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Both developing and developed countries face an increasing mismatch between what patients expect to receive from healthcare and what the public healthcare systems can afford to provide. Where there has been a growing recognition of the entitlement to receive healthcare, the frustrated expectations with regards to the level of provision has led to lawsuits challenging the denial of funding for health treatments by public health systems.This book analyses the impact of courts and litigation on the way health systems set priorities and make rationing decisions. In particular, it focuses on how the judicial protection of the right to healthcare can impact the institutionalization, functioning and centrality of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) for decisions about the funding of treatment. Based on the case study of three jurisdictions - Brazil, Colombia, and England - it shows that courts can be a key driver for the institutionalization of HTA. These case studies show the paradoxes of judicial control, which can promote accountability and impair it, demand administrative competence and undermine bureaucratic capacities. The case studies offer a nuanced and evidence-informed understanding of these paradoxes in the context of health care by showing how the judicial control of priority-setting decisions in health care can be used to require and control an explicit scheme for health technology assessment, but can also limit and circumvent it.It will be essential for those researching Medical Law and Healthcare Policy, Human Rights Law, and Social Rights.

This book examines how the rapid acceleration and interconnection of globalization comes with the need for more flexible and adaptable solutions to complex problems and solutions. It describes and demonstrates possible combinations of methods and methodologies to address the complex problems that the world offers us today. Sharing meaningful experiences of the application of workshops in mixed public private companies and with vulnerable communities and peacebuilding communities. The text offers readers, who are looking for tools to face complexity and enhance their projects, real-world examples and accessible methods. The book is based on advanced engineering tools however it is understandable and accessible to a broad audience.This book is for decision makers involved with social complex systems who are uncertain about how they should start and proceed. Discussions on new methodologies to support engineering interventions with communities are being shown. A new multi-methodology proposal called ¿Complexity Funnel Methodology¿ (CFM) dissected in ¿Social Transformation Workshops¿ (STW) is provided and discussed. It is used with combinations of different methods and methodologies of critical Systems thinking. The implementation of this methodology is described using a case study approach.

Der Tagungsband zum 8. Fachkongress der Internationalen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sozialmanagement / Sozialwirtschaft (INAS) an der FH Salzburg thematisiert aus sozialwissenschaftlicher Perspektive innovative, soziale und nachhaltige Ansätze der Sozialwirtschaft, um auf aktuelle gesellschaftliche Problemlagen zu reagieren und zukünftige Herausforderungen zu bewältigen. Die hier zusammengeführte sozialwissenschaftliche Expertise ermöglicht ein besseres Verständnis für die Bedingungen, Methoden und Wirkungen sozialer und nachhaltiger Innovationen.

This book delves into the values, attitudes, and behaviours of Koreans over the course of the past twenty years. Compiled by leading Korean scholars, the book uses the Korean General Social Survey (KGSS), the most comprehensive source of information detailing recent continuity and change in Korea, and addresses a diverse, wide-range of topics such as nationalism, familyism, social inequality, politics, religion, welfare, trust, attitudes towards North Korea, and attitudes towards sex. These issues, in continuously shaping and influencing the lives of Koreans, deserve further examination so as to fully grasp a deeper understanding of Korean contemporary culture. Each chapter covers an overview of background information about the chapter subject and then compares Korean attitudes to those of other countries, drawing on cross-national data derived from sources such as the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) and the East Asian Social Survey (EASS). It collates this data and then unpacks it to demonstrate trends and how they are impacted by stability or change. Despite the rapid economic development and democratization in Korea, it remains difficult to pinpoint common denominators regarding recent social trends in Korea, and there are surprisingly few books that present a current, nuanced, and empirically substantiated scholarly depiction of Koreans and their social issues. This book fills this gap in serving as an indispensable reference for students and scholars interested in the diverse issues in Korean society.

