Bøger af Luiz Gustavo Batista Ferreira

Apesar dos avanços tecnológicos e científicos, o clima ainda é a variável mais importante para a produção das culturas (CALDANA et al., 2019; CALDANA et al., 2021). Os pesquisadores Caramori et al. (2008) e Ferreira et al. (2020) apontaram que 80 % da variabilidade do rendimento provém do clima, neste contexto, a precipitação apresenta notável relevância para a variabilidade nas produções das culturas (FERREIRA et al., 2020). Com o intuito de maximizar os desempenhos produtivos e reduzir os riscos, a aplicabilidade de estudos sobre elementos agrometeorológicos tem sido aplicada em escala global (RICCE et al. 2013), analisando as características isoladas e peculiaridades de cada clima e solo, contribuindo assim para o agricultor na tomada de decisão para reduzir as perdas de produtividade (MARTINS et al., 2017; CALDANA et al., 2021; FERREIRA et al., 2020).

Nonostante i progressi tecnologici e scientifici, il clima è ancora la variabile più importante per le produzioni agricole (CALDANA et al., 2019; CALDANA et al., 2021). I ricercatori Caramori et al. (2008) e Ferreira et al. (2020) hanno sottolineato che l'80% della variabilità delle rese deriva dal clima; in questo contesto, le precipitazioni hanno una notevole rilevanza per la variabilità delle produzioni agricole (FERREIRA et al., 2020). Al fine di massimizzare le rese e ridurre i rischi, l'applicabilità degli studi sugli elementi agrometeorologici è stata applicata su scala globale (RICCE et al. 2013), analizzando le caratteristiche e le peculiarità isolate di ciascun clima e suolo, contribuendo così al processo decisionale degli agricoltori per ridurre le perdite di resa (MARTINS et al., 2017; CALDANA et al., 2021; FERREIRA et al., 2020).

Malgré les avancées technologiques et scientifiques, le climat reste la variable la plus importante pour les productions végétales (CALDANA et al., 2019; CALDANA et al., 2021). Les chercheurs Caramori et al. (2008) et Ferreira et al. (2020) ont souligné que 80 % de la variabilité des rendements provient du climat, dans ce contexte, les précipitations présentent une pertinence remarquable pour la variabilité des productions végétales (FERREIRA et al., 2020). Afin de maximiser les performances de rendement et de réduire les risques, l'applicabilité des études sur les éléments agrométéorologiques a été appliquée à l'échelle mondiale (RICCE et al. 2013), en analysant les caractéristiques isolées et les particularités de chaque climat et de chaque sol, contribuant ainsi à la prise de décision des agriculteurs pour réduire les pertes de rendement (MARTINS et al., 2017; CALDANA et al., 2021; FERREIRA et al., 2020).

Trotz des technologischen und wissenschaftlichen Fortschritts ist das Klima immer noch die wichtigste Variable für die Pflanzenproduktion (CALDANA et al., 2019; CALDANA et al., 2021). Die Forscher Caramori et al. (2008) und Ferreira et al. (2020) wiesen darauf hin, dass 80 % der Ertragsschwankungen auf das Klima zurückzuführen sind, wobei die Niederschläge eine bemerkenswerte Bedeutung für die Schwankungen in der Pflanzenproduktion haben (FERREIRA et al., 2020). Um die Ertragsleistung zu maximieren und die Risiken zu verringern, wurden Studien über agrarmeteorologische Elemente auf globaler Ebene durchgeführt (RICCE et al. 2013), wobei die isolierten Merkmale und Besonderheiten jedes Klimas und jedes Bodens analysiert wurden, was den Landwirten bei der Entscheidungsfindung zur Verringerung von Ertragsverlusten half (MARTINS et al., 2017; CALDANA et al., 2021; FERREIRA et al., 2020).

Benefici della MOS nei sistemi di gestione della conservazione: Fisici (struttura e aggregazione), formando strutture più grandi che favoriscono l'apparato radicale delle piante coltivate.Chimici: migliorando la CEC del suolo, complessando l'alluminio scambiabile e riducendo l'adsorbimento del P. Ciò è particolarmente utile nei suoli tropicali del Brasile.Biologico: favorisce il microbiota e gli enzimi del suolo.La gestione del suolo che prevede interventi meccanici (aratura, erpicatura, scarificazione, ecc.) rompe gli aggregati, i macro e i microaggregati del suolo, aumentando l'area di esposizione dei MOS all'attacco microbico. Inoltre, con una maggiore aerazione, i microrganismi attaccano più facilmente questi MOS e contribuiscono alla loro mineralizzazione.  I residui erbacei hanno un rapporto C/N più elevato, spesso superiore a 30/1, motivo per cui il bilancio tra immobilizzazione e mineralizzazione tende verso l'immobilizzazione microbica, fino a quando questo rapporto C/N non si restringe, a quel punto il bilancio tende verso la mineralizzazione. I rifiuti di soia hanno un rapporto C/N più stretto, inferiore a 20/1, che rende la mineralizzazione il processo predominante.

