Miljøvidenskab, miljøteknik og miljøteknologi

Emerging Innovative Trends in the Application of Biological Processes for Industrial Wastewater Treatment discusses new and emerging innovative trends in the application of biological processes in industrial wastewater treatment. The book also includes the fate of chemicals produced after the treatment process both at the laboratory scale and at the industrial scale, explores the unique biological aspects of the wastewater treatment process, and highlights the advantages they provide for engineering applications in the industries. Each chapter covers a different biological-based approach and examines the basic principles, practical applications, recent breakthroughs, and associated limitations.In addition, it also provides in-depth knowledge on the biological process for application in wastewater research which presents an array of cutting-edge wastewater treatment research and thereafter its applications in treatment, remediation, sensing, and pollution prevention processes which has a significant impact on maintaining the long-term quality, availability, and viability of water.

Microbial Metagenomics in Effluent Treatment Plant introduces a metagenomic approach characterizing microbial communities¿in industrial wastewater treatment, providing an overall picture of metagenomics, its application, processes, and future prospects in the field of bioremediation. It also discusses culture-dependent methods, culture-independent methods, and¿enzymatic methods¿used to estimate bacterial diversity to monitor temporal and spatial changes in bacterial communities. In addition, a metagenomic approach id discussed to characterize the microbial communities in industrial wastewater treatment. Researchers, scientists, professors, and students in environmental engineering, applied microbiology, and water treatment will find this book helpful in understanding the importance and role of metagenomics in biogeochemical cycles, degradation, and detoxification of environmental pollutants.

This book reviews alternative water sources for producing potable water, and offers a comprehensive overview of the latest research and technologies. Edited by experts at the forefront of water resource management, the book presents a paradigm shift in the quest for sustainable and efficient methods of producing potable water.The book commences with a perspective on the changing landscape in potable water production, setting the stage for a comprehensive analysis of cutting-edge techniques. Subsequent chapters offer a critical evaluation of potable rainwater harvesting system design and regulations and discuss the potential of utilizing urban runoff as a viable source for drinking water, highlighting both the possibilities and challenges that come with this approach. In this book, readers will also learn more about the sustainable reuse of wastewater, exploring innovative approaches on both building and city scales, and the complexities of producing potable water from saline waters. Particular attention is given to the latest advances in integrating renewable energy sources into the desalination process to produce potable water. In the final chapter of the book, readers will find an overview of the latest atmospheric water harvesting technologies, and an insightful discussion of the process, performance, energy efficiency, feasibility, and limitations of each.Given its breadth, this book is an important account for researchers, graduate-level students, and policymakers. It also serves as a roadmap for water resource engineers and planners tackling water scarcity and diverse water resources portfolios.

This book aims at presenting a unified framework for the description of working principles, recent advances and applications of cutting-edge measurement technologies for the water sector. Instrumentation and measurement technologies are currently playing a key role in the monitoring, assessment and protection of environmental resources. Measurement techniques and sensing methods for the observation of water systems are rapidly evolving and are requiring an increased multi-disciplinary participation.The whole water sector is characterised by multiple technological contexts concerning the monitoring of the resource, given the broad coverage that includes water from its natural domains to the men-made infrastructures. In particular, instrumentation and measurement technologies have a pervasive presence in all the necessary aspects for the assessment, monitoring and control of the water resource and of its relationship with the various environmental stressors, including the anthropic pressures.Therefore, the book aims at presenting how the diagnostics/monitoring methodologies and the related technologies can give an answer to the issues raised by the complex scenario characterising the water cycle management (WCM). The book is structured in five topical sections, grouped by similarity of their technological and/or applicative contexts.

This book provides information on sustainable water resource management strategies that present innovative ways to conserve both quality and quantity of water in developing countries. The book comprises of 24 chapters contributed by authors from 14 countries, namely, Cameroon, China, Cyprus, India, Indonesia, Italy, Namibia, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Zimbabwe. This book will be of great interest to researchers, practitioners, water resource managers, policy and decision makers, international institutions, governmental and non-governmental organizations, educators, as well as students.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments to valorize fish waste as a source of useful products. In the first few chapters, an introductory section unearths global fish waste production, its detrimental effects and its role in the circular economy. The next section of the book discusses recent applications of fish waste and by-products utilization for the production of useful products such as fertilizers, biogas, biodiesel, fish sauce, enzymes and many more. This book will serve as an important source of recent research developments and applications of fish waste generated at different stages of fish processing. This book will also act as an important reference to the research group conducting research on fish and fish by-product utilization and valorization.

