Offentlige tjenester og offentlig sektor

The Assistant School Transportation Supervisor Passbook(R) prepares you for your test by allowing you to take practice exams in the subjects you need to study. It provides hundreds of questions and answers in the areas that will likely be covered on your upcoming exam, including but not limited to: bus driving practices, techniques and traffic laws; bus driver recordkeeping and scheduling; following directions (maps); school bus driving practices, techniques and traffic laws; supervision; and more.

Economics has always been a heated research topic and green development is rising and integrating with various fields for interdisciplinary studies. Initiated in 2017, the International Conference on Economic Management and Green Development (ICEMGD) is an annual conference aiming at bringing together researchers from the fields of economics, business management, public administration, and green development for the sharing of research methods and theoretical breakthroughs. The 7th International Conference on Economic Management and Green Development (ICEMGD 2023) was held on August 6, 2023. It was a hybrid conference including several on-site workshops and an online session. The workshops were held in London, Galat¿i, Birmingham, Sydney, and Beijing.The proceedings consist of papers accepted by ICEMGD 2023, which are carefully selected and reviewed by professional reviewers from corresponding research fields and the editing committee of the conference. The papers have a diverse range of topics situated at the intersecting fields of economic management, public administration, and green development. ICEMGD is working to provide a platform for international participants from fields like macro- and microeconomics, international economics, finance, agricultural economics, health economics, business management and marketing strategies, regional development studies, social governance, and sustainable development. This proceedings volume, together with the conference, looks forward to sparking inspiration and promoting collaborations. This book will be of interest to researchers, academics, professionals, and policymakers in the fields of economic management, public administration, and development studies.

This Element aims to build, promote, and consolidate a new social science research agenda by defining and exploring the concepts of turbulence and robustness, and subsequently demonstrating the need for robust governance in turbulent times. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

This Compendium was conceived as a ¿pocket compass¿, a practical guide that may help readers to orientate themselves while they explore global affairs and attempt to make sense of the highly interconnected, multidimensional challenges of contemporary human development. The book is intended to be an accessible, concise, yet comprehensive reference for anyone who hopes to better understand today¿s world and its dramatic complexity. The aim is to highlight a relevant selection of the demographic, socio-economic, geo-political, and environmental macro-dynamics that define our time, and to explore in a practical way the indicators that can be used to monitor their evolution over time.  In general, this project stems from the need to apply ¿systemic thinking¿ to the study of the world and to develop a holistic perspective that can bridge the gap that for too long has existed across academic disciplines and their respective focuses. The macro-trends featured in the book shed light, in particular, on the change that has been occurring over time in the vast Global South ¿ a portion of the globe that accounts for over 80% of the world¿s total population. The book¿s ultimate ¿ although not exclusive ¿ target audience is undoubtedly composed of undergraduate students of subjects such as political science, international affairs, international development, human geography and the like. In addition, the Compendium may benefit professionals in both public and private organisations as well as members of the general public seeking to acquire "global development literacy" in manners that are academically sound, but also accessible and concise.

This book is novel in that it reveals significant issues of economics, management and business fields currently observed in network industries such as public utilities and transportation, and provides empirical evidence of their mechanisms and policy implications from various perspectives. This is a holistic collection of literature on public utilities economics and management, since the industries discussed include a wide range such as electricity, water supply, sewerage, transport, and postal service, which compound social infrastructure as public benefit service, and the issues examined contain not only economics topics such as cost, efficiency, and productivity, but also management topics such as governance, strategy and organizational restructuring. The book also investigates general private companies to derive future implications for policy and governance of public utilities, and covers multiple countries such as Japan, the US, and Vietnam. It demonstrates various empirical approaches and methodologies for public utility analysis through 17 chapters by experts in each field, which contributes to further cultivation of empirical studies in public utilities.

