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Plastic is a material that contains an organic substance of large molecular weight as an essential ingredient. Microplastics are the tiny plastic particles that are produced during commercial product development and from breakdown of larger plastics. The increasing concentration of plastics and microplastics in various ecosystems is a major environmental concern across the globe. Microplastics are classified into primary microplastics and secondary microplastics. The plastic fragments or particles that are less than or equal to 5.0 mm before they enter the environment are called primary microplastics, such as microfibers and microbeads. Environmental factors such as ocean waves and sun's radiation lead to the breakdown of larger plastic items, such as water bottles, into smaller parts which are called secondary microplastics. A major disadvantage of microplastics and plastics is their inability to break up into smaller particles. Several studies have suggested that the exposure to microplastics in humans can potentially cause toxicity through oxidative stress. This book covers in detail various topics related to plastics and microplastics in the environment as well as their measurement, health risks and management. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Minerals are nonrenewable natural resources that are essential in the energy, manufacturing and construction industry. Mineralogy refers to a discipline of science that examines all facets of minerals, including their occurrence and distribution in nature, physical characteristics, internal crystal structure and chemical composition, as well as the physicochemical conditions that led to their origin. Mineralogy has significant role in mineral extraction and advancements in this field have resulted in industrialization of minerals. Applied mineralogy is a research field which focuses on the manufacturing of materials, and the prospection, extraction and refinery of ores. It also studies the impact of minerals on human health and the environment. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of applied mineralogy. It explores all the important applications of this field in the present day scenario. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Emerging contaminants refer to the naturally occurring or synthetic chemicals or substances that have been identified recently and are toxic to human health and environment. These are known as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Some major sources of CECs are pharmaceuticals and personal care products, detergents, steroid hormones, industrial chemicals, and pesticides. The complete removal of the CECs requires the use of advanced chemical, physical and biological treatment techniques. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is an emerging chemical technology used for treating wastewater. Ozone, catalyst and UV irradiation are oxidants that combine in AOPs for delivering more efficient wastewater treatment. The CECs have demonstrated low acute toxicity but studies have shown that they may cause significant reproductive effects at low levels of exposure. This book outlines the latest methods for detecting and treating emerging contaminants in water and wastewater in detail. It will help the new readers in foregrounding their knowledge in this area of study.

The gene ontology (GO) is a bioinformatics project which aims to merge the representation of gene and characteristics of gene product in all species. It is a thorough and updated compilation of biological information that is utilized as a resource for computational representation of the most recent scientific data available concerning coding as well as non-coding functions of genes. High-throughput biological datasets can be interpreted and analyzed using the GO resource. The goal of the GO analysis is to pinpoint the molecular functions, biological processes and cellular locations of the genes. It utilizes markup language in order to make the genetic data and curated attributes of gene products readable by machine, in a manner which is integrated across all species. This book provides comprehensive insights on gene ontology. It aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of this subject. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Animal nutrition refers to the science of preparing or formulating the feed for animals that provide food (such as meat and milk) or non-food materials (such as wool). It is concerned with fulfilling the nutritional needs of food-producing, companion, or service animals. Proteins, minerals, and vitamins are the major dietary nutrients required by animals. The integrative science of animal nutrition is also involved in different steps by which the animals assimilate feed or food, and use it for their growth, health and performance. It promotes the safety and dietary quality of animal products for human consumption. The science of animal nutrition also aids in producing nutrient efficient livestock that help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and land use. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the study of animal nutrition. With its detailed analyses and data, it will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students.

A dynamic environment refers to an environment where the physical and biological elements are in a state of constant change. Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is an integrated, science-based approach to the management of natural resources with an objective to sustain the health, resilience and diversity of ecosystems while allowing for sustainable use of the goods and services provided by it. One of the areas where ecosystem-based management finds prominent use are marine and coastal environments. The application of EBM to marine and coastal ecosystems seeks to develop decision support tools for evaluating the risks related to potential management actions and facilitates strategic decision making. This book outlines the applications of ecosystem-based management in dynamic environments. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers updated with the global concepts in this area of study. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information on this topic as well as for experts.

