Miljøvidenskab, miljøteknik og miljøteknologi

This book provides information about plant¿environment studies and challenges for plant improvement to achieve food security. Plants face a wide range of environmental challenges, which are expected to become more intense as a result of global climate change. Plant¿environment interactions play an important role in the functioning of ecosystems. There are habitats throughout the world that present challenges to crop plants, such as through a lack of water and excessive, or toxic, salts in the soil. Soil properties represent a strong selection pressure for plant diversity and influence the structure of plant communities and participate to the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. Plant communities selected by environment grow by modifying soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, with consequent effects on survival and growth of plants. The complexity of plant¿environment interactions has recently been studied by developing a trait-based approach in which responses and effects of plants on environment were quantified and modeled. This fundamental research on plant¿environment interaction in ecosystems is essential to transpose knowledges of functional ecology to environmental management. Plants have adapted to an incredible range of environment, and extensive researches on ecological and environmental plant physiology have provided mechanistic understanding of the survival, distribution, productivity, and abundance of plant species across the diverse climates of our planet. Ecophysiological techniques have greatly advanced our understanding of photosynthesis, respiration, plant water relations, and plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, from instantaneous to evolutionary timescales. Ecophysiological studies also provide the basis for scaling plant physiological processes from the tissue to the canopy, ecosystem, region, and to a large extent, the entire globe. Given the above, the author proposes to bring forth a comprehensive book, ¿New Frontiers in Plant-Environment Interactions¿, highlighting the various emerging techniques and applications that are currently being used in plant¿environment interaction research and its future prospects. The author is sure that this book caters the need of all those who are working or have interest in the above topic.

This book provides comprehensive studies from Middle East, African countries and Asia including Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, India, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Tunisia and Turkey on groundwater management, modelling and monitoring. A broad approach such as modelling, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and statistical models was applied in arid and semi-arid areas for management of the groundwater. These new approaches are currently in high demand. The book delves into the applications of these methods and will be a potential asset to the researchers worldwide. The book is a timely publication containing chapters based on primary data or/and extensive review chapters comprising new emerging techniques. Current high-demand research on management through the application of modelling, artificial intelligence and machine learning is the main selling point of this book.

This book describes leading research in bioengineering for development of novel technologies for ferrous metal extraction. The author includes new developments in molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, cell metabolism, and engineering principles and applies them to the conventional iron ore industry - proposing innovative solutions to various industry challenges. The book focuses on applied approaches and describes emerging and established industrial processes, as well as the underlying theory of the process, and the biology of the microorganisms involved.Elaborates on bioprocessing technologies applicable for extraction of ferrous metals using cross-pollination of microbiology and extractive metallurgy;Presents a systematic overview of bioprocessing technologies encompassing laboratory research, pilot scale studies, and industrial process flowsheet design;Provides comprehensive coverage of the engineering principles behind bioprocesses of iron ores including material and energy balances, transport processes, reactions and reactor engineering.

This book includes peer-reviewed articles from the 8th International Conference on Sustainable Urban Development (ICSUD 2022), held at the Vietnamese-German University (VGU) in Vietnam. The theme of the conference is ¿innovative and inclusive growth models for sustainable urban development¿. Articles in this book present major issues that cities and regions around the world are facing these days to adapt to new, unexpected, and profound challenges.Over past few years, the world has been observing meaningful reactions to crises. From the pandemic to war, energy, and food shortages, there are always opportunities for innovations. Some firms still thrived in the city lock-down; some groups stayed healthier with less income; and certain municipalities consumed less resources to attain higher outcomes. However, the rise of digital economy, the importance of proximity or near-shore supply chain, or the new contribution of different communities at different levels are generalized asnew growth models for changes.

In an era where the planet faces unprecedented environmental challenges, such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, and water scarcity, sustainable development has become paramount. Crafting a Sustainable Future Through Education and Sustainable Development delves into the crucial role of educational institutions in shaping a sustainable future from economic, social, and environmental perspectives. By examining new currents and challenges within this discipline, this book provides a valuable study resource that sheds light on the intricate relationship between education and achieving sustainability goals. The book emphasizes the vital role of educational institutions as spaces for fostering new paradigms of human behavior towards the environment. Crafting a Sustainable Future Through Education and Sustainable Development serves as a comprehensive study guide, offering critical reflections and constructive critiques. It covers an array of relevant topics, ranging from artificial intelligence and big data to gender equality, game-based learning, and socio-technological innovation. It is ideal for academics, academic students, and policymakers, this book provides invaluable support for undergraduate and master's students in business, as well as professionals seeking to deepen their knowledge of the role of education in achieving sustainable development.

