Iberian orchidaceae pollinators - José Lara Ruiz - Bog

Iberian orchids have three ways of attracting pollinates: 1) by offering food (nectar and pollinia). These are the nectariferous orchids. 2) visual deception. They pretend to be nectariferous without producing food. They develop a spur that the bees interpret as the structure that stores the nectar (case of nectariferous orchids) and 3) sexual deception. They pretend to be females of the hymenopteran species. This trap is effective with inexperienced young males.