Emerging contaminants refer to the naturally occurring or synthetic chemicals or substances that have been identified recently and are toxic to human health and environment. These are known as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Some major sources of CECs are pharmaceuticals and personal care products, detergents, steroid hormones, industrial chemicals, and pesticides. The complete removal of the CECs requires the use of advanced chemical, physical and biological treatment techniques. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is an emerging chemical technology used for treating wastewater. Ozone, catalyst and UV irradiation are oxidants that combine in AOPs for delivering more efficient wastewater treatment. The CECs have demonstrated low acute toxicity but studies have shown that they may cause significant reproductive effects at low levels of exposure. This book outlines the latest methods for detecting and treating emerging contaminants in water and wastewater in detail. It will help the new readers in foregrounding their knowledge in this area of study.

Companion animals are the animals which are domesticated primarily for providing companionship or amusement rather than being used as a working animal, a laboratory animal, or livestock. Cats, birds, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, horses, ferrets, small fishes and certain reptiles are kept as companion animals. This excludes all types of wild animals and poultry. Various diseases affect the companion animals such as Canine influenza, Canine parvovirus, External parasites, cryptococcosis, rabies, Salmonellosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Giardiasis, anthrax, black quarter, foot-and-mouth disease, mastitis, equine infectious anemia virus, west nile virus, streptococcus equi, and tetanus. There are a number of diseases that can spread from animals to humans, and are called zoonotic diseases. Some of the diseases of companion animals include leptospirosis, campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, rabies, influenza, brucellosis, and plague. This book unravels the recent studies on the diseases which affect companion animals. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the field of veterinary science.

Bovine infections are a group of infectious diseases caused by pathogens in cattle. There are various types of bovine infections such as bluetongue, botulism, bovine tuberculosis, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), brucellosis, foot and mouth disease, actinobacillosis, Johne's disease, psoroptic mange, Schmallenberg virus, and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE). Wooden tongue or Actinobacillosis is one of the most common types of bovine infection caused by Actinobacillosis Lignieresii bacteria. This disease affects the soft tissues present in the mouth region in adult cattle. The most common symptoms of wooden tongue include the inability to eat or drink, drooling, painful and swollen tongue, and ulcers on tongue. Iodine therapy or tetracyclines are commonly used to treat this disease. This book outlines the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases of the bovine in detail. For all readers who are interested in veterinary science, the studies included herein will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Certain animal populations are essential for humans as they provide a variety of products and services such as meat, milk, eggs, fiber and draught power. The genetic variation within animal populations is a major factor responsible for this diversity of function. Animal genetics plays a significant role in the development of animals in terms of animal health and disease. The traditional methods of animal selection and breeding were based on the phenotypic performance of animals. The application of omics technology can be potentially used to overcome the limitations of traditional breeding methods. There are several omics technologies such as genomics, metagenomics, metabolomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and translatomics with a broad range of applications in animal health and disease. These omics tools allow rapid and effective detection of subtle phenotypic changes, dietary responses, and innate phenotypic propensities in animals. This book traces the significant advancements in the role of genetics in maintaining animal health and controlling diseases. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers involved in this area of study.

Functional foods are highly nutritious food items. Their consumption provides a number of health benefits such as protection against disease, promotion of proper growth and development, and prevention of nutrient deficiencies. The health benefits of functional foods extend beyond their nutritional value. They are also called as nutraceuticals. Bioactive foods are food items that contain certain non-essential biomolecules, which owing to their bioactive properties can affect one or more metabolic processes. These bioactive compounds have beneficial effects on the body that result in the promotion of better health. Bioactive food components are studied for their beneficial effects with respect to the prevention of cancer, heart disease, and other diseases. Lycopene, resveratrol, lignan, tannins, and indoles are some of the examples of bioactive compounds. This book outlines the role of functional and bioactive foods in promoting health in detail. Scientists and students actively engaged in the field of food science will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Functional foods and dietary supplements are classified as nutraceuticals, which is an umbrella term used to describe food products that have purported health or medical benefits. These benefits might include improving cardiovascular health, and prevention or treatment of diseases. Functional foods are ingredients that offer health benefits that extend beyond their nutritional value. They may be enriched or fortified to restore preprocessed nutrient levels such as in the case of enriched flour. The primary purpose of functional foods may be to improve the nutritional quality of otherwise nutrient-deficient foods or to resolve public health issues such as deficiency of vitamin D in milk or iodine in regular salt. Food supplements are concentrated sources of nutrients such as minerals and vitamins, or other substances, with a nutritional or physiological effect. These are marketed in dose form that includes pills, tablets, capsules, and liquids in measured doses. The book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of functional foods and dietary supplements and the recent researches on them. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Food analysis is a discipline that is concerned with the development, application and study of analytical procedures for characterizing the properties and constituents of food items. It aims to provide information about different properties of food such as composition, structure, physicochemical properties, and sensory attributes. Several techniques are used to carry out food analysis. Mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most prominent food analysis techniques used extensively for the study of different food qualities such as nutraceutical active compounds, nutritional value and micronutrients. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is another analytical procedure commonly used to detect hidden allergenic proteins in food products such as hormones, antibodies and peptides. Lateral flow device (LFD) testing is an immunological assay technique used to detect gluten in products, with an antigen-antibody reaction used to identify the protein. This book provides comprehensive insights into the basic concepts and techniques of food analysis. With its detailed analyses and data, it will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in food analysis at various levels.