This book presents both updated and new measurements on water resources from selective pilot areas form the Middle East. Demand for water has become very crucial notably in arid and semiarid regions like in the Middle East. The changing climate and the increased population are the most striking challenges on water resources in this region where the largest part of its territory is dry lands and deserts with minimal precipitation and high evaporation rates, and thus, the average per capita of water does not exceed 25 m3/year. This resulted in developing many studies and researches in different Middle East countries to clearly identify and assess the hydrological characteristics of the available water resources and to explore new resources in order to secure balanced water supply/demand. As a first of its type, this book introduces comprehensive knowledge on the successful reports of the use of satellite images in water studies in the Middle East, and the economic value resulted from adopting these techniques. Based on illustrated case-studies the book will represent a significant resource for a large number of experts, academics, researchers, engineers and different-level stakeholders including the decision makers.     

This book gathers selected contributions in the field of civil and structural engineering, as presented by international researchers and engineers at the International Conference "e;Modern Problems in Construction: Setting Tasks and Ways to Solve Them"e; (MPC), held in Kursk, Russia on November 18-19 2021. The book covers a wide range of topics including the theory and design of capital construction facilities, engineering and hydraulic structures; development of innovative solutions in the field of modeling and testing of reinforced concrete, metal and wooden structures, as well as composite structures based on them; investigation of complex dynamic effects on construction objects, and many others directions. Intended for professional builders, designers and researchers. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaborations.

This textbook provides basic quantitative models allowing researchers and decision makers to a) assess viability of threatened populations and evaluate the success of species reintroductions, b) estimate invasion abilities of alien species, c) evaluate the persistence of metapopulations subjected to habitat destruction and fragmentation, d) analyze policies and strategies for the sustainable harvesting of biological resources, and e) assess the course of human and nonhuman diseases and the possible containment measures. Air and water pollution, overexploitation of renewable resources (e.g. marine fish stocks and forests), massive land-use change together with climate change impact the Earth biodiversity and impair the functioning of ecosystems. Globalization increases the risk of diffusion of alien species and new pathogens.A panoply of numerical problems mainly based on real data from the ecological literature enables the reader to practice the presented modelling tools.presented modelling tools.  

The book about Non-bacterial toxins will cover those toxins that affect food safety and are produced by fungi (mycotoxins), cyanobacteria (cyanotoxins) and marine microalgae (phycotoxins). These three group of toxins affect food safety and drinking water quality at a global scale, and they pose three main challenges for scientists: 1) Climate change is causing a slow but steady change on the chemical profile of each of these groups, causing intoxications in areas that are geographically new to the intoxications map. For this reason, emerging toxins are a new topic that requires an important reallocation of resources to understand the new toxins trends, their toxicology, their analytical control and how to deal with them from a regulatory standpoint. 2) Toxicological science needs to be updated to determine the impact of the toxins in all kind of vectors (more and more are being discovered) and how they disseminate on the food chain. Also, the mode of action of many of this toxins is not understood or even known, and this affects also to the impact of the coexistence of several toxins in the same matrix. 3) Detection and regulation, as this requires the use of advance technology (mass spectrometry, biosensors, multitask screening etc) that is in many cases underdevelopped or not available, especially for many of the new toxins. Climate change, toxicology and detection affect so many areas of science that this book will try to keep the readers updated about the current state of the art.

This edited book presents the first collection of case studies and research projects on the sustainable technology of constructed wetlands for wastewater management under hot and arid climates. It is the first such work that summarizes in a single reference the current international experiences and knowledge on the implementation of this nature-based solution under these diverse and often harsh climatic conditions. It covers the relevant gap in the fragmented and limited literature by providing integrated information and documentation on the feasibility of this green technology.The book presents the treatment efficiency of constructed wetland facilities and the research output from 29 different countries across South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania, while it covers various applications such as domestic and municipal wastewater, various industrial effluents and municipal sludge. Many examples and case studies further demonstrate the potential of this technology to contribute to better address the issues of water scarcity and limited fresh water resources through circular management of treated effluents e.g. reuse in irrigation. It also discusses the various challenges and technical aspects that should be considered in such climates, along with the environmental, financial and social benefits of this technology.This work is a useful handbook and guide for professional engineers, practitioners, academics, researchers, students, and water authorities who wish to get a better understanding and first-hand information on the potential of constructed wetlands for cost-effective and sustainable wastewater management in countries with hot and arid climates.