As China gains momentum in economic terms, its technological transformation, cultural confidence, and creative influence also grow steadily. This book explores socio-cultural context, in which new trends, enabled by the power of digital technology, emerge. Focused on the urban context, in China's large cities like Shanghai, and through the lens of art, design, fashion, gaming, and media industries, this book highlights innovation processes in the making, as well as ongoing shifts in Chinese identities and narratives. This collaborative work written by European authors based in China offer new insights from within. Their shared, yet multi-faceted, engagement with China and its creative industries culminates in this book written for international scholars, students, and industry players.

Second in a two-volume set, this book discusses the role of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in global transportation infrastructure, specifically focusing on roads, bridges, and parking. To provide vital services in an era of shrinking government budgets, public-private partnerships have become an increasingly important part of travel infrastructure worldwide. This book describes and analyses the structure of various models of PPPs in several countries, evaluating their effectiveness, and drawing policy implications for future use. The chapters were written by leading international researchers and practitioners in the transportation field where each chapter is a case study on the adoption, implementation, and outcome of transportation services. Taken together, these diverse case studies provide an integrated framework for evaluating, using PPPs, and suggesting policy implications to both the public and the private sectors in transportation. Providing rigorous empirical analysis of PPPs in transportation, this volume will be of interest to researchers in public administration, political science, public choice, and economics as well as practitioners and policymakers involved in establishing and monitoring PPPs in transportation.

In this book, street-level bureaucracy scholars from South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America analyse the conditions that shape frontline work and citizens¿ everyday experience of the state. Institutional factors such as political clientelism, resource scarcity, social inequality, job insecurity, and systemic corruption affect the way street-level bureaucrats enforce rules and implement policies. Inadvertently, they end up implementing inequities in citizens' access to rights and services -- despite efforts to repair organisational deficiencies and broker relations between vulnerable citizens and a distant state. This book illuminates these realities and challenges and provides unique insights into critical themes such as resource scarcities, bureaucratic corruption, control practices, and the complexities of dealing with vulnerable population groups.

This book bridges the disciplines of micro-economics and social policy in general, and, in particular, behavioral/explanatory social policy and public choice theory, plus Leibenstein¿s X-efficiency theory. Being trained as an economist and social policy scientist, the author leaps out of the comfort zone of most social policy scientists and experts, right into the exciting world of micro-economic theory, and then extending and connecting those theories to explain major social, political and economic conundrums of our time. In doing so, the book offers a new set of theoretical¿and practical¿explanations derived from the general proposition of micro-economic theory, of how government officers, policymakers, administrators and the people themselves alike are, by and large, motivated in their daily as well as strategic (long-term) decision-making. Using a meta-analytical approach (based on a number of grand theories), this book also explains systemic factors behind human behavior and the thereof resulting shortcomings in lifetime outcomes (health, wealth and happiness of a person) and at the same time societal, policy-making, and economic outcomes on societal level, and in global comparison.The outcomes thereof can be measured exactly (and hence validated), especially through the method of empirical comparative social science/economic research. Here, the author also (but not only) introduces the new method of using Aspalter's Standardized Relative Performance (SRP) Index in measuring exactly complex, aggregate performances of multiple governments, and that at the same time also across the entire world.

The book intends to capture the most critical issue that has cropped up as an aftermath of the Corona pandemic- the phenomenon of widening of global inequalities across nations depending upon their economic position, support policies of the government and international relationship particularly in the context of alarming growth of unemployed in the labour market, business activity and social sector. This book is expected to provide new areas of research to both academicians and policy makers to re-think about global cooperation for bridging the inequalities for a better world. It tries to incorporate the valuable contribution of experts from various fields of knowledge in a consolidated volume.This text will be revised once the chapters are finalized and put together in structured themes. The table of content lists some of the chapters that have been confirmed, but there are more that are being invited by the editors.