Food packaging is the process that involves enclosing food in such a way that it does not get damaged, contaminated, spoiled, attacked by pests, or tampered during transport, storage and retail sale. The package contains nutritional facts label and other information such as the amount of the contents, ingredients and shelf life. There are various materials used for food packaging such as aseptic packages, plastic trays, bags, bottles, boxes, cartons, pallets, and wrappers. Apart from these, atmosphere packaging, bags-in-boxes, and wine box packaging are three specialized techniques of packaging. Vacuum packaging or inert atmosphere packaging is a common method in which foods are packaged at reduced pressure or by the use of an inert gas such as nitrogen. Bags-in-boxes is another type of packaging technique that is used for packing soft drink syrups, other liquid products, and meat products. To ensure sustainability and avoid the use of plastic, the food packaging industry is shifting its focus to manufacture of antimicrobial active, biodegradable, edible, and biopolymer film packaging. This book discusses the advanced materials, technologies and innovations related to food packaging. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

An organelle refers to a specialized subunit of a cell, which performs an important role. Some of the prominent organelles found in plants are mitochondria, nuclei, and plastids. Mitochondria are oblong shaped organelles, which are responsible for providing energy by breaking down carbohydrates and sugar molecules. The nucleus functions as the administrative and information processing center of the cell. Biotechnology has been used for genetically engineering plant organelles for agricultural purposes. Various studies are also being conducted for genome-wide analysis of organellar gene expression and technologies are being developed for selectively manipulating organellar genes and genomes. Such studies are used to study the functioning of organelles. Biotechnology of plant organelles can also be used for improving nutritional quality, crop yield, and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. This book contains some path-breaking studies on the molecular biology and biotechnology of plant organelles. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Viruses are submicroscopic, subcellular agents that cannot replicate outside of a host cell. They can infect all living things, including birds, bacteria, reptiles, mammals, protozoa, insects, plants, fungi, and fish. Virology refers to the scientific study of the biology of viruses and viral diseases, comprising their evolution, physiology, biochemistry, clinical aspects, molecular biology, distribution, and ecology. Due to their small size, viruses are considered to be naturally occurring nanoparticles. The usage of viruses for biomedical purposes is studied under the field of viral nanotechnology. Viruses are used within this field as vectors for gene delivery, immunotherapy and vaccination. Bacteriophages are a type of viruses which are used extensively for medical purposes. These viruses infect and kill bacteria without harming human cells. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of viral nanotechnology. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this field. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the field of viral nanotechnology.