The reader is invited to consume this work of nonfiction with a mind open to the new idea that global environmentalism has devolved into Ecopolitics as a partisan political special interest in the 21st Century. Sadly, consensus science that solves real environmental problems has been replaced with pernicious political propaganda and demagoguery. And, the cost-benefit analyses necessary for prioritizing and solving environmental problems goes unmentioned in the issues of global climate change - unmentioned because such analyses are incalculable in today's knowledge of climate science.This book is a rational synthesis of the massive, and often contradictory, volumes of information on global warming and climate change. This book cites numerous contemporary and credible experts on the issues of climate science and climate policy for a balanced assessment. The Author has dedicated his life to understanding and communicating the complexities, interrelationships, politics, sciences, economics and global significance manifested in environmental matters. Mr. Taylor has authored two prior book: "Green Gone Wrong" and "Climate of Ecopolitics."

Groundwater is the largest natural resource in the world. The estimation of groundwater resources as well as their sustainable management are challenges for users, practitioners, managers, and decision-makers. These challenges can be solved based on the progress in three domains: (1) data modeling (2) data science, and (3) advanced systems of ground measurement and Earth data. This book contributes to the progress of groundwater characterization by addressing some challenges through applications and discussions of relevant case studies as well as new approaches. It contains six chapters that discuss various approaches and tools used to study and investigate the impacts of climate change and pollution risks. They also present techniques for accessing water that may contribute to sustainable exploitation and management of groundwater resources.

Heavy metals can be found everywhere; on Earth, in water, in the food we eat, and even inside our bodies. It is very important to learn more about heavy metals and how they can improve human life, including how to use them and how to avoid harm. This book covers several topics on heavy metals to enrich our knowledge about their effects, removal, and protection.

This book discusses selected waste and by-products of the food industry. Two commonly used methods of managing these are discussed: anaerobic digestion and composting. The book reviews current research and also brings in the author¿s own research insights to the discussion. The book is aimed at food industry specialists, waste management specialists, scientists, and students. However, the book describes problems in an accessible way, which will make this book useful for beginners in the waste/biogas/composting sector.

This book provides the most up-to-date, advanced methods and tools for risk assessment of onshore pipelines. These methods and tools are based primarily on information collected from ILI measurements and additional information about the soil surrounding the pipeline. The book provides a better understanding how the defects grow and interact (repulsion or attraction) and their spatial variability. In addition, the authors contemplate new defects that evolve between inspections and how they could affect the pipeline's reliability. A real-world case is presented to reinforce the concepts presented in the book. The book is structured into three parts: i) an introduction to onshore pipelines and the problem of corrosion, ii) a framework that deals with uncertainty for integrity programs for corroded pipelines, and iii) the applications of the methods presented in the book. The book is ideal for researchers and field engineers in oil and gas transportation and graduate and undergraduate engineering students interested in pipeline reliability assessments, spatial variability, and risk-based inspections.

This book aims to provide an advanced R software approach that can carry out rainfall trend analysis using Mann-Kendall and Sen¿s slope estimator tests. The research study follows a systematic approach while utilizing R software as it can greatly facilitate the analysis of rainfall trends.About 30 stations located in the study area and 41 to 50 years¿ time series were selected for the purpose of analysis. The data for the research was collected from the State Water Data Centre (SWDC) in Gujarat, Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) in Pune, DAAC (NASA), and ESRI. Cluster analysis has been performed to analyze the variability of the mean rainfall. The stations have been divided into 2 clusters with 17 and 13 stations in each cluster which significantly differ from each other.This book is aimed at researchers, scientists and government organizations working in the field of climate change.

"Natural Resources and Society: Understanding the Complex Relationship Between Humans and the Environment" is a study of the dynamic interplay between humans and the natural world. The book explores the complex relationship between human societies and the environment, examining how human actions can both impact and be influenced by natural resources.The book covers a broad range of topics, including the history of human resource use, the role of natural resources in economic development, and the environmental impacts of resource extraction and consumption. It also considers the social and cultural factors that shape human interactions with the natural world, and the challenges of sustainable resource management. Overall, the book provides a comprehensive overview of the relationship between humans and the environment, emphasizing the importance of understanding this relationship in order to develop more sustainable and equitable societies.

This book describes emerging and established industrial processes of biomining technologies used for the recovery of metals of economic interest from, e.g. mineral ores, mining and electronic wastes using microbiological technologies. Multiple chapters focus on engineering design and operation of biomining systems. Several industrial case studies from China, Chile, Peru, Russia/Kazakhstan and Finland are included, which emphasises the practical approach of the book. The reader not only learns more about the biology, diversity and ecology of microorganisms involved in biomining processes, but also about microbial biomolecular and cultivation tools used in the biomining industry. Special emphasis is put on emerging biotechnologies enabling the use of biomining for recycling metals from e-wastes, waste streams and process waters. Finally, the future impacts and direction of biomining towards sustainability in a metal-demanding world are also highlighted.The book is aimed at an interdisciplinary audience involving operators and researchers working across disciplines including geology, chemical engineering, microbiology and molecular biology. This is reflected by the content of this book, as well as by its authors, who are all leading practitioners and authorities in their fields.

