International ret

This book describes how statements made by non-state actors affect the scope of an individual's criminal responsibility and how they should be taken into account by domestic criminal courts. Sentencing is only possible on the basis and within the limits of the law. In the 21st century, this law increasingly means regulations formulated by various non-state actors: international organisations, human rights tribunals or statutory bodies. The content of these regulations does not only refer to states, but often has a direct impact on the legal situation of individuals. Two worlds collide here. Strict criminal law is influenced by fluid regulations issued by entities that have not been empowered to exercise the right to punish. The book presents an interpretative method to support the court's inference in the cases outlined above, based on the using the concept of two interrelated norms: the norm of the individual and the norm of the court.

This book deals with banking integrations, which are now becoming crucial not only because of the increased number of economic integrations, but also in view of the qualitative improvement of such banking integrations. It compares the European Union (EU), as the most successful union, which was able to move from a common financial market to the prime example of banking integration; the Banking Union; and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) as a relatively young one but with several of the prerequisites for becoming an influential union, and which was established by five countries - the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia, and the Kyrgyz Republic - in 2015. The key research question is whether the single market in banking services or a banking union is an achievable goal or merely a utopia. In this regard, the book reveals the bottlenecks and obstacles that the EU and EAEU policymakers faced during the difficult process of establishing a single market and banking union. However, along with the problems of banking integration, it identifies many peculiarities of the harmonization of banking legislation among the EU Member States. Recognizing and acknowledging these peculiarities can be very beneficial for young unions and help to guide their integration processes. In particular, the book concludes that evolutionary (not revolutionary) harmonization is required in order for the EAEU to become a full-fledged union.

This book comprehensively discusses the role that non-state actors play in the Arctic and assesses the normative role of these actors. Beyond any organised forum, there are actors that have a significant impact on the way the Arctic is developed, adjudicated, managed, perceived, presented and represented. This book complements the literature on non-state actors in international law and international security, world politics and international relations and provides a geographical account of their role for the Arctic. The book content is not limited to a specific discipline, but takes into account different approaches to the topic. This means that it contains three types of contributions: research articles, shorter research notes and commentaries. While the research articles constitute the main body of the work, it is also the research notes which provide an insight into issues related to the topic of the book.

Había en la sociedad filipina el "abogadillo". que era el nativo que ejercía como abogado sin haber cursado estudios de derecho; También existía el "mediquillo"; el "directorcillo" el "maestrillo", etc., sin tener las titulaciones correspondientes. El "gobernadorcillo" del pueblo, ya redeñado, en que se perpetúa un crimen recibe casi siempre las primeras declaraciones en lengua provincial, sin embargo, de estar prevenido que dichas justicias locales entiendan y hablen la lengua española, para verificarlo con ella: mas esto pocas veces sucede así, no obstante de que les era permitido a los "gobernadorcillos" que tengan un intérprete a quien llamaban "directorcillo". Con semejante sistema de instruir procesos, no puede menos de adolecer de muchos vicios en su sustanciación. En poder ya del alcalde, o gobernador político-militar (en este caso asesorado indispen-sablemente de un letrado) continuaban la instrucción estos funcionarios, con arreglo a los datos, algunas veces oscuros y con frecuencia equivocados, que les suministran los "gobernadorcillos". Dicho de otro modo, todos estos términos formaban, en conjunto, el fenómeno de la disminución de las capacidades atribuidas al cargo en cuestión, siempre que fueran ejercidos por nativos. Visto el anómalo funcionamiento del sistema, no fue de extrañar que Tirso tratara de solucionar, al menos en tres asuntos penales, que ha dado origen a estos "Esbozos forenses".

Last updated in September 2020, current as of November 2023. Printed in Color.This book, essential for nearly all watercraft, contains the following:International and inland rules of the roadBridge-to-bridge radiotelephone regulationsVessel traffic management regulationsOther pertinent regulations for waterway users.According to United States federal law [33 CRF 83.01(g)], the operator of each self-propelled vessel 12 meters or more in length shall carry, on board, and maintain for ready reference, a copy of the Inland Rules. An up-to-date copy of this book meets these legal requirements.Further, the International Rules in this book (commonly called 72 COLREGS), are binding for all United States flag vessels. These rules are applicable on waters outside of established navigational lines of demarcation. The lines are called COLREGS Demarcation Lines and delineate those waters upon which mariners shall comply with the Inland and International Rules. COLREGS Demarcation Lines are contained in this book.This handbook is a compendium produced by the U.S. Coast Guard Office of Navigation Systems, U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters, Washington, D.C., last updated in September 2020 by 85 FR 58268.