Single cell analysis (SCA) is a widely recognized method for elucidating cellular functions that are not accessible through bulk measurements on the population-level. The understanding of genomic sequence at the single cell level can help in developing a better understanding of how various parts of a cell are combined in space and time in order to create dynamic cellular processes. SCA has affected and influenced a variety of scientific fields including immunology, cancer biology, and neuroscience. It involves the miniaturization of conventional engineering concepts in order to fit within the confines of a single cell. The major technologies used for single cell analysis include single-cell sequencing, single-cell imagers, microfluidic droplet technology platforms and flow cytometry. This book explores all the important aspects of single cell analysis in the present day scenario. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Tight junctions (TJ) close the gap between endothelial and epithelial cells against undesirable passage of water and solutes. The major protein families of the TJs include junctional adhesion molecules (JAM), claudins, angulins, and TJ-associated MARVEL proteins such as tricellulin and occludin. The majority of these proteins are related to the cytoskeleton through adapters such as zonula occludens (ZO) proteins. TJ proteins not only act as barriers but some of them also create water channels or paracellular ion channels. They are engaged in a variety of processes aside from barrier and channel functions. They may act as pathogen receptors and mediate immunological responses. TJ proteins are involved in a variety of inflammatory disorders as well as bacterial infections. They act as targets in the diagnostics and treatment of cancer tumor and they can also facilitate epithelial-mesenchymal transition, enabling metastasis and tumorigenesis. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of tight junctions and its functions. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Non coding RNAs (ncRNAs) consist of a large portion of poly-A tailed mature RNAs. They are single stranded molecules, which are involved in the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a cell. There are two types of ncRNAs, which are regulatory ncRNAs and infrastructural ncRNAs. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are the four types of regulatory ncRNAs. The expression of thousands of genes is regulated through ncRNAs and this regulation can take place in either cis or trans. NcRNAs must be integrated into regulatory networks for the identification of molecular driver events. The two largest members of the ncRNA family, which includes long non coding RNA (lncRNA) and micro RNA (miRNA), play significant regulatory roles in gene expression. They are also involved in a variety of physiological processes including programmed cell death. This book unravels the recent studies on non coding RNA biology. It attempts to understand the regulation of non coding RNAs. For all those who are interested in ncRNAs, it can prove to be an essential guide.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA molecules which are not translated into proteins. They are classified into two types based on their length, including short non-coding RNAs comprising microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). They play a role in gene regulation at various levels, ranging from epigenetic gene silencing to post-transcriptional modulation of mRNA stability. The ncRNAs contribute in the regulation of cell physiology and shape cellular functions. They play an important role in brain development and function, and are also associated with the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Several ncRNAs including circRNAs, miRNAs and lncRNAs have been implicated in regulatory functions. Furthermore, they are believed to play a role in Alzheimer's disease and cancer. This book explores all the important aspects of the biochemistry of RNA. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of this topic.

Computational biology refers to the study of behavioral, biological, social and ecological systems through the implementation of theoretical and data-analytical methods, computational simulation approaches, and mathematical modeling. It involves the study of biological data in order to create models or algorithms, which can be used to better understand biological systems and relationships. It also assists in the sequencing of the human genome, modeling of biological systems, constructing accurate models of the human brain, and mapping the 3D structure of genomes. There are numerous methods which are used within this field such as unsupervised learning, supervised learning and graph analytics. Unsupervised learning refers to a type of algorithm which is used to find patterns in unlabeled data. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of computational biology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of computational biology.

Sport performance involves a complex combination of psychological aspects, biomechanical function, and training methods. Its four main dimensions are endurance, skill, strength, and recuperation. Sport performance significantly depends on the health of players, skills of players, player's techniques, and level of proficiency in motor skills unique to players' sport. Sport performance measurement is a method to measure the performance of athletes in sports. Common performance metrics include distance covered, weight lifted, speed, time, acceleration, heart rate response, and heart rate recovery. Physical performance optimization is used extensively in many sports to gather data about an athlete's performance and physical characteristics. Performance tests enable the controlled simulation of exercise and sport performance for research or applied science purposes. This book aims to shed light on the various techniques used in the measurement and optimization of sport performance. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Sport psychology refers to the study of the impact of psychological factors on athletic performance, physical activity, sports and exercise. It is helpful for athletes in handling the pressures of competition, improving athletic performance and achieving their goals. The various techniques used in sport psychology have different functions such as improving self-confidence, and reducing stress and anxiety. Stress management in sport is necessary for athletes to control their anxiety and stress. The management of anxiety and stress is important for athletes performing in high-pressure situations. Some of the techniques used in sport psychology for managing stress include biofeedback, progressive relaxation, cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnosis. This book aims to shed light on the role of sport psychology for managing stress in sports. It consists of contributions made by international experts. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Physical education is defined as the education related to the training of the body for improved development of the body and mind. It plays a crucial role in the achievement of optimal, positive emotional and mental benefits. The objectives of physical education encompass managing stress and anxiety, reducing depression, developing self-esteem, reducing juvenile delinquency, and character development. Physical exercise increases the levels of central nervous system neurotransmitters that help in reducing the effects of depression. Some of the notable psychosocial effects of regular physical activity and sports include enhanced self-esteem, improved competency, and increased intelligence and academic performance. Individuals that practice regular physical activity are also able to achieve better personal growth in terms of persistence, deeper self-reliance, commitment and motivation, and resourcefulness. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on the effect of physical activity and sports on the psychological well-being of the individuals. It consists of contributions made by international experts. The book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary field of study that integrates physics, biology, geography, ecology, geology, mineralogy and chemistry to examine environmental problems along with their impact on humans, and providing solutions to these environmental problems. Environmental studies is another field which is closely associated with environmental science, and it incorporates social sciences to understand the human relationships, perceptions, and policies towards the environment. Environmental science seeks to comprehend the physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes of the Earth. This knowledge is used to understand the different phenomena and solutions such as alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management, and the effects of global warming and climate change on the natural systems and processes of the Earth. The objective of this book is to provide an overview of the principles of environmental science. It will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