This concise text provides the concepts, methods, and application examples for integrating sustainability into engineering design and production. It discusses the role of sustainability in the value creation processes of various enterprises and different tools and methods for systematic incorporation of social and environmental aspects into the product's life cycle. The following topics are covered: sustainable development in engineering systems and the life cycle concept, norms and standards in the sustainable development and integration of socio-economic assessment into technical valuation, production systems, management of the production systems based on circular economy principles, ecodesign practices, and value creation and innovative design in the circular economy.Provides a concise guide for engineering students for applying circular economy practicesPresents examples and short case studies for understanding the methods and toolsFacilitates understanding and application of the life cycle perspective in product manufacturing and green engineering

This unique book focuses on environmental degradation in Asian countries including land degradation and soil erosion. The land degradation covers assessing environmental degradation using geospatial technology, land use land cover mapping, environmental and anthropogenic degradation, assessment of land degradation vulnerability, evaluation of the impact of earthquake and the environmental control of the sand dunes.It also addresses the soil degradation and environmental pollution and presents several case studies such as tectonic activity and erosion, assessment of aircraft sound, soil degradation assessment for the arid territories, soil pollution, waste engine oil contamination, soil degradation, soil erosion modelling, land use and land cover change and its effect on soil erosion changes. Additionally, the book discusses the impact of climate change, and human activities including urban environmental quality, air pollution and the impact of armed conflict on the environment. Moreover, topics such as vegetation degradation including forest changes, hydrological and agricultural drought are presented. The book includes authors and scientists from Egypt, Iraq, Iran, India, Mongolia, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Republic of Kazakhstan, USA, Turkey, South Africa, Italy, China, Malaysia, Poland and Russia. Graduate students, researchers, engineers, policy planners, policymakers and stockholders could benefit from the information and the knowledge in this book.

This book addresses the growing need for a standard textbook on input-output analysis (IO) within the context of industrial ecology (IE). IE is a discipline dedicated to providing system-wide, quantitative, and science-based solutions for sustainable development challenges, and its global importance has been rapidly increasing. The primary analytical tools of IE are life-cycle assessment (LCA) and material flow analysis (MFA). IO has been widely utilized for LCA since the late 1990s and is increasingly being applied to MFA as well. This trend is being driven by the greater availability and application of global IO data, which now includes an ever-expanding number of countries and regions. Despite the presence of excellent textbooks on IO and IE individually, there is a lack of resources that integrate these two fields. This book seeks to fill that gap by focusing on the practical application of IO to IE, specifically in the context of LCA and MFA. By combining these methodologies, readers can gain valuable insights into sustainable development issues and contribute to more effective solutions in the field of IE.

This book entails detailed information on the utilization of nanobiosensor as an effective technology for the effective detection, monitoring, and management of environmental contaminations to ensure its sustainability and humanity's well-being. The higher level of anthropogenic action has been identified as a threat to humankind's existence due to the higher level of xenobiotic and toxic substances that could interrupt the normal ecosystem. This has prompted numerous agencies both locally and internationally that could play a significant role in environmental pollution mitigation. The application of nanobiosensor has been identified as a sustainable technique that could be applied to ensure proper detection and identification of several environmental contaminants.  Nanomaterial's possible applications created an innovative domain called nanomaterials based biosensors machinery as one of nanotechnology's ultimate sub-divisions. The application of nanomaterials based biosensors machinery and their advancements could be applied globally to resolve numerous environmental sectors' challenges to guarantee the environment's quality and safety.The book will be an excellent collection of reviews based on contemporary research and developments on nanomaterials utilization and applications in environmental monitoring along with their prospects. The book will attempt to give a comprehensive idea of nanomaterial concepts for nanobiosensors applications in an environmental context to help students, researchers, and professionals/practitioners recognize nanomaterials' significance in the environmental domain. The book will also help understand and address the environmental sectors' complications via nanomaterials' utilization and applications. Hence, this book will serve as a textbook and will help students, professionals/practitioners, scientists, researchers, and academicians in various research domains.

Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) is the dominant desalination process worldwide for obtaining fresh water from the sea. The subject matter and scope of this book is the conceptual and advanced planning, design and engineering of plants of this desalination process together with the associated facilities for seawater pretreatment, post-treatment of the product water, wastewater treatment, seawater extraction and plant discharge.The book is intended to be used by technicians, engineers, economists and ecologists in the planning, design and operation of SWRO plants, as an educational and training tool, as well as an aid in environmental licensing of membrane desalination plants, and by interested laypersons for information about this process.The two volumes are also available as a set.

Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) is the dominant desalination process worldwide for obtaining fresh water from the sea. The subject matter and scope of this book is the conceptual and advanced planning, design and engineering of plants of this desalination process together with the associated facilities for seawater pretreatment, post-treatment of the product water, wastewater treatment, seawater extraction and plant discharge.The book is intended to be used by technicians, engineers, economists and ecologists in the planning, design and operation of SWRO plants, as an educational and training tool, as well as an aid in environmental licensing of membrane desalination plants, and by interested laypersons for information about this process.The two volumes are also available as a set.

Estimating evapotranspiration (ET) has been one of the most critical research areas in agriculture because of water scarcity, the growing population, and climate change. The accurate estimation and mapping of ET are necessary for crop water management. Traditionally, researchers use water balance, soil moisture, weighing lysimeters, or an energy balance approach, such as Bowen ratio or eddy covariance towers to estimate ET. However, these ET methods are point-specific or area-weighted measurements and cannot be extended to a large scale. On the other hand, while remote sensing is able to provide spatially distributed measurements, the spatial resolution of multispectral satellite images is often not enough for crops with clumped canopy structures, such as trees and vines. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can mitigate these spatial and temporal limitations. Lightweight cameras and sensors can be mounted on the UAVs and take high-resolution images. Unlike satellite imagery, the spatial resolution of the UAV images can be at the centimeter-level. UAVs can also fly on-demand, which provides high temporal imagery. This book examines the different UAV-based approaches of ET estimation. Models and algorithms, such as mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration (METRIC), the two-source energy balance (TSEB) model, and machine learning (ML) are discussed. It also covers the challenges and opportunities for UAVs in ET estimation, with the final chapters devoted to new ET estimation methods and their potential applications for future research.

This game-changing action plan comes from 15 world-leading climate experts. It reveals the struggles and best practices of climate heroes as they ramp up change, win the battle against the profit-takers, halt nonsensical debates and destruction, embrace bold action, and create an equitable, affordable, and healthy world for our children.

This book gives an overview of electronic waste (e-waste) management and the latest technological aspects of recycling and disposal of obsolete electronic components while minimizing the environmental impact of toxic chemicals and heavy metals from e-waste. As electronics become more accessible worldwide, this effect generates up to 50 tonnes of e-waste that is only set to increase every year. The chapters in this book explore different strategies through recycling practices, green computing, and eco-friendly approach in handling e-waste through government policies to mitigate the growing side effects of e-waste. This book caters to researchers, policymakers, and industrial practitioners who are interested in more sustainable practices in e-waste management.  

Carbon dioxide has great importance as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and as a carbonic acid system in water. Since the CO2 in the two spheres of air and water is connected by gas exchange, these spheres cannot be considered separately. The basics of the systems are covered, the role as a greenhouse gas, the carbon cycles, and the solution in water. The carbonic acid system in water and the importance of lime are presented in detail. The occurrence in the natural water cycle as well as in raw waters for drinking water treatment and the corresponding treatment processes for drinking water are also described.Sample calculations for the aqueous phase supplement the theoretical considerations. The required constants are attached in tables. Chemical fundamentals are presented in brief in conclusion.

This book includes the proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Engineering and Sustainability in the XXI CEntury, INCREaSE 2023. INCREaSE is a congress with the aim to bring together valuable and novel scientific contributions that address the critical issues of renewable energy, sustainable building, sustainable manufacturing, sustainable food production and other sustainability science and engineering topics that have an impact in this diverse and fast-changing research area, both in academia and industry. This 3rd edition of INCREaSE was held during July 5-7, 2023, in Faro, Portugal, organized by the Institute of Engineering and hosted by University of Algarve. The areas to be covered were:¿ Big data and data analytics applied to sustainability;¿ Climate change and mitigation, carbon reduction;¿ Combined heat and power and district heating systems;¿ Control and optimization of renewable energy systems;¿ Energy and environmental assessment in buildings and cities;¿ Food loss and food waste solutions;¿ Food safety and quality engineering;¿ Information technology and artificial intelligence applied to sustainability;¿ Nanoelectronic, nanomachining, and new nanomaterials;¿ Smart buildings, smart cities, smart districts, smart countryside;¿ Sustainability in water management;¿ Sustainable building technologies;¿ Sustainable development and circular economy;¿ Sustainable energy generation and management;¿ Sustainable food processing and packaging;¿ Sustainable manufacturing and maintenance processes and technology;¿ Sustainable technologies for risk mitigations;¿ Sustainable transport, smart vehicles and smart roads; and¿ Thermo fluids modelling and experiments for sustainability. High quality and unpublished content is an essential feature for all included papers. Moreover, the Organizing Committee of the conference guarantees that contributions were subjected to an appropriate level of reviewing process.