Benefits of MOS in conservation management systems: Physical (structure and aggregation) forming larger structures that favor the root system of cultivated plants.Chemical: By improving the CEC of soils, complexing exchangeable aluminum and reducing the adsorption of P. This is especially helpful in Brazil's tropical soils.Biological: Promotes soil microbiota and enzymesSoil management involving mechanical intervention (plowing, harrowing, scarification, etc.) breaks up soil aggregates, macro- and micro-aggregates, increasing the area of exposure of MOS to microbial attack. In addition, with greater aeration, micro-organisms attack this MOS more easily and contribute to its mineralization.  Grass residues have a higher C/N ratio, often above 30/1, which is why the balance between immobilization and mineralization tends towards microbial immobilization, until this C/N ratio becomes narrower, at which point this balance will tend towards mineralization. Soybean waste has a narrower C/N ratio, below 20/1, which makes mineralization the predominant process

Avantages de la MOS dans les systèmes de gestion de la conservation: Physiques (structure et agrégation): formation de structures plus grandes qui favorisent le système racinaire des plantes cultivées.Chimiques: en améliorant la CEC des sols, en complexant l'aluminium échangeable et en réduisant l'adsorption de P. Ceci est particulièrement utile dans les sols tropicaux du Brésil.Biologique: favorise le microbiote et les enzymes du sol.La gestion des sols impliquant une intervention mécanique (labourage, hersage, scarification, etc.) brise les agrégats, macro- et micro-agrégats du sol, ce qui augmente la surface d'exposition des MOS aux attaques microbiennes. De plus, avec une plus grande aération, les micro-organismes attaquent plus facilement ces MOS et contribuent à leur minéralisation.  Les résidus d'herbe ont un rapport C/N plus élevé, souvent supérieur à 30/1, c'est pourquoi l'équilibre entre immobilisation et minéralisation tend vers l'immobilisation microbienne, jusqu'à ce que ce rapport C/N devienne plus étroit, moment où cet équilibre tendra vers la minéralisation. Les déchets de soja ont un rapport C/N plus étroit, inférieur à 20/1, ce qui fait de la minéralisation le processus prédominant.

Vorteile von MOS bei der Bewirtschaftung von Naturschutzgebieten: Physikalisch (Struktur und Aggregation) durch Bildung größerer Strukturen, die das Wurzelsystem von Kulturpflanzen begünstigen.Chemisch: Verbesserung der CEC der Böden, Komplexierung von austauschbarem Aluminium und Verringerung der P-Adsorption. Dies ist besonders hilfreich für die tropischen Böden Brasiliens.Biologisch: Begünstigt die Bodenmikrobiota und EnzymeEine Bodenbewirtschaftung mit mechanischen Eingriffen (Pflügen, Eggen, Vertikutieren usw.) bricht Bodenaggregate, Makro- und Mikroaggregate auf und vergrößert so die Angriffsfläche für die Mikroorganismen. Außerdem können die Mikroorganismen bei besserer Durchlüftung diese MOS leichter angreifen und zu ihrer Mineralisierung beitragen.  Grasreste haben ein höheres C/N-Verhältnis, oft über 30/1, weshalb das Gleichgewicht zwischen Immobilisierung und Mineralisierung eher zur mikrobiellen Immobilisierung tendiert, bis dieses C/N-Verhältnis enger wird, woraufhin dieses Gleichgewicht zur Mineralisierung tendiert. Sojaabfälle haben ein engeres C/N-Verhältnis von weniger als 20/1, so dass die Mineralisierung der vorherrschende Prozess ist.

Although the technological and scientific advances, the climate is still the most important variable for crops productions (CALDANA et al., 2019; CALDANA et al., 2021). The researchers Caramori et al. (2008) and Ferreira et al. (2020) pointed out that 80 % of yield variability come from the climate, in this context, the rainfall exhibits remarkable relevance for variability on the crops productions (FERREIRA et al., 2020).In order to maximize yield performances and to reduce the risks, the applicability of studies on agrometeorological elements has been applied on a global scale (RICCE et al. 2013), analysing the isolated characteristics and peculiarities of each climate and soil, thus, contributing for farmer in decision-making to reduce yield losses (MARTINS et al., 2017; CALDANA et al., 2021; FERREIRA et al., 2020).