A nuclear disaster refers to an accident that occurs in any nuclear facility of the nuclear fuel cycle including the nuclear reactor or in a facility that uses radioactive sources, which can result in a significant release of radiation into the environment. These incidents primarily occur in nuclear reactors of nuclear power plants. The Chernobyl disaster, the SL-1 accident, the Fukushima nuclear disaster and the Three Mile Island accident are examples of serious nuclear power plant accidents. Nuclear disasters can cause enormous damage over a large area leading to mass damage to human civilization. Nuclear explosions lead to the release of massive amounts of radiation and radioactive materials, which include radionuclides such as radioactive iodine and cesium. These radionuclides can contaminate agricultural commodities and goods, and may also negatively impact the animals and plants in the affected area. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the impacts of nuclear disasters on agriculture. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Irrigation engineering is a branch of civil engineering that is involved in controlling and harnessing the various natural sources of water. This branch investigates various aspects of agriculture and irrigation in detail to determine the future prospects of irrigation. Irrigation engineering analyzes the efficiency of different irrigation systems to monitor their benefits and drawbacks. The main responsibility of irrigation engineering is to design and plan cost-effective and efficient irrigation systems. There are various advantages as well as disadvantages of developing irrigation systems but the benefits are far more than its disadvantages. One of the primary responsibilities of irrigation engineers deals with the problems that may arise in the watershed or the agricultural fields. In addition, irrigation engineers also deal with aspects such as the study of problems related to water, soil, crop relationship, and the design and structure of dams, canals, and other hydraulic and irrigation structures. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of irrigation engineering. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed researchers in this field, it targets scholars and professionals.

Plant breeding refers to the science of modifying the traits of plants to generate desired qualities. It has been utilized to improve the quality of nutrition in the food products for animals and humans. Plant breeding aims to create crop varieties with superior and unique features that can be used for a range of agricultural purposes. The most commonly studied traits are those associated with end-use quality attributes such as flavor or concentrations of certain biological molecules, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, processing ease, and biomass or grain production. The type of quantitative or qualitative traits a plant will have is determined by its genes. Plant breeding can be done in a variety of ways, such as selecting plants with desirable features for propagation and using approaches that rely on the knowledge of genetics. This book presents the complex subject of plant breeding in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the theories and methods of plant breeding.

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an integrated approach that helps steer actions to transform agri-food systems towards green and climate resilient practices. This approach seeks to manage landscapes such as cropland, livestock, forests and fisheries that address the interlinked challenges of food security and climate change. The negative impacts of climate change can be observed through weather variability, shifting agroecosystem boundaries, invasive crops and pests, and more frequent extreme weather events. CSA endeavors to simultaneously tackle three main objectives. The foremost aim of CSA is to increase the agricultural productivity and incomes in a sustainable manner. Secondly, it seeks to enhance resilience by reducing the vulnerability to drought, pests, diseases, and other climate-related risks. The final objective of CSA is to reduce emissions caused due to greenhouse gas emissions. The topics included in this book on climate-smart agriculture are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for students, policy makers, and researchers studying the impact of climate change on agriculture and agricultural sustainability.

Radioecology refers to the study of ecology concerned with the presence of radioactivity in Earth's ecosystems. Radioecology research includes experimental laboratory and field procedures, field sampling and the construction of environmentally predictive simulation models in an effort to understand how radioactive material migrates through the environment. The practice combines techniques from different disciplines such as mathematics, physics, ecology, chemistry and biology. It is applied for the protection of different organisms from radiation. DNA is the major target in all the living organisms for the initiation of biological effects due to radiation. There exist wide similarities and differences in radiation responses in various organisms. Radioecological studies provide the information required for risk assessment and dose estimation in the context of radioactive pollution and its effects on human health and the environment. The topics included in this book on radioecology are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of radiation dynamics and its impact. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.