This book, grounded in a human rights framework, takes a close look at social work approaches and practices in Southeast Europe. Human rights are central in today's understanding of social work as an academic discipline and as a professional practice. Looking at social work through a human rights lens unmasks inequality and discrimination, promotes ethical engagements, and contributes to the social, political, and economic betterment of society. Moreover, human rights and social work are interdependent and have far-reaching implications at macro, mezzo, and micro levels both in the realm of social policy and in professional practice.This collection of eight chapters provides an overview of human rights practices in social work in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Romania, and Slovenia. It presents state-of-the-art research on human rights and social work through individual country-focused chapters. In addition, it includes an integrative introductory chapter that identifies and discusses the commonalities and differences across the region as well as future directions.The book takes an integrated approach with conversations among the contributors on three main questions:What is the state of human rights in social work?How are human rights practiced in social work? What are the prospects for an integrated approach to human rights in social work in contemporary Southeast Europe?Human Rights in this Age of Uncertainty is essential reading for social work academics and practitioners in Southeast Europe due to its geographic focus and standpoints from the specific countries of the region. The book also should appeal to a wider European audience (especially as the book features chapters from both inside and outside of the European Union), as well as to an international audience of social work scholars. In addition, policy-makers may find the book a useful resource because human rights discourse features prominently in the international approaches to welfare systems across Southeast Europe as part of the Europeanisation processes currently at play. 

Seit Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie ist das Arbeiten von zu Hause aus der Arbeitswelt in Deutschland nicht mehr wegzudenken. Für die damit einhergehenden Kontrollen von Leistung oder Verhalten der Arbeitnehmer arbeitet der Verfasser die spezifischen Anforderungen heraus. Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung bildet die Darstellung von Persönlichkeitsrechten und Datenschutz sowie ihre Anwendung auf technische Kontrollen wie Videoüberwachung und auf Zutrittsrechte. Ein Mehr an Handlungssicherheit lässt sich durch die Einhaltung bestimmter Grundsätze für technische Kontrollen bei häuslicher Telearbeit erreichen, die der Verfasser herausarbeitet. Zudem geht der Verfasser auf die Rechte des Betriebsrates sowie auf die tarifvertragliche Gestaltung von Leistungs- und Verhaltenskontrollen ein.

Based on the Judicial Transparency Index Assessment (2019 and 2020) conducted in China by the Institute of Law of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, this book summarizes and analyzes the current situation of judicial openness in China, using a sample of 218 courts across the country for the study. The book analyzes the ideological and institutional origins of judicial openness and examines the operation of judicial openness through the practical experience of role replacement. By analyzing evaluation data in the fields of audit information disclosure, trial information disclosure, judicial enforcement data disclosure, and judicial reform data disclosure, the book points out that the current judicial disclosure has made significant progress, but there are still problems such as unclear disclosure standards, insufficient rigidity in disclosure requirements, and the scope of disclosure still needs to be expanded. The book recommends accelerating the disclosure of judicial legislation, public standards, and strengthening assessment and accountability.

The book explores "e;what are the societal interests that may be affected by a takeover, are these protected under the current regulatory frameworks of the U.K., Germany, and China, (and if so) how are they protected and what recommendations can be made for future reforms in the three jurisdictions?"e; The book adopts three main methods: law and economics analysis, doctrinal legal research, and comparative analysis.The content of this book is intended not only for the academia; it may also benefit the policy makers by providing an evaluation on the strengths and weaknesses of different protection mechanisms and recommendations for future reforms. Besides, companies which are (potentially) interested in conducting takeovers in the three countries may also find this book useful with its overall analysis of the regulatory frameworks and representative takeover cases in the jurisdictions.

Gain a comprehensive understanding of the laws surrounding contraband of war with this informative guide. Written by Frederic Thomas Pratt, an expert in international law, it covers everything from the definition of contraband to the rights of neutral parties. Whether you are a student of law or just interested in the subject, this book is an essential resource.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

The science of interviewing and interrogation has continuously evolved since World War II, through the contributions by experts from around the world, from different legal systems and traditions. But the broader impact of unscientific, ineffective or counter-productive interviewing and interrogation remains profound. Indeed, coercive techniques are still used in many countries even if such practices are criminalized or prohibited under international law. Torture remains a significant problem in fact-finding. It persists also in countries that profess the rule of law. This book discusses the state of our knowledge about interviewing and interrogation in a manner accessible to practitioners and managers in policing and law enforcement, analysts, investigators and prosecutors in criminal justice, and military, security and intelligence actors. The book assists such professionals to keep up to date with the current known methods of non-coercive information elicitation. The authors bring exceptional combined expertise on interview and interrogationmethods or techniques used around the world since World War II. They explain the models, methods, frameworks and techniques, when and why they were introduced, as well as their effectiveness in practice across different jurisdictions and socio-political contexts. The book includes contributions by 52 experts, in 24 chapters organized in four parts: Part I: General, Part 2: Suspects, Part 3: Victims and Witnesses, and Part 4: Relevant Organizations. The book builds in part on the publisher's comprehensive anthology 'Quality Control in Criminal Investigation' (published as No. 38 in the same TOAEP Publication Series).