The world is facing unprecedented environmental and social challenges that threaten our ability to achieve a sustainable future for all. Issues like climate change, resource depletion, and social inequality require urgent action, but technology, while a potential solution, also introduces new risks. Promoting Sustainable Management Through Technological Innovation offers a comprehensive solution by exploring the benefits and risks of technology, emphasizing ethical considerations, and providing insights and recommendations for policymakers, business leaders, and researchers to harness technological innovation for sustainability. This book contributes to the ongoing conversation around sustainable development by guiding policymakers in developing effective policies, assisting business leaders in implementing sustainable practices, and providing researchers with a comprehensive overview of current research. It serves as a valuable resource for academic scholars and professionals interested in the intersection of technology and sustainability. Policymakers can shape policies promoting sustainability, business leaders can integrate sustainable practices and innovation, researchers can gain insights for further investigation, and educators can utilize it in sustainability and technology courses. Overall, the book serves as a key reference, guiding readers toward responsible and effective solutions that leverage technology for a more sustainable future.

"The notion of a living world is one of humanity's oldest beliefs. Though scorned by scientists in the sixties and seventies, the facts supporting this concept have now become tenets of modern Earth system science, a relatively young field that studies the living and nonliving components of the planet as an integrated whole. Life did not evolve passively in response to its environment, as scientists have long assumed. Instead, it evolved with Earth, shaping its climate and terrain at every scale, one part in a great orchestra, in which non-living elements-the air, rocks, and water-are the instruments that life, in its multitudes, has emerged to play. Jabr transports the reader to some of the world's most extraordinary places--an underwater kelp forest on the coast of California, a vertiginous tower above the Amazon rainforest, and a former gold mine two miles below the Earth's surface--to explain how these symbiotic relationships evolved. He shows us how plants and other photosynthetic organisms help maintain the right level of atmospheric oxygen to support complex life. We see how microorganisms participate in many geological processes, producing new minerals and converting rock from one state to another; some scientists think they played a crucial role in forming the continents. In these pages we learn that large mammals maintain grasslands and prevent permafrost from melting; coral reefs and shellfish store huge amounts of carbon, buffer ocean acidity, improve water quality, and defend shorelines from severe weather; and so much more"--

Sustainable Natural Gas Drilling, the latest release in The Fundamentals and Sustainable Advances in Natural Gas Science and Engineering series, delivers many of the technical fundamentals needed in the natural gas industry with an additional sustainability lens. Introductory topics include underbalanced technologies, well integrity, and well trajectory. Advanced applications include utilizing nanoparticles to reduce environmental impact, and techniques to drill for underground gas storage and carbon capture operations. Supported by corporate and academic contributors along with two well-distinguished editors, Sustainable Natural Gas Drilling provides today's natural gas engineers the knowledge to adjust current drilling practices in a more environmentally sustainable way.

This handbook in two volumes offers a heretofore unavailable compilation of detailed information on foraminifera of the Caspian-Black Sea-Mediterranean Corridors ("e;CORRIDORS"e;), including their taxonomy, ecology, and applications in the study of Quaternary stratigraphy, paleogeographic reconstruction, and environmental stress. This subject is significant in light of the ongoing debates regarding the Flood Hypotheses because foraminifera can provide more information about many of the disputed questions. Foraminifera are highly reliable paleoenvironmental indicators, ubiquitous in marine environments, and taxonomically diverse, which gives them the potential for a wide range of biological responses to varied environmental factors. Their tests are readily preserved and can record evidence of environmental change through time, thus providing historical baseline data even in the absence of background studies. This book presents taxonomic descriptions for about 500 species and subspecies from the Black Sea, Sea of Azov, Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Sea of Marmara, and the Eastern Mediterranean. This catalogue is supplemented by ecological remarks, stratigraphic distributions, paleogeography, and environmental/paleoenvironmental applications, including responses to environmental stress, e.g., river discharge, pollution by different contaminants, etc. The book will be useful to specialists in Quaternary history of the "e;CORRIDORS"e; as well as those in environmental monitoring and risk assessment. This handbook offers detailed taxonomic descriptions of foraminifera from the Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, Aral Sea (in Volume 1) and Eastern Mediterranean and Sea of Marmara (in Volume 2). 

From Crops and Wastes to Bioenergy: Current Status and Challenges is a comprehensive volume on all aspects of biomass utilization for bioenergy, from the fundamentals to the latest commercial and regulatory issues. The book examines all aspects of biomass utilization, from technologies and processes to products. Sections examine the role of biomass in the energy transition, land availability for bioenergy projects, biomass logistics and supply chain, and assesses the lifecycle of bioenergy systems. Chapters are dedicated to each energy conversion route, including thermochemical, biochemical, and chemical, biofuels synthesis, hydrogen from biomass, biorefineries, electricity generation, and waste-to energy. Policy and regulatory issues are also considered. Each chapter reviews the state-of-the-art, discusses disruptive technological approaches, and concludes with specific recommendations on how to achieve commercial competitiveness. Case studies provide examples of real-world applications in each chapter.