The food demand is increasing around the world, associated with increasing population, which can exhibit food security risks (BATTISTI, BENDER, SENTELHAS, 2018). For this context, soybean (Glycine max L.) has an important for human consumption and animal feed (BATTISTI, BENDER, SENTELHAS, 2018).Soybean is a plant native from China, belonging to the Fabaceae family, subfamily Faboideae, genus Glycine and species Glycine max (L.) Merrill, being considered one of the oldest crops in the world. Soybean is main crop cultivated in Brazil (FERREIRA et al., 2020).In Brazil, the soybean crop was implemented in 1882.

Producing enough food for an increasing global population is one of the greatest challenges. For this context, cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has remarkable relevance, due its nutritious contents, easy to cultivate and, in addition, has several cultivars resistant to water deficit and low soil fertility. Although the recent scientific and advances technologies, the climate is still one the key variables for cassava crop production.

Although the technological and scientific advances, the climate is still the most important variable for crops productions (CALDANA et al., 2019; CALDANA et al., 2021). The researchers Caramori et al. (2008) and Ferreira et al. (2020) pointed out that 80 % of yield variability come from the climate, in this context, the rainfall exhibits remarkable relevance for variability on the crops productions (FERREIRA et al., 2020).In order to maximize yield performances and to reduce the risks, the applicability of studies on agrometeorological elements has been applied on a global scale (RICCE et al. 2013), analysing the isolated characteristics and peculiarities of each climate and soil, thus, contributing for farmer in decision-making to reduce yield losses (MARTINS et al., 2017; CALDANA et al., 2021; FERREIRA et al., 2020).

According to the scientific community, conventional agriculture causes environmental damage as a result of the intensive use of agrochemicals and intensive agricultural mechanization. Conventional production management tends to exhaust natural resources, with biological, physical and chemical degradation of soils. On the other hand, the conservation agriculture is the most important alternative for the preservation of natural resources, creating systems of conservation production, described in the literature as agroecossystem. The key purpose of the conservation agriculture is to produce food and preserve the environment.

Understanding the principles of rural electrification can be a decisive factor for a pig or chicken producer. Even though genetics is an important factor in the breeding of these animals, resources such as the electrical system are indispensable to guarantee zoo-technical productivity. This book will cover the fundamentals of electrification in the field, showing basics concepts to apply in fields, to bring benefits to farmer.

Water affects all the physiological processes that occur in the plant, such as root absorption, nutrient transport, thermoregulation and hydration, essential to maintain the structure and the plant cellular activity (TAIZ; ZEIGER, 2009). Agrometeorological conditions directly interfere in the choice of crops to be produced in a given region, sowing time, use of agrochemicals, management practices and irrigation. Studies that identify and predict droughts periods, heavy rain, wind and frost contribute to crop planning and management, aiming at obtaining the best net income (PATHMESWARAN et al. 2018; WIRÉHN, 2018; SANTI et al., 2018; DE SOUSA; DE OLIVEIRA, 2018; DE SOUZA et al., 2018; TAYT'SOHN et al., 2018; AGOVINO et al., 2019). The soybean crop is the main agricultural activity in Brazil and in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. It is cultivated in the Spring-Summer season, between the months of September and March, using early cultivars, to allow a second season cropping of maize. Rainfall variability and water deficit is the main cause of yield loss of soybean (FARIAS et al., 1997; PEDERSEN; LAUER, 2004; STÜLP et al., 2010; ALVARES et al., 2013; GARCIA et al., 2018).

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO (2013), the availability of agricultural areas is concentrated only in a few countries, with about 90 % of land for agricultural expansion located in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. In Latin America, Brazil has a key relevance for food production, with high potential for expansion (SAATH; FACHINELLO, 2018). However, environmental concerns and the preservation of native forests have limited the agricultural expansion, thus, the appropriated alternative is increasing yields, instead of deforestation (SAATH; FACHINELLO, 2018).