This book examines the digitalization of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia and its challenges in the context of an emerging economy and the Covid-19 crisis. During the Covid-19 pandemic, business digitalization became a must for a business to avoid collapse and people saw that digital transformation is a panacea for SMEs to help them survive and revive from the crises. Governments and other stakeholders in many countries including Indonesia have launched policies and programs to support SMEs. Transforming SMEs' conventional businesses into digitalized versions, however, is a complex issue influenced by various factors. These factors encompass both internal changes within the organization and external dynamics in the ecosystem in which they operate. This book, therefore, is a new approach towards understanding the digitalization of SMEs in Indonesia and includes contributions from scholars with different, multi-disciplinary perspectives and demonstrates that digital transformation of SMEs is not all about technology adoption but also involves other aspects such as social, economic, and public governance factors. It discusses opportunities and challenges of digital transformation of SMEs in Indonesia, such as digital talent, financial inclusion, platform capitalism, automation, government¿s role, governance, open competition, and inclusive digital economy. The book is of interest to researchers and students of social economics, SMEs and entrepreneurship, human capital research, and economy and governance.¿

This book analyzes the wealth management of mid-high net worth individuals and families. As China's economy develops and people's living standards improve, more and more families are becoming well-off and the middle-income group continues to expand. After creating wealth and becoming rich, better guarding, spreading and enjoying wealth is not only an urgent challenge faced by more and more micro-families, but also an inevitable need to enrich and energize people's livelihood and the connotation of a good life.Mid-high net worth people are an organic part of China's middle-income group, as well as the future coordinates of many families that have just crossed into the middle-income group. An accurate portrait of this group and an in-depth study of the needs, habits, ways and effects of their family wealth management and distribution are conducive to better responding to the demands of affluent families to "keep, pass on and enjoy wealth," as well as exploring the path of solidly promoting common prosperity at the micro-family level. From this perspective, Institute of Social Science Survey of Peking University has conducted a panoramic analysis on mid-high net worth people from panel survey with more 16,000 households in China after 10 years of tracking and investigation, from six aspects: behavioral patterns, financial asset allocation, non-financial asset allocation, commercial insurance allocation, children's commercial medical insurance allocation and pension insurance allocation, the importance of which is self-evident. As the first systematic work on asset allocation and insurance protection of Chinese middle and high net worth families, although part of the purpose is to explore the demand for insurance protection and develop the commercial insurance market, there is no doubt that this study is an important reference for the government to formulate social security policies and for financial institutions to optimize the supply of family wealth services.

This book presents case studies to analyse the relationship between sustainability - environmental, social, institutional and economic - and digital innovation.  The respective contributions offer a contextualisation of the main present and future trends concerning these two elements, and present analyses from economic, technical, managerial, and social perspectives alike. The individual sections of the book focus on interactions between sustainability and digital innovation in existing organisations and highlight the new opportunities, challenges and threats that may emerge as a result. The contributions are mainly based on case studies and research conducted in Europe and Africa, with a few focusing on Southeast Asia and Central America, and were prepared by experts in the fields of Information Systems, Computer Science, Social Development, and Economics.

Based on over 15 years¿ experience in the design and delivery of successful first-year courses, this book equips undergraduates with the mathematical skills required for degree courses in economics, finance, management, and business studies. The book starts with a summary of basic skills and takes its readers as far as constrained optimisation helping them to become confident and competent in the use of mathematical tools and techniques that can be applied to a range of problems in economics and finance.Designed as both a course text and a handbook, the book assumes little prior mathematical knowledge beyond elementary algebra and is therefore suitable for students returning to mathematics after a long break. The fundamental ideas are described in the simplest mathematical terms, highlighting threads of common mathematical theory in the various topics.Features of the book include:a systematic approach: ideas are touched upon, introduced gradually and thenconsolidated through the use of illustrative examples;several entry points to accommodate differing mathematical backgrounds; numerous problems, with full solutions, and exercises to illustrate the theory and applications; key learning objectives and self-assessment questions provided for each chapter; full solutions to exercises, available to lecturers via the Springer Nature Extramaterial - Lecturer Material website. Vass Mavron is Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at Aberystwyth University. Tim Phillips is Professor of Applied Mathematics in the School of Mathematics at Cardiff University.