The revolution in financial technology (FinTech) has created many advancements in the lending and investment space across the world. Law and Practice of Crowdfunding and Peer-to-Peer Lending in Australia, China, and Japan is a timely publication as FinTech grows up and moved into the mainstream of finance in the last decade. Financial services is a highly regulated industry as it is the lifeblood of a modern economy. Pelma Rajapakse, Hatsuru Morita, and Yinxu Huang have done very solid work blazing a new trail in what is a new industry and how to regulate it properly instead of stifling innovation. They have carried out a deep exploration and a thorough compilation of research that will bring everyone up to date on what Australia, China, and Japan are planning and doing in the field of crowdfunding and peer-to-peer lending. In addition to peer-to-peer lending, the book focuses on laws and practices related to Central Bank digital currencies, cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, and Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) which is very meaningful and forward-looking.   The authors presented their thoughts in such clarity that, even those who lack familiarity with Asia-Pacific, will see how FinTech was growing in various ways driven by different factors. For example, peer-to-peer lending in Japan is mostly for small and medium enterprises. It was popular in China but cracked down by the authorities for a few years. It provides an alternative fundraising channel for the capital market in Australia. We also see a set of regulatory approaches among jurisdictions. Some countries draft new regulations, while others amend existing laws. The mechanism of the regulatory sandbox was introduced. As we know, one size does not fit all. What kind of best practices or lessons learned can we apply to our own jurisdiction? This book covers all available answers to date. This volume speaks highly of the quality and foresight of Pelma Rajapakse and her co-authors.

This book first provides a comprehensive guideline for future disaster-resistant city planning in large cities in disaster-prone countries such as Japan. It is a compilation of knowledge and know-how obtained through the author's work in the national government for one and half years in the Earthquake Reconstruction Headquarters, right after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake on 17 January 1995. The author has carefully examined the various ad hoc measures taken just after the earthquake, which were criticized because they did not work as well as expected. Additionally, he has examined the later revisions in disaster and risk management systems made at the levels of local and national governments through experience in the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, to which the author had long been committed. The author argues that the rescue activities, rehabilitation, and reconstruction plans for disaster countermeasures implemented once a disaster has occurred and the city planning established in ordinary times should be extremely tightly connected with each other. City planning that subsumes rescue activities, rehabilitation, and reconstruction plans against what ought to have happened would critically improve the capability of crisis management and, consequently, protect life and property once a disaster has occurred. Such city planning eventually creates disaster-resistant cities. This book assumes readers to be graduate students who study city planning. It is also beneficial for practitioners and policy makers who are in charge of the construction of disaster-resistant cities at the national and local levels of governments, especially in disaster-prone countries. 

This book examines the interpretation of the risk-based approach (RBA) and its application across the banking industry. It explores the ways conflicting risk interpretation and deconstruction of money laundering risk have unintended consequences across the banking industry. Furthermore, it offers a theoretical framework that can be adopted and implemented by risk practitioners to address money laundering (ML) risks. The interpretation and application of the RBA influences the way money laundering risk is perceived, presented, and managed, often resulting in misalignment among stakeholders. Moreover, AML practitioners interpret money laundering (ML) risk as an entity that can be contained, largely in ignorance of the fact that ML risk is self-referential.The book therefore addresses complex inter-system feedback phenomena that lead to de-risking and re-risking, and offers a new ML risk communication framework on this basis. It will be of value to researchers and also to stakeholders within financial institutions, financial intelligence units and regulators in the fight against money laundering.