Korruption und Manipulationen im Sport sind so alt, wie der Sport selbst. In der jüngeren Vergangenheit scheint die Manipulation von Sportveranstaltungen aufgrund der globalen medialen Verknüpfung allerdings ein nicht nur beiläufiges Phänomen zu sein. Verdachtsfälle erstrecken sich mittlerweile auf sämtliche Sportarten und über Ländergrenzen hinweg. Hier stellt sich die Frage: Welche Maßnahmen können seitens des Gesetzgebers, der Sportverbände und -vereine ergriffen werden, um präventiv auf die Vermeidung von Manipulationen hinzuwirken? Der Verfasser unterzieht die geltenden Regeln und Maßnahmen am Beispiel des Fußballsports in unterschiedlichen Fallkonstellationen einer Bewertung und stellt dar, wo Präventionsmaßnahmen zur Steigerung der Effektivität sinnvoll implementiert werden können.

This book offers a deeper understanding of digitisation and innovative technologies in the financial sector. It focuses on a digital version of sovereignly created money that is accessible to the broad public. This central bank digital currency (CBDC) raises several questions. Will CBDC lead to public surveillance of the citizens? What is digital money in the legal sense? And what is the difference to already existing forms of digital money? This book addresses main questions associated with central bank digital currency by providing background information as well as in-depth analyses.The book introduces a basic understanding of innovative technologies such as the distributed ledger technology. It shows how a system of money can be created and what roles each participant has. Taking an economic point of view, the book demonstrates the monetary policy in the euro area and examines how a digital version of public money could affect the transmission mechanism as well as the financial stability. Could CBDC lead to a "digital bank run"? Could it replace the established financial intermediaries such as banks? What would that mean to the economy?Mainly, the book focuses on the legal issues of CBDC. Which is the competent institution for establishing digital public money? Will digital money change the way of how we handle financial data? Also, the book examines the legal usability of CBDC in the economy. How can digital money based on innovative technologies be transferred in accordance with the law? Can a debtor of a monetary claim flee into the digital currency?This book addresses the public and private sector participants as well as the legislators on how to handle CBDC. Most important, the book addresses everyone interested in digitisation and innovative financial technology who wants to gain a deeper understanding of the next big evolvement of money.

This open access book examines regulating an environment that has no jurisdiction, is fully anonymous and infinitely vast? Welcome to the Metaverse, an online virtual reality that is expected to add billions to the global economy. The Metaverse offers a new type of virtual economy with practically endless business opportunities. The question is how to prevent these opportunities from being abused to commit money laundering and finance terrorism (MLFT).This book explores the current European Union legislation designed to prevent MLFT in connection with the Metaverse. It analyses the legislation in relation to the three traditional stages of MLFT: placement, layering and integration. Furthermore, some additional risks specific to the Metaverse are discussed, such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and the high level of anonymity. The book concludes that the current legislation is not suitable for facing the new challenges of the Metaverse. In turn, the book putsforward a novel approach to regulating and enforcing MLFT legislation: using a system of smart assets equipped with AI to prevent and detect MLFT. In addition, it makes recommendations on how to improve the legal framework with regard to the new challenges arising from the Metaverse. Particular attention is given to creating a legal framework that incorporates the use of smart assets and the Internet of Things, in order to provide a safe environment for potential users and society.With a solid background in financial law and technology, the author successfully creates a novel system of regulation and enforcement that is based on the use of automatic enforcement, whilst keeping sufficient legal safeguards in place for potential Metaverse users.This book will be of interest to anyone interested in the Metaverse. Whether you want to regulate it or open your own virtual business, it¿s a must-read!