This book proposes digitalization as a promising direction for green growth and sustainable development of the economy of Central Asia. It reveals the advanced and unique hands-on and case-based experience of Central Asia in ESG management with the involvement of digital technologies and provides practical recommendations on the extension of the use of digital technologies in ESG management of the development of the green economy in Central Asia.

This book studies the ongoing transition from an industrial to a creative (or post-industrial) society and how the creative society depends on a ¿soft infrastructure¿ of individualist values and institutions. It explains this by looking first at the key actors in the creative society: creative individuals and entrepreneurial individuals, using insights from social and cognitive psychology and the economic theory of entrepreneurship. It shows how individual creativity and entrepreneurship are supported by both cultural individualism, based on the work of political scientists Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, as well as political individualism, the principles of a democratic market economy guided by classical liberalism. The book offers a number of policy implications that result from the connection of this multidisciplinary reconceptualization of individualism to economic creativity. It discusses a system of property rights that accommodates the creation of new property, ranging from the result of what we normally think of as product innovation to larger-scale innovations embodied in the formation of new lifestyle communities. It also considers examples such as universities that are more open to experimentation and more autonomous from government regulation, and a more liberal immigration policy that may result from the positive association between population diversity and creativity. This book is intended to support further interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research on the creative society (also known as post-industrialism, the postmodern society or the knowledge-based society). It will be of interest to academics and postgraduate students working in political economy, entrepreneurship, institutional economics, Austrian economics, and public policy.

This book is Volume II of a two-volume set on antitrust policy, analyzing the economic efficiency and moral desirability of various kinds of antitrust-policy-coverable conduct and various possible government responses to such conduct, including US and EU antitrust law. The overall study consists of three parts. Part I (Chapters 1-8) introduces readers to the economic, moral, and legal concepts that play important roles in antitrust-policy analysis. Part II (Chapters 9-16) analyzes the impacts of eight types of conduct covered by antitrust policy and various possible government responses to such conduct in terms of their economic efficiency, their impact on liberal moral rights, and their instantiation of various utilitarian and other egalitarian conceptions of the moral good. Part III (Chapters 17-18) provides detailed information on US antitrust law and EU competition law and compares the extent to which¿when correctly interpreted and applied¿these two bodies of law could increase economic efficiency, protect liberal moral rights, and instantiate various morally defensible conceptions of the moral good. This second volume contains the last 6 chapters of Part II, which focus respectively on horizontal (M&A)s, conglomerate (M&A)s, surrogates for vertical integration, vertical (M&A)s, joint ventures, and internal growth and Part III, which focuses on US antitrust law and EU competition law. The book will appeal to undergraduate and graduate students of economics and law who are interested in welfare economics, antitrust policy, and The General Theory of Second Best.

This practice-oriented book is a unique guide to the implementation of usable, privacy-compliant and secure online services in the area of e-government. Beginning with a clarification of basic concepts of usability, data privacy, and cybersecurity, the book provides lucid explanations of different methods (quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods) that can be applied in the practice of designing, developing, and evaluating online public services in light of both usability criteria and data privacy and IT security compliance. A number of examples and exercises are included as well as awareness-raising measures that can serve as orientation both for practitioners and for teaching purposes. There is also a concise glossary of terms along with recommendations for further reading.This book provides comprehensive coverage of usability, data privacy and information security topics. At the time of going to press, it is also up to date with respect to the implementation of the EUSingle Digital Gateway regulation. It is therefore aimed at anyone interested in understanding the principles of usable privacy and information security and in ways of contributing to the design, development, and evaluation of online public services that satisfy the needs of the public. The book¿s audience thus includes not only students in the areas of e-government or public administration but also professionals developing online services or e-government applications.

