch die Frage des ökologischen Fußabdrucks gestellt werden. Dies erfolgt im Rahmen einer Produktökobilanzierung des mineralisierten Schaumes, durch die Ermittlung der herstellungsbedingten CO2 ¿ äquivalenten Emissionen sowie des Primärenergiebedarfs und eines Vergleichs mit anderen Kerndämmstoffen. Die sortenreine Trennung des Schaumes von den Deckschichten kann für die Kombination mit Stahlbeton nachgewiesen werden.Die Umsetzung als Sandwichelement erfolgt abschließend mit funktionalisierten Deckschichten aus Wabenplatten, die über eine Trägerschicht aus Gipsputz mit dem Schaum verbunden werden, wobei die hohe Schwindneigung des Schaumes sich aktuell als Hindernis für eine dauerhafte, robuste Umsetzung zeigt.

This book describes how comfort, energy and climate change in developing countries and vulnerable sectors of the population relate to buildings.The building sector is currently facing significant challenges connected to energy consumption, energy poverty and climate change effects. When studied in developing countries and vulnerable sectors of the population, these factors, which are commonplace in the tropics and the southern hemisphere, are interlinked and share a critical component: environmental comfort. Although progress has been made in environmental comfort through research and the development of standards and policies at the international level, in the Global South, where the countries with the highest levels of income inequality are concentrated, environmental comfort has its own characteristics and challenges that prevent a clear understanding from the established vision of the Global North.This book presents research, theories and techniques related to Thermal comfort, Indoor air quality, Visual comfort, and Acoustic comfort and its relationship with energy use and energy efficiency, seeking to address different barriers to environmental comfort. It shows how to improve the way buildings are designed and operated to promote healthier environmental conditions and more sustainable construction, by presenting studies and reflections carried out in the target geographical area: the Global South. In this way, this book contributes to developing the concept of environmental comfort, visualising how progress has been made in understanding it from a tropical and southern perspective, and posing common challenges.The book is intended for engineers, architects, and researchers of the built environment who are interested in environmental comfort and its influence on energy consumption, energy poverty, and other related factors in the Global South context. It is also a useful resource for decision-makers and public policy developers concerned with the indoor comfort of buildings. Moreover, the book aims to provide guidance for those in developing countries by gathering existing knowledge in the field for the tropics and southern hemisphere climatic and sociocultural contexts, allowing us to move forward in this subject with actions and proposed solutions that fit our particular needs.

The construction sector currently accounts for a high proportion of CO2 emissions and gray energy use. This will have to change fundamentally if we are to prevent catastrophic climate change and make urban planning and construction fit for the future. In addition to a paradigm shift in how architects work, we need to rethink how they are trained in higher education. Based on a lifecycle approach and an awareness of resource consumption, this volume in the Basics series explains a wide range of climate-friendly concepts in an easy-to-understand way, inspiring readers to take a closer look at solutions and new approaches in their daily practice. The key factors involved in the various planning stages of buildings are presented and placed in the context of the overall planning. Explains a range of current sustainability concepts Foundational knowledge for all students of architecture Interdisciplinary and networked consideration of challenges and solutions in the area of climate protection

This book covers the fundamentals and applications of carbon dioxide vapor compression refrigeration thermodynamic cycles. In particular, it presents new application areas, such as making ice and snow in the Winter Olympic Games, food cooling and refrigeration. The book explores the physical and chemical characteristics of CO2 fluid, and the unique traits of its thermodynamic cycle. The contributors explain how CO2 refrigeration is a developing, eco-friendly technology, and emphasize its importance for refrigeration and air-conditioning in the current and future market.This book is a valuable source of information for researchers, engineers and policy makers looking to expand their applicable knowledge of high-potential refrigeration technology using carbon dioxide. It is also of interest to postgraduate students and practitioners looking for an academic insight into the industry¿s latest eco-friendly technologies.

This book presents an overview of geothermal heating systems using ground source heat pumps in different countries. It evaluates the emissions and energy costs generated by the operation of low enthalpy geothermal systems, with heat pumps fed by different energy sources, and assesses, from an international point of view, those policies whose aim is a sustainable, low-carbon economy.The use of low-impact energy sources is gradually growing with the aim of reducing greenhouse gases emission and air pollution. The alternatives offered by geothermal systems are one of the key solutions for a future renewable development, enabling the electrification of heating systems and the use of biofuels.The book will be of interest to energy professionals and researchers.

Integrale Produkte und Konzepte für den Büroinnenausbau werden auf ihre Nachhaltigkeit betrachtet. Mit Hilfe eines methodischen Vorgehens soll die Frage beantwortet werden, ob die Nachhaltigkeit einer Ausbaufläche durch die integrale Büroflächenkonzipierung beeinflusst wird. Im Zuge dessen wird ein Analysekonzept erarbeitet und anhand einer exemplarischen Fläche angewandt. Es erfolgt die Gegenüberstellung einer konventionellen und einer integralen Ausbauvariante hinsichtlich ausgewählter Nachhaltigkeitsaspekte.

The knowledge of the real forces acting on a structure are of great importance in the condition assessment process of existing structures. In this sense, this work provides a novel approach for identification of dynamic moving forces acting on a bridge structure. It seeks to find the optimal time dependent force values that minimize the difference between the computed and measured displacement and acceleration time histories for a limited number of sensor locations. The work also presents extensive experimental investigations of the developed method on real structures in operation, which consistently show that it can be successfully used on a wide range of applications: from small structures excited by rather low pedestrian forces up to the "heavy category" of a complete train passing a railway bridge. In this context, a set of particularities and limitations arising in the practical application of the method on real structures are also discussed.

This book gathers selected contributions in the field of civil and structural engineering, as presented by international researchers and engineers at the International Conference on Materials Physics, Building Structures and Technologies in Construction, Industrial and Production Engineering (MPCPE), held in Vladimir, Russia on April 26-28 2021. The book covers a wide range of topics including the theory and design of capital construction facilities, engineering and hydraulic structures; development of innovative solutions in the field of modeling and testing of reinforced concrete, metal and wooden structures, as well as composite structures based on them; investigation of complex dynamic effects on construction objects, and many others directions. Intended for professional builders, designers and researchers. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations.

The present book deals with the structural characterization of paperboard materials. The main focus is set on the development of an engineering model for paperboard laminates for use in design processes. Furthermore, the bi-axial limits are examined and related to those of the single paperboard sheet, in order to enable the estimation of laminate performance from the properties of the single paperboard sheet on. Finally a simple model for failure estimation during bi-axial loading is established which relies on simple material tests.

Laminated safety glass enables the safe construction of transparent structures. The mechanical behaviour depends on the polymeric interlayer both in the intact and in the post fracture state. In the present work, the mechanical behaviour of ethylene vinyl acetate-based (EVA) and ionoplastic interlayers is investigated for the intact laminated safety glass condition. In particular, the influence of the semi-crystalline structure on the stiffness behaviour is studied with X-Ray Diffraction, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Dynamic-Mechanical-Thermal-Analysis. The studies on the mechanical behaviour of the interlayer in the fractured laminated safety glass were carried out with polyvinyl butyral-based (PVB) interlayers. First, the temperature and frequency (time) dependent linearity limits are determined in Dynamic-Mechanical-Thermal-Analyses, second, the nonlinear viscoelastic material behaviour is investigated with tensile relaxation tests at different temperatures and strain levels.