Zero Waste Manufacturing: Recent Advancements in Sustainable Manufacturing, addresses processes and practices for zero waste manufacturing to promote a more sustainable society and provides readers with a proper understanding of the most recent advances for solving waste management issues. The book covers numerous mechanisms supported by scientific evidence and case studies that will help the administrations and technological professions in adopting the best possible methodology at grassroot levels and various interdisciplinary approaches towards sustainable development.

Nanotechnology-Based Sensors for Detection of Environmental Pollution discusses the use of nanotechnology to generate sensors capable of performing efficient detection of different types of environmental pollutants. Sections explore environmental pollution as a threat to life on Earth, the main contaminants (inorganic, organic or pathogens), and the risk they represent to living beings. Others are dedicated to nanotechnology, allowing pollutants' detection, a brief history of nanotechnology-based sensors, different types of nanotechnology-based sensor (optical, electrochemical, and magnetic), nanotechnology-based sensors' design and fabrication, nano biosensors, and more. Additional sections focus on important specific pollutants (pesticides, heavy metal, dyes, toxic gas, pharmaceutical waste, petroleum hydrocarbons, and pathogenic microbes) and their detection by nanotechnology-based sensors and important nanomaterials in nanotechnology-based sensors, exploring carbon-based and non-carbon-based material in nanoscale (graphene, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, magnetic nanomaterials, non-magnetic nanoparticles) and also point-of-care sensors and functionalization to generate optimized nanotechnology-based sensors to pollutants' detection.

Bioremediation of Emerging Contaminants from Soils: Soil Health Conservation for Improved Ecology and Food Security deals with current challenges of sustainable soil health using eco-friendly approaches. This book provides ways of reducing the chemical burden on the soil by maintaining balance in terms of society, environment, and economy, which are considered basic pillars of sustainability. Designed to highlight soil health best practices for both environmental and agricultural sustainability, these approaches are also considered important for improving global food security by ensuring safe growing conditions for crops for food and feed.?Presented in two parts, this book first highlights emerging contaminants and their sources.?The second part explores a variety of steps and tools for addressing contaminated soils, including bio- and phytoremediation options.?Case studies in each part provide real-world insights for practical application.

Innovative and Hybrid Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment presents a panoply of topics, from the fundamental aspects and mechanistic modeling to upscaled experiments, that relate recent innovation and hybridization of AOPs to improving the efficiency of processes used to remove recalcitrant and emerging contaminants from water. The book applies the results of this novel approach to practical applications and technology assessments, covering the latest innovations, trends and concerns, as well as practical challenges and solutions in the field of AOPs in water treatment. The book pays special attention to reactive species production, reaction kinetics, mechanistic modeling, energy production, and degradation enhancement.

Advances of Energy from Waste: Transformation Methods, Applications and Limitations Under Sustainability provides advanced, systematic information on the environmental transformation of waste and pollutants of various origins into useful products, contributing to the development of the local economy and increasing the sustainability of the energy sector. In addition, remarkable competences in design, performance, efficiency, and implementation of diverse systems utilized for waste energy recovery are evaluated. The book also includes recent advances in biomass-derived green catalysts for various catalytic applications, along with the challenges of controlled synthesis and the impact of morphological, physical, and chemical properties on their adsorption or desorption capability.

Decarbonization Strategies and Drivers to Achieve Carbon Neutrality for Sustainability emphasizes the significance of various decarbonization strategies. Sections cover contributions of bioenergy to decarbonization, non-fossil energy targets, the role of wind energy, hydrogen energy, potential of geothermal energy, nuclear energy, wind to energy, role of electri?cation and carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies, and more. The book aims to explain how reducing petroleum consumption and supplementing alternate sources of renewable fuels is vital and would strengthen decarbonization.

Air Conditioning with Natural Energy: Applications, Case Studies, and Energy Savings Potential is a comprehensive examination of the principles, theory, applications, and energy saving performance of newly developed technologies for air conditioning using natural energy. Based on the latest research and real-world case studies from North America, Europe, and China, the book provides an engineering perspective on the design and application of air conditioning from multiple climates. Each case study presented analyzes the carbon emission reduction potential, energy saving potential, and the operational performance of the technologies. Specific chapters examine the range of air conditioning technologies that use natural energy. This includes enhanced treatment technologies for outdoor air such as earth-to-air heat exchanger, fresh air pre-handling system using shallow geothermal energy, as well as newly developed technologies such as pipe-embedded wall, nocturnal cooling wall, and pipe-embedded window systems. With particular focus on applications in China, Part II provides real world case studies from multiple climatic zones, demonstrating the practical application and implementation of these technologies.