This book addresses three main issues in regional income inequality and development: meaning of regional inequality, measurement of regional inequality and the relationship between national economic development and regional income inequality. It provides analytical methods useful in exploring the determinants of regional inequality in income and productivity.  Some software commands in Stata (statistical software package) available for the measurement and analysis of income inequality are also introduced. Some researchers have argued that spatial concentration of population in and around major cities and the concurrent increase in regional inequality do not hinder national economic development, and may stimulate it. Nevertheless, many national governments seek to promote balanced regional economic development and reduce regional income inequality, because unbalanced development and higher levels of regional inequality may cause political or ethnic conflicts between different regions of the country. As the applications of the analytical methods introduced in the first part of the book, the second part presents four independent empirical studies on regional inequality and development in Indonesia. They offer very interesting case studies for the formulation of policies and programs to reduce regional inequalities, because as the world's largest archipelagic country with more than 13 thousand islands and 300 ethnic groups, Indonesia is spatially diverse in terms of its ecology, natural resource endowments, economy, ethnicity and culture.This book can be used as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in national economic development and regional income inequality. It is also beneficial for practitioners and policy makers who are in charge of the formulation, implementation and evaluation of development policies and programs.

This book is about projectification ¿ a concept that captures the increasing reliance on ¿the project¿ in contemporary societies, governance and economies. Despite its significance, this development and transformation, not only of public and private organizations but also our working environment and way of living, has received little scholarly attention compared to other major societal movements. Since its conceptualization in 1995 the phenomena of projectification has grown in scope, and researchers beyond management and organization studies have argued for and applied a broader and critical perspective to what projects are and how we are to understand the term. This volume gathers researchers who critically examine the function and effects of ¿the project¿, and analyzes the logic, politics, discursive practices and contexts of projectification. The book consolidates this research field by illustrating theoretical perspectives on, and empirical implications of, projectification.It also highlights the need for more research, and provides encouragements for other disciplines to scrutinize this phenomenon from other perspectives.

This book portrays India as a representative of post-colonial democratic republic states with a parliamentary form of federal-structured government and analyzes the critical challenges faced by such states in generating broadly shared economic well-being and quality of life. The reader is shown how creating and utilizing physical, human, financial, and social assets under the aegis of public policies help achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to provide a global framework to move toward a more equitable, peaceful, resilient, and prosperous society by 2030. It not only addresses how the state¿s capacity has long been linked to the available economic resources, but also unfolds how the political system thus evolves to crucially determine the capacity of the state to implement its programs. The chapters of this book are particularly focused on judging the state¿s capacity amid the neo-liberal ascendancy that has been triggered by the opening up of both the domestic and external economy, significantly initiated since 1991 and popularly known as the economic reforms in India.Examined here is the potency of the public policies of the country in fulfilling the sustainable development agendas, the specificity of which places the state at the heart of its execution, unlike many other versions of development that would be executed in parallel with or without states¿ action. This work book has three principal foci facets within the broad swath of discussions covered by different chapters: (1) It critically examines how successful remains the public policies in mobilizing the population is mobilized to the next orbit of income, employment, education, and health consequent to amid the existing considerable magnitude of social and economic inequalities while achieving ¿equity¿ has always been the declared agenda in the post-reform public policy frameworks; (2) It traces the rationality of the transformation of the public policies and welfare strategies duringthe post-reform period in terms of motives, goals, and coverage to achieve the SDGs; and, (3) It reviews specific post-reform policies in terms of their potency to stimulate the system in addressing sustainable development. and upholding the state¿s dominant and structuring intervention to resolve the existing inequalities and ensure that society develops amidst a harmonious world reconciled with nature.

Betriebsansiedelungen stehen in Österreich zunehmend in der Kritik. Zwar werden sie als wertvoll und wichtig für die Sicherung des regionalen Wohlstands angesehen, dennoch führen sie oft zu Anwohnerprotesten und -beschwerden. Dieses Buch untersucht, ob sich Betriebsansiedelungen in der Tat negativ auf die Lebensqualität der Anwohner auswirken. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf einer Literaturanalyse, einer qualitativen Expertenbefragung und einer quantitativen Längsschnitterhebung in vier Gemeinden Oberösterreichs. Die bislang weder in der regionalen Wirtschafts- und Standortpolitik noch in der Forschung näher beachteten Bereiche der Umwelt- und Architekturpsychologie sind dabei wichtige Bestandteile der Untersuchung. Die Ergebnisse liefern wertvolle Impulse für eine nachhaltige gewerbliche Standortentwicklung, auch außerhalb Österreichs.