This book examines the connections between poverty and innovation in Africa. Through case studies and theorizations from a distinctly African perspective, it stands in contrast to current theoretical works in the field, which remain very much rooted in Western-orientated thinking. The book investigates the application of methodologies which explain numerous African contexts in connection with issues of poverty and inequality. It reflects on comparative practices and praxes on the African continent, including commonplace traditions and practices in alleviating poverty, taken against a background of the failure of current prescriptions for poverty alleviation, such as the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP). There is a dire need for new practical perspectives which move Africa forward using its indigenous knowledge. Owing to a general lack of recorded African theories and methodologies on poverty, inequality and innovation, this book represents a pioneering corpus of African knowledge addressing poverty and inequality through local innovations. Adopting a transdisciplinary approach, it is relevant to students and scholars in development studies and economics, African studies, social studies, political history and political economy, climate studies, anthropology and geography.

This introductory textbook on social choice theory makes the social choice theoretic framework and its main results, that have a direct bearing on the discourses on electoral rules and policy evaluation, accessible to a larger audience. The text is essentially self-contained. No previous knowledge of mathematical logic or relational algebra is assumed. Whatever technical prerequisites are needed, are developed in the text itself. Although the text is at an introductory level, there has been no compromise on rigor. Unlike most introductory books, the relevant proofs are not omitted; rather, they have been explained in detail. The text has a large number of examples so that the concepts and results become clear to the reader. There is a large number of exercises with full solutions provided at the end of the text, so that the reader can check her/his understanding of the material.

Classical liberalism has typically sought to maintain as much room as possible for the exercise of personal initiative in the face of the encroachment of states. This book explores these questions of coercion and authority in the context of the size and scope of the state and argues that the state and its agents should be held to the same moral rules as are the individuals it rules over. The book considers how a distinct feature of the state is its police or coercive power, about which one may ask how the state acquires it and what if anything would justify its use. It considers the implication that there is nothing inherent about state agents that entitles one to behave in ways that we would not accept from a private actor, and how once that argument is made, the state's claim to authority is weakened. The author also discusses the extent to which democracy has been thought to provide any sort of justification for coercion or authority.  This book will be of interest to academics and students of political philosophy, especially classical liberalism, and legal philosophy.  

This book examines social inequalities in Europe, especially those caused by economic factors. It starts with the paradox of European inequality, where on the one hand, even total income inequality in Europe is significantly lower than in most parts of the world; but on the other, Europe is also characterised by profound and durable inequalities within the continent. It discusses inequalities caused by the exclusion of marginalised groups from the labour market, with considerable and sometimes increasing differences between central and peripheral regions, pronounced wealth and labour market inequalities, and significant rates of persistent poverty, deprivation, educational poverty, low wages and unemployment. The book also discusses broader territorial inequalities, which are the basis for divisions between Northern and Southern Europe, East and West, between qualified and unqualified employees, younger and older people, men and women, and migrants and non-migrants. The book raises questions about the winners and losers of the social transformations linked to the introduction of the Euro, the Eastern enlargement of the EU, and the financial and Eurozone crises. It is based on a comprehensive analysis of a European-wide microdata set on income and living conditions (EU-SILC). The empirical research material, which is the first to deploy this data in a comprehensive manner, consists of detailed empirical analyses of social divisions and Europeanisation processes in 30 European countries. It analyses and explains the transformation of the previously dominant national spaces into a European social space.This topical book is of interest to academics and students in the fields of sociology and comparative social sciences, along with those studying European regional geography, anthropology, international relations, and international politics.

This textbook is based upon a philosophical method of logical deduction from basic principles such as scarcity, individual choice and subjectivism.  This textbook attempts to show that all complex phenomena of economic theory such as prices of consumer goods and factors of production, saving and consumption, interest and profit, can be explained by the same primitive psychological principles of scarcity and substitution on the margin that could be used to describe economizing Robinson Crusoe on a desert island or two cavemen catching fish or exchanging apples for oranges. This textbook distils the essence of economic science prevailing in price theory before the 1930s, which the authors' argue is superior to currently popular mainstream theory into a readable and student-friendly textbook format.This is an introductory textbook written in the tradition of Menger, Bohm-Bawerk, Mises and Hayek, instead in the tradition of Alfred Marshall and John Maynard Keynes, as almost all modern textbooks are. The authors offer a text not predicated on physics envy; on an attempt to liken economics to the physical sciences, on the basis of "e;empirical evidence"e;, statistics and verification. 

