Lanthanide Doped Magnetic Nanoparticles As Anticancer Drug Carriers - Kiruthiga K - Bog

Cancer is a deadly disease. It remains as leading cause of death in every country of the world
. Cancer is the first or second leading cause of death among people
of age above 70 years in 295 countries, according to the recent report by World Health Organization
(WHO). As the number of deaths due to cancer enhances, it has partial
reflections on the mortality rates caused by other diseases like stroke and coronary heart
disease. . In general, the cancer incidence and the mortality are
alarmingly increasing. In 2020, an estimated 19.3 million new cases and 10 million
deaths due to cancer have been reported worldwide.

As of 2020, one-half of all cases and about 58.3% of cancer deaths, among men and women combined,
occur in Asia, 22.8% in Europe, and 20.9% in America. About 2.26 million,
accounting for 11.7% of all sites of cancer, new breast cancer cases are reported
at GLOBCON 2020, in comparison with GLOBOCON 2018. Female
breast cancer occupies the top position in terms of new cases, among a number of
types of cancers. Cancer was once considered as a disease of the westernized
and industrialized countries. Nevertheless, it has emerged as a common disease of developing
and low-resource countries too.

About 5-10% of breast cancer patients possess a predisposition for cancer due to
genetic origins. Nevertheless, individuals carry genes that are susceptible to mutation
possess a higher risk of developing breast cancer than the other general population.
Most breast cancers are observed in the ductal region (80%) and the remaining 20% originate in
the lobules of the breast. (Barzaman et al., 2020). Breast cancer is categorized into
three classes: (i) the one that expresses an estrogen hormone receptor (ER¿) or a
progesterone receptor (PR¿), (ii) the one that expresses human epidermal receptor 2 (HER
2¿), and (iii) triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (ER¿, PR¿, HER2¿)