Geschlecht wird in den wissenschaftlichen Studien häufig als eine unabhängige Kategorie behandelt. Dadurch kann z.B. die Geschlechterverteilung in den Leitungspositionen der sozialen Organisationen sichtbar gemacht werden. Es existiert aber eine Vielfalt von geschlechterspezifischen Perspektiven und Methoden, die eine kritische Analyse der Sozialwirtschaft ermöglichen. In diesem Buch werden die allgemein anerkannten entscheidungstheoretischen Grundannahmen wie die der Rationalität und Reflexivität aus der Geschlechterperspektiven betrachtet und aktuelle Konzepte wie das der Nachhaltigkeit um die Geschlechterperspektive erweitert.

This book discusses the Indian economic crisis and brings out what went wrong and the correction necessary for getting the economy back to high growth trajectory, leading to economic transformation. To do so, the book covers trends in performance of Indian economy since the Global Financial Crisis to the COVID-19 effect, bringing out factors that have determined the same.The book questions the approach to macroeconomic policy of both the RBI and the government and brings out what it takes for macroeconomic policy to be supportive of high growth. It contains revealing contrasts with East Asia and China, although India has the same potential to grow with an expansion of manufacturing. Overall, it argues that macroeconomic policies (as much as structural, industrial, and trade policies) have been deficient and even good initiatives on the industrial policy and trade flounder for the lack of a strategic approach to macroeconomics. The book highlights the special opportunities present in an emerging economy with vast under and utilised labour and the macroeconomic policy initiatives that can take advantage of this key feature.It covers the macroeconomic data on growth using multiple indicators, then the external shocks and the internal policy measures/responses; besides, GVA/GDP, credit, exports, external transactions, interest and policy rates, yields, exchange rates,  money, capital flows, indices of industrial sector, price indices and inflation, government expenditures, tax rates, fiscal deficits, market uncertainty measures to present a holistic picture of the economy and the shocks and policy actions that have followed. The book uses an innovative method of presentation and the consistency of the trends/stances of both monetary and fiscal policy using these large number of variables. It discusses the debate on overestimation of GDP/GVA growth estimates over the years from 2011-12 to about 2016-17 comprehensively. There is special coverage of GST with a comparison with China. Coverage also includes performance since the COVID-19 crisis again using a large number of indicators and an explanation for the same in terms of the limitations of the government's initiatives to counteract.The book is a quick and ready reference of what has happened in macroeconomic terms to those interested in the relevant facts. It is of interest to international economists, policy analysts, and investors whose need to understand that the Indian economy in macroeconomic terms and in terms of the stances and penchant of the government and the RBI is of value.

This book provides a state-of-the-art overview of the popularity of basic income among the general public. Using data from a wide array of public opinion polls conducted in different countries and years, the book first charts popular support for the ideal-typical version of basic income, broadly defined as a "periodic cash payment unconditionally delivered to all on an individual basis, without means-test or work requirement¿. On top of that, the book maps popular support for the many other, differently designed varieties of basic income that are part of real-world proposals, pilots, and experiments ¿ including, for example, a participation income, a negative income tax, and a stakeholder grant. By investigating how and why support for different types of basic income varies across countries, evolves over time, and differs between individuals with different characteristics, this book offers crucial information about the political constituencies that can be mobilized in favor of (or against) the introduction of basic income, thereby contributing to our knowledge on the political feasibility of basic income.