The food demand is increasing around the world, associated with increasing population, which can exhibit food security risks (BATTISTI, BENDER, SENTELHAS, 2018). For this context, soybean (Glycine max L.) has an important for human consumption and animal feed (BATTISTI, BENDER, SENTELHAS, 2018). In the context of global climate change and food security, environmental concerns and the preservation of native forests have, correctly, limited the agricultural expansion, and the appropriated alternative is increasing yields has higher relevance, instead of deforestation, to minimize the impact of the climate on the crops yields in Brazil and reducing yields gaps, aiming the supply of demand of food (FAO, 2013; SENTELHAS et al., 2015; AGOVINO et al., 2019; SAATH; FACHINELLO, 2018; SAMPAIO et al., 2021). The soybean crop is the most important crop in Brazil being considered responsible for around 30 % of global production in 2021 (SAMPAIO et al., 2021), covering an area of more than 39 M hectares in the same crop season (EMBRAPA, 2021; SANTOS et al., 2021).

Wir haben es mit einer Gesellschaft zu tun, die eine historisch bedingte Landkonzentration geerbt hat, und wir haben es auch mit einem Rückgang der Investitionen in die landwirtschaftlichen Familienbetriebe zu tun, und diese beiden Prozesse zeigen uns, dass es eine ausgrenzende Haltung gibt, dass eine Agrarreform notwendig ist, denn die Existenz von Gruppen, die sich um Land streiten, ist nicht lebensfähig, jeder muss das Recht haben, in Würde auf dem Land zu arbeiten. Die Frage der Bildung auf dem Lande ist einer der Schlüssel für den Fortschritt Brasiliens. Wir haben gesehen, dass soziale Bewegungen demokratische Triebkräfte sind, die auf den Fortschritt der Bevölkerung abzielen, aber heute werden sie aufgrund von Fake News und sozialen Medien oft verzerrt dargestellt. Es gibt sogar Agrarkurse, die von diesen sozialen Bewegungen ins Leben gerufen wurden, wie der Autor in seinem Buch auf didaktische Weise beschreibt.

Today's agrarian issue highlights the imminent need for agrarian reform. We have a society that has inherited a concentration of land where we have a historical basis and we also have a question of less investment in family farming where these two processes show us the existence of an exclusionary stance, the need for agrarian reform, because the existence of groups fighting over land is not viable, everyone needs to have the right to work in the countryside with dignity. The issue of education in the countryside is one of the keys to Brazil's progress. We've seen that social movements are democratic drivers aimed at the progress of the population, but today they are often seen in a distorted way, due to fake news and social media. There are even agronomy classes created by these social movements, as the author didactically describes in the book.

Producing enough food for an increasing population is considered one of the greatest challenges (BURNS et al., 2010). The United Nations (UN) estimated the world population will exceed 9.7 billion in 2050 (UN, 2021) and this expansion will increase the demand for food (SAATH; FACHINELLO, 2018). In this context, agriculture has a key relevance, once this activity is responsible for producing food, using less areas as possible (SENTELHAS et al., 2015). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO (2013), the availability of agricultural areas is concentrated only in a few countries, with about 90 % of land for agricultural expansion located in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. In Latin America, Brazil has a key relevance for food production, with high potential for expansion (SAATH; FACHINELLO, 2018). However, environmental concerns and the preservation of native forests have limited the agricultural expansion, thus, the appropriated alternative is increasing yields, instead of deforestation (SAATH; FACHINELLO, 2018).

Ce livre fournit des informations pertinentes sur l'agroclimatologie. Il convient de noter que plus de 80 % de la production des cultures (car les plantes ont besoin d'une certaine quantité d'eau) dépend des conditions météorologiques, principalement des précipitations. Ainsi, les REVUES D'AGROCLIMATOLOGIE ont pour objectif principal de présenter plusieurs études d'événements météorologiques qui interfèrent dans les conditions atmosphériques au Brésil et dans l'État de Paraná, l'un des principaux États brésiliens pour la production de cultures, principalement de soja et de maïs. Édition spéciale de l'anniversaire de l'auteur, août 2022.

Questo libro contiene informazioni rilevanti sull'agroclimatologia. Va notato che più dell'80% della produzione delle colture (poiché le piante hanno bisogno di una certa quantità d'acqua) deriva dalle condizioni meteorologiche, soprattutto dalle precipitazioni. Pertanto, l'AGROCLIMATOLOGY REVIEWS ha come obiettivo principale quello di mostrare diversi studi sugli eventi meteorologici che interferiscono con le condizioni atmosferiche in Brasile e nello Stato del Paraná, uno dei principali Stati brasiliani per la produzione di colture, soprattutto di soia e mais. Edizione speciale del compleanno dell'autore, agosto 2022.