Microplastics: Transport, Impacts, Monitoring and Mitigation provides a critical analysis of our current understanding of microplastic science, the methods by which microplastic are observed in the environment, and our options for mitigation and remediation. The book is intended for those studying or working in the fields of environmental science and waste management (as well as associated areas), and provides the holistic context needed to evaluate and interpret the outputs associated with the interlinked problems of plastic and microplastics. In this manner, the reader will be invited to explore the ongoing challenges which have thus far prevented the development of a thorough understanding of the risk posed by plastic and microplastic pollution to be able to discuss the implications of ongoing uncertainty to effective plastic management and evaluate the current strategies to control the ongoing proliferation of plastic pollution.

In the tradition of Elizabeth Kolbert and Jonathan Doerr, The Nature of Our Cities is a stirring exploration of how scientists from around the world are harnessing local ecology and innovative technology to protect the planet's cities from the effects of climate change.When it comes to nature, most people romanticize bucolic mountain scenery and verdant pine forests, but anyone who's ever lived in a city can tell you that nature has just as vital a role to play in urban landscapes. And with climate change altering life and mental health everywhere, nature can do more to aid and protect our cities, offering the potential to solve problems as diverse as flood preparation and wildfire management. As ecological engineer Dr. Nadina Galle argues, nature is our most critical infrastructure for tackling the climate crisis. It just needs a little help.A fellow at MIT's Senseble City Lab and selected for Forbes' 30 under 30 list, Galle has been at the forefront of the growing movement to use nature and technology together to prepare urban life for the climate challenges upon us. Now, in The Nature of Our Cities, she embarks on a journey as fascinating as it is pressing, showing how scientists and engineers from around the world are harnessing the power of technology and the natural world to save their cities, a phenomenon she calls the "Internet of Nature." Traveling the globe, Galle examines how urban nature, long an afterthought for many, actually points the way toward a livable future for cities. She reveals how technology can help nature navigate this precarious moment with advances such as: firefighting robots inspired by ancient forest wisdom, sensors that achieve 99% tree survival in increasingly dry, hot summers, and innovative smart ponds that collect and manage water surges from extreme weather.Optimistic in spirit yet pragmatic in approach, Galle writes persuasively that the future of urban life depends on balancing the natural world with the technology that can help sustain it. By turns clear-eyed and lyrical, The Nature of Our Cities marks the emergence of an invigorating, prescient new talent in nature writing.

The book presents expert assessments of modern opportunities for fisheries and aquaculture in terms of economic efficiency, the state of fishery reservoirs, and the state of ichthyocenoses. The purpose of this book is to provide interested parties (government bodies, representatives of business, science and civil society) with information about modern solutions in the field of aquatic biological resources management, the state of aquatic ecosystems and fish stocks, and modern and promising technologies in aquaculture and fisheries. The book contains an assessment of the state and recommendations for the restoration of natural aquatic ecosystems, an analysis of the state of fisheries and aquaculture in inland waters, taking into account regional characteristics, the development of a methodology for assessing freshwater fish stocks, information on advanced technologies in cage aquaculture in reservoirs and lakes and in circulation systems, data on opportunities for capacity building in small-scale fisheries, and the prospects for establishing a data and information management system for fisheries and aquaculture.

This volume collects the results from the Politecnico di Milan's award-winning "e;Boa_Ma_Nha, Maputo!"e; research-by-design project, which studied various transdisciplinary approaches to development in the context of the Global South. The challenges of urbanization are well known, but that only goes so far in aiding implementation. From local considerations like water access and housing rights to global issues like climate change, territorial development demands solutions that address the needs of the specific population while keeping such goals as sustainability and inclusion in mind. By focusing on a number of towns within the Maputo Province of Mozambique, and thus addressing many of the issues endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa, the research, structurally presented so as to aid those who may require introduction to the issue, makes a clear case in favor of always keeping the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus in mind when formulating development strategies for improving people's lives, as well as the wisdom of marrying academic findings with the insights accrued by local NGOs and institutions, thereby expanding the potential idea bank beyond the Eurocentric status quo that has tended to dominate the field.

Artificial Intelligence has revolutionised areas of medicine. This book focuses on the integral role of AI in radiology, shedding light on how this technology can enhance patient care and streamline professional workflows.