The global energy economy is undergoing a profound transformation, yielding several pivotal objectives. Foremost among these is mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and toxic pollutants. Another essential goal involves promoting more sustainable economies, thereby curbing material consumption and reducing our reliance on resource extraction. Further priorities include fostering energy security and economic resilience by reducing dependence on external energy sources. All these aims overlap in one common policy: accelerating the renewable energy capacity deployment. Complementing this paradigm shift is the complete electrification of economic activities and households, resulting in the need to incentivize green electricity generation.In this context, this book undertakes a comprehensive exploration of the regulatory framework underpinning the advancement of green electricity. After reviewing the political and economic dimensions, it offers an exhaustive analysis of ongoing developments in four legal domains: The WTO, EU, Germany, and Turkey.Furthermore, the book presents a legal analysis of the intricate interplay between the WTO and EU law coupled with the German and Turkish models. It focuses on the most topical and relevant issues, including the effect of the ongoing energy crisis on state aid for green electricity in the EU; WTO case law on local content requirement components of the promotion schemes; the intricate legal, economic, and political challenges that accompany Germany¿s Energiewende and its phasing out of coal and nuclear energy; and Turkey¿s regulatory endeavors to bolster its energy self-sufficiency strategy.Following a thorough examination encompassing theoretical, regulatory, and comparative aspects, the book moves beyond the applicable legal framework to make concrete proposals on the future design of green electricity promotion in Germany and Turkey so as to facilitate a rapid but socially equitable energytransition by incentivizing economic efficiency.

Many in the Republic of Korea (ROK) are not feeling assured by the U.S. nuclear umbrella. The authors propose options for strengthening that assurance, including enhancing strategic clarity and committing U.S. nuclear weapons to support the ROK.

A Defence of Our Intergalactic Common Interests

Ce livre examine l'exploitation des ressources naturelles et l'émergence de nouvelles routes maritimes commerciales en Arctique. Il met en évidence la réglementation du commerce international qui encadre les échanges économiques et commerciaux résultant de ces activités.Ceci revêt une importance particulière, car la fonte des glaces facilite désormais l'accès aux ressources naturelles de l'Arctique, offrant ainsi de nouvelles opportunités aux États et aux entreprises multinationales pour répondre aux demandes de la transition énergétique et numérique, essentielles aux enjeux du commerce international présents et à venir.

This book analyses gender-based offences on the Internet from the perspective of international human rights law, interwoven with rights theories and feminist legal theories. It investigates whether international human rights law is applicable in regulating harmful online conduct and speech, with a focus on sexual violence, various forms of harassment, sexist hate speech and harmful pornography. This involves assessing whether gender-based online offences are considered violations of international human rights law and - if they are recognised as such explicitly or by way of interpretation - the extent of state obligations. The book reviews a range of international law sources, such as selected international human rights law treaties, case law, soft-law documents and academic scholarship. The application of general human rights law provisions to the online sphere is evaluated by considering the online/offline coherence of provisions as well as potential gaps, inconsistencies and disadvantages that exist in the regulation of online gender-based offences. The makeup, aim and effect of social spheres, areas of law and legal principles are thus assessed in relation to gender and the Internet. Aspects discussed include the architecture of the Internet, the structure of public international law, the harm principle as employed in domestic law and international human rights law, and the scope of particular rights, mainly involving the freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Working from the premise that the transposition of international human rights law to the Internet must ensure the former's functionality and effectiveness, the book argues that a contextual application of rights is called for. This requires assessing what is harmful online - including the effects of online speech and conduct - and what are effective means of regulating liability on the Internet. In turn, such assessments require a gender-sensitive approach.

Mit dem Data Governance Act (DGA) hat sich der europäische Gesetzgeber für eine strenge Regulierung von Datenvermittlungsdiensten entschieden. Anbieter von Datenvermittlungsdiensten werden durch Art. 10-15 DGA verpflichtet, sich vor der Aufnahme ihrer Dienste bei einer zuständigen Behörde anzumelden und umfangreiche Vorgaben an die Erbringung ihrer Dienste einzuhalten. Ziel dieser Vorschriften ist es, das Nutzervertrauen in Datenvermittlungsdienste zu stärken und dadurch Anreize für den vertrauensvollen Datenaustausch zwischen Privatpersonen, Unternehmen und staatlichen Einrichtungen zu setzen. Die vorliegende Arbeit unternimmt die bislang umfassendste Untersuchung der Art. 10-15 DGA im Hinblick auf B2B-Datenvermittlungsdienste. Vor dem Hintergrund der Zielsetzungen der europäischen Datenstrategie sowie der ökonomischen Besonderheiten von B2B-Datenmärkten und Datenvermittlungsdiensten werden die Art. 10-15 DGA detailliert ausgelegt und aus rechtsökonomischer Perspektive bewertet.