Dieses Buch enthält wichtige Informationen zur Agrarklimatologie. Es ist anzumerken, dass mehr als 80 % der Pflanzenproduktion (da die Pflanzen eine bestimmte Menge an Wasser benötigen) von den meteorologischen Bedingungen, hauptsächlich den Niederschlägen, abhängen. Das Hauptziel der AGROKLIMATOLOGIE REVIEWS ist es daher, verschiedene Studien über meteorologische Ereignisse aufzuzeigen, die die atmosphärischen Bedingungen in Brasilien und im Bundesstaat Paraná, einem der wichtigsten brasilianischen Bundesstaaten für den Anbau von Pflanzen, vor allem von Sojabohnen und Mais, beeinflussen. Sonderausgabe zum Geburtstag des Autors, August 2022.

Em contexto de mudanças climáticas, produzir alimentos para 7 bilhões de pessoas e, ao mesmo tempo, preservando os recursos naturais é um dos grandes desafios para a Agronomia e para seus profissionais. Tenho orgulho de fazer parte desse time e ter a oportunidade de publicar todas minhas anotações de Graduação e Mestrado em um único volume. Foi desafiador. Em mais de 730 páginas, são abordados: Silvicultura em contexto de sustentabilidade. Matéria Orgânica do Solo: Aplicações práticas na agricultura, métodos de determinação e técnicas espectrométricas. Questões sociais do Trabalhador rural no Brasil. Manejo Conservacionista de solos. Experimentos e Projetos realizados pelo Autor. Pastagens: Conceitos, principais forrageiras e manejo recomendado. Projeto Integração Lavoura Pecuária Floresta: A partir dos conhecimentos sobre pastagens, quais as melhores forrageiras para o um projeto ILPF. Projeto Paisagístico e abordagens em estudos de Climatologia. Um Livro que junta muitas disciplinas de AGRONOMIA em um único volume. Luiz Gustavo foi aluno de destaque histórico no Colégio Estadual Professor Newton Guimarães. Fruto de esforço e dedicação, foi aprovado no primeiro Concurso Vestibular prestado da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) com apenas 17 anos e, 5 anos após, obteve o título de Engenheiro Agrônomo, formado pela Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) e Mestre em Agricultura Conservacionista pelo Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR). Primeira Edição. Livro da Série Científica International Research Publication on Technological Agriculture.

To maximize productivity and reduce risks, the applicability of agrometeorological studies has been studied on a planetary scale, where the zoning of agroclimatic risk is opening the field to improve management, decision making, agricultural planning and to support agricultural policies. Knowing the characteristics and peculiarities of each climate and soil, will assist in the choice of culture and decision-making, in the search for higher yields and lower losses. Among the agrometeorological information used in agricultural planning, agroclimatic zoning is the best known. Studies that identify the climate risk for agriculture are essential, since events such as frost, snow, extreme heat, drought, excessive rain, wind and hail can bring great losses to the phenological development of various crops.

Per massimizzare la produttività e ridurre i rischi, l'applicabilità degli studi sugli elementi agrometeorologici è stata studiata su scala planetaria, dove la zonizzazione del rischio agroclimatico sta aprendo il campo per migliorare la gestione, il processo decisionale, la pianificazione agricola e per supportare le politiche agricole. Conoscere le caratteristiche e le peculiarità di ogni clima e di ogni suolo aiuterà nella scelta della coltura e nel processo decisionale, nella ricerca di rese più elevate e di perdite minori. Tra le informazioni agrometeorologiche utilizzate nella pianificazione agricola, la zonizzazione agroclimatica è la più conosciuta. Gli studi che identificano il rischio climatico per l'agricoltura sono fondamentali, poiché eventi di gelo, neve, caldo estremo, siccità, pioggia eccessiva, vento e grandine possono portare grandi perdite allo sviluppo fenologico di varie colture.

Pour maximiser la productivité et réduire les risques, l'applicabilité des études des éléments agro-météorologiques a été étudiée à l'échelle planétaire, où le zonage du risque agro-climatique ouvre le champ à l'amélioration de la gestion, de la prise de décision, de la planification agricole et au soutien des politiques agricoles. Connaître les caractéristiques et les particularités de chaque climat et de chaque sol aidera au choix des cultures et à la prise de décision, dans la recherche de rendements plus élevés et de pertes moindres. Parmi les informations agrométéorologiques utilisées dans la planification agricole, le zonage agroclimatique est le plus connu. Les études qui identifient le risque climatique pour l'agriculture sont fondamentales, car les épisodes de gel, de neige, de chaleur extrême, de sécheresse, de pluie excessive, de vent et de grêle peuvent entraîner des pertes importantes dans le développement phénologique des différentes cultures.