This book presents a multidimensional perspective on the interlinkage between human development, community characteristics and public service delivery with special reference to India. The chapters in the book analyze the influence of public service delivery on human development from neo-classical as well as Marxian point of view. Thus, the expositions in the book provides a balanced mix of macro and micro approaches in the study of development. The analytical discussions are supplemented by case studies and empirical estimates so as to demonstrate the applicability of the theory and the theoretical discourse about human development, community network and the success and failures of critical public services in the Indian context. The methodology followed in the chapters involves critical survey of existing literature, case studies, field survey and use of econometric techniques as well as statistical tools of index construction. While contributors are primarily scholars from neo-classical economics discipline, some are intellectuals from the field of political economy and development studies. Given the wide array of development perspectives, this book is of interest not only to students and researcher of development economics, social science and management, but also a valuable reading for development practitioners and policy makers, who would be interested in understanding how community and public institutions interact to determine access to health, education and social security services that shapes the wellbeing of disadvantaged populations. The lessons and implications are extremely pertinent to other emerging economies, in particular those in South Asia.

Collaboration has emerged as a central concept in public policy circles in Australia and a panacea to the complex challenges facing Australia. But is this really the cure-all it seems to be?

Cells even vary on the basis of their role in the living body. A cell is often called a structural and functional unit of life because of its capabilities of performing all the life process independently. It rarely rely upon any foreign agents for any kind of functional regulations. They simply get specialised in higher organisms for defining their specific role on the basis of their scope in the tissue system whith which they remain spepcialised. Such specialisations become materialised in due course of time during the process of development. It is even clear from various aspects of life process that a cell can vsuccessfully give birth to another cell of identical type through the process of equational division (mitosis). Organisms produce germ cells by the process of reductional cells division. Size of a cell also varies from few microns to a metre. Some prokartotic cells of bacteria are the smallest ones.

Reluctant Representatives gives us a rare glimpse into the working world of the individuals behind the Indigenous public sector employment statistics.

In the interest of the students preparing for the competitive examination, a collection of questions and answers prepared on the basis of the syllabus required for the TNPSC Group 2 Primary Examination published by the TNPSC Examination Board, with Tamil Nadu Balanced Education textbooks from Class 6 to Class 12, is provided under separate headings.

This book offers an alternative to perspectives of distributive justice which fail to resolve economic inequality and exacerbate social problems by ignoring the real causes of inequality. The main impact of the book is to highlight the importance of self-ownership and private property, showing how market participation advances liberty and prosperity.The idea that we should pay reparations to disadvantaged racial groups as compensation for historical injustice is deeply contested. The debates often focus on the practical implications of paying reparations, but overlook more fundamental questions about the meaning of justice. What is justice? What are the implications of wealth redistribution for individual liberty and the rule of law? This book answers these questions through an analysis of classical liberal perspectives in law, philosophy and economics.The book questions whether economic inequality stems from historical injustice, and explores the wider implications of attempting to create equal outcomes through legislative mandates. The book argues that free markets, resting on libertarian rights, are the best way to help disadvantaged members of society and to create the conditions more likely to advance economic equality. The book will be of interest to researchers and students of economics, law, politics and philosophy.

Implizites Wissen als Ressource stellt für wissensintensive Organisationen eine der kritischsten Aspekte ihres erfolgreichen Agierens dar. Dementsprechend hoch ist auch die Bedeutung der effektiven Teilung dieses Wissens für den langfristigen Erfolg der Organisationen. Weil die Beziehung zwischen Knowledge Seeker und Knowledge Provider hierbei eine wichtige Rolle spielt, wird in dem vorliegenden Buch unter Nutzung der Social Capital Theory untersucht, welchen Einfluss die Telearbeit auf die Beziehung zwischen den Beschäftigten der öffentlichen Verwaltung und damit verbunden auf die Wissensteilung hat. Die Autorin legt dabei einen besonderen Fokus auf die relationalen Veränderungen aus Sicht der Knowledge Seeker. Deshalb werden insgesamt fünf für den Knowledge-Seeking-Prozess besonders relevante relationale Einflussfaktoren empirisch untersucht: Professional Trust, Personal Trust, Access, Close Ties und Collaborative Norms.