The ebook edition of this title is Open Access and freely available to read online. Obsessive Measurement Disorder or Pragmatic Bureaucracy?Coping with Uncertainty in Development Aid Relations examines issues in performance measurement and monitoring in the context of the complex field of development aid.

This book presents to the reader the economic, fiscal and financial crises in world history that have had a great impact on the entire world and the fiscal measures taken by governments to combat each crisis since the 1600s in chronological order. Such events are often described as Black Swans, a concept introduced by economist and risk analyst Nassim Nicholas Taleb in the book Fooled By Randomness in 2001, in reference to events that were thought to be impossible but had a huge impact when they did happen.The first part of the book discusses the crisis models in order to allow the reader to better understand the financial, fiscal and economic crises that are detailed in the following chapters. Each chapter starts with an overview of the crisis in question followed by an analysis of the impact on the affected countries. They go on to highlight the causes of the crisis in question, the fiscal and financial measures employed to recover from it and ends on a description of the post-crisis period.Given the profusion of black swan events that the 21st century has already witnessed, this book would be a valuable read for academics and students of economics as well as practitioners and policy makers. 

This book tackles global economic and social issues from a perspective that may seem obvious but which no author has yet taken: that we humans are living beings. In today¿s artificially globalized world, we have increasingly lost sight of our original humanity. Despite the serious environmental, social, and political problems we are facing, we cannot stop focusing on economic growth, efficiency, and liberalization. In doing so, we continue to make the world ¿slicker¿ and more unstable. This book identifies these conventional values and ways of thinking as the root cause underlying many of today¿s challenges, and it offers the perspective of a ¿bumpier¿ and more organic human existence that provides a greater sense of traction and stability.The book begins with a discussion of global systems and structures, proposing a ¿world with two systems¿ to limit the effects of artificially constructed globalization. The second part examines the modern welfare state, outlining a process to revive democracy and social capital by making social issues the business of everyday citizens. The third and final part focuses on human well-being, emphasizing physicality and the Japanese concept of kata as keys to restoring our humanity.Rather than searching for specific solutions through specialized knowledge, this book makes use of the author¿s broad perspective acquired through many years of public policy research and reform. It asserts that knowledge should be acquired through hands-on experience and in studies based on real-world situations, involving people at the forefront of society¿s challenges, whether politicians, businesspeople, scientists, craftspeople, or farmers.In both its analysis of humanity¿s problems and the solutions it offers, this book takes an entirely new yet utterly natural approach to steering humanity off the global economic superhighway.

This book examines the emerging trends in vanishing borders of urban local government finance due to uncertain local tax and expenditure regimes. It analyzes the global developments with illustrations from state budgetary operations of the Indian federation. This trend has gained momentum due to concentration of population in cities and big towns as a consequence of globalization, leading to enhanced environmental vulnerability due to climate change. Expanding expenditure needs have not been corresponded by revenue regimes and transfers. Moreover, involving corporate sector in local area preference initiatives through mandatory corporate social responsibility (CSR) is an interesting development. It is expected to work as a local fiscal additionality to supplement locally provided civic and infrastructure services. This additionality may also evolve into public private partnerships at the local level. Such development however has the potential of displacing local government operations.The focus of the book hinges around critically examining setbacks to fiscal decentralization and challenges in improving the status of urban local finances to enhance fiscal autonomy of these governments, particularly in Indian scenario. The book also explores the possibility of an expanded role of local fiscal policy in the context of globalization and climate change, besides addressing the conventional responsibilities with respect to quality of civic services.