International ret

This book explains how government procurement became part of the international trading regime. At the core of the system are pledges by governments to allow each other's suppliers to sell to them on an equal footing with their domestic firms. These agreements show how the participants overcame domestic pressures to reserve contracts for their local suppliers. They demonstrate how governments dealt with the competing forces of protectionism and liberalization. The International Procurement System takes the reader on a journey from the development of plurilateral agreements in the World Trade Organization, through bilateral agreements involving the United States, the European Union, and Japan. It looks at what they gained and what they gave up in incorporating procurement into the global trading system.At the center of this story is the United States, an early and strong champion of opening procurement to foreign participation. Yet it has been challenged by pressures to comply with a myriad of domestic laws mandating favoritism for US products. Beginning with the 'America First' policies of the Trump administration and accelerating under President Biden, the US has been pivoting away from its support of liberalization. With waning US leadership, the European Union and other trading parties are demonstrating the benefits of continued expansion of access to procurement, which represents 10 to 15% of a typical country's Gross Domestic Product.After detailing the 40-year development of government procurement's role in global trade, Jean Heilman Grier addresses the challenges and tensions of the international system. China remains outside the system despite its vast procurement market. The US protectionist turn is prompting similar responses by other countries. The EU is adopting trade defense measures to protect its own interests. The International Procurement System concludes that the primary procurement agreement may be destined to remain a club of mostly developed countries.

"This edited volume offers an interdisciplinary and comparative analysis of the implementation of climate change policies worldwide, exploring ways of improving key regulatory mechanisms. This book is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available as Open Access. Check our website - Cambridge Core - for details"--

Was ist der Unterschied zwischen Europäischem Rat und Europarat? Wo liegen die Ursachen für die zahlreichen Krisen, die Europa gemeistert - oder noch vor sich - hat? In seiner 4., überarbeiteten und aktualisierten Auflage erklärt das Buch, wie unser neues Europa funktioniert, welche ungeahnten Freiheiten und Chancen es uns bietet - und warum es mitunter nicht funktioniert. Anschaulich analysiert der Autor das gesamte Spektrum aktueller Themen - von den Turbulenzen um den Euro, die Flüchtlingspolitik, den Brexit und Fridays for Future bis hin zum "Green Deal" und dem Angriffskrieg Russlands auf die Ukraine.Europa ist kein Elite-Projekt. Dieses bewährte, leicht lesbare Taschenlexikon lädt Einsteiger wie Europa-Kenner gleichermaßen ein, mitzumachen, zu kritisieren und zu diskutieren. Europa ist zugegeben unperfekt, aber es ist das Erstaunlichste, was wir auf unserem Kontinent in den letzten Jahrhunderten auf die Beine gestellt haben.

Where might the next systemic financial crisis come from? And how do we achieve financial stability in a poly crisis world? This book addresses macroeconomic factors, crypto assets, non-bank financial institutions and regulated financial service providers, keeping in mind that each sector can interact with the others to produce a cluster of risks with compounding effects.

This book argues that large corporations need to implement governance practices and processes that make them better innovators and that the challenge is to identify organizational principles and practices that provide the best chance of delivering innovative products to create a meaningful consumer experience. In this context, it is important to recognize that when we address organizational forms, we are not thinking of corporate governance in the sense of managing agency costs and ensuring regulatory compliance, but the more pressing business task of putting in place organizational systems and processes that facilitate value creation through continued and sustained innovation. The book examines how the contemporary concept and discourse of corporate governance may be obsolete or, at least, is increasingly disconnected from the needs and realities of the most innovative firms today. The concept of organizing for innovation-identifying process and practices that deliver the best opportunities for innovation-needs to take centre stage. This book aims to contribute to the nascent debate in this area by bringing together a series of chapters that examine various issues related to organizing for innovation.

The book focuses the openness of Chinese copyright law and patent law, namely the right limitation and exception rules (as the IP-internal balancing mechanism) and the right enforcement and protection (as the IP-external balancing mechanism). It examines the highlights of the 3rd and 4th amendments to the Chinese copyright law, patent law and the trademark law, addressing the most debated questions during these amendments. This book also takes a comparative approach to study the legislations and case laws in the USA, EU and China. The comparison covers the legislation, case decisions, which could offer useful clues for legislators to revise the current law, for judges to decide the cases about relevant topics and lay down their market plans. Moreover, this study also provides several recommendations for the right holders who are currently operating or planning to operate in China, regarding the de facto protection levels of their IP rights, the risks of right infringement and litigation costs as well as the trend of the goalsetting in their intellectual property strategy.

This book, one of the first of its kind, explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on modern Western democracies from a comparative constitutional law and policy perspective. Through 11 scholarly contributions, it tackles cutting-edge topics for the liberal state, such as emergency legislation, judicial scrutiny of COVID-19 measures, parliamentarism and executive decision-making during the pandemic. The book examines these topics both from a microscopic national constitutional angle, with a focus on European states, and from a macroscopic regional and comparative angle, on par with the American example. The COVID-19 pandemic is thus treated as an international state of emergency that has enabled far-reaching restrictions on essential human rights, such as freedom of movement, freedom of religion or even major political rights, while giving rise to the 'administrative state.'This edited volume explores each of these pressing themes in this exceptional context and evaluates different liberal states' responses to the pandemic. Were these responses reasonable, effective and democratic? Or is the COVID-19 pandemic just the beginning of a new era of global democratic backsliding? How can liberal democracies manage similar crises in future? What lessons have we learned? The institutional knowledge gained turns out to be the key for the future of the rule of law.

»Law and Economics in all his facets«: The Festschrift pays tribute to Klaus Mathis' invaluable contribution at the interface of law and economics and constitutes a coherent reference work for the economic analysis of law. Fundamental thoughts on efficiency, justice and interdisciplinarity are followed by contributions in five areas of application of a law and economics perspective: corporate responsibility, environment, digitalization, economic and social policy, and consumer and insurance protection

This is an increasingly timely book, focusing on issues arising from the impact of COVID-19 on the health care law of the Central and East European countries. It deals with dualism and system of health care law, depicts legal personality in the field of health care, examines property rights and turnover of human tissues, considers moral rights in this field, intellectual ownership in the field of medicine and pharmacy, contracts on health care and contracts on rendering medical services, the legal relationships of transplantology, post-mortem reproduction and donorship, features of family personal property rights in the field of health care, problems of legal regulation of medical workers labour, investigates private legal relationships of surrogate motherhood with foreign element. Special attention is given to the alternative resolution of health care disputes and impact of pandemic on the effective health rights protection. The book is intended for wide auditoria of scholars and practitioners, who engaged in health care rights protection, as well as judges and practicing lawyers, graduate and undergraduate students.

What does it take to report from conflict zones? What good is neutrality in the face of suffering, and how much difference can one person make?From her first journalistic assignment in Gaza to covering the Arab Spring in Egypt, Sherine Tadros searched for ways to change people's lives for the better.It wasn't until her life fell apart that she found the courage to pursue her true purpose. With compassion and verve, Tadros now shares her remarkable journey, from witnessing injustice to fighting it in the corridors of power. In probing the line between journalism and activism, her memoir Taking Sides demonstrates why stories matter - and how we can all use our voices to inspire meaningful change.

This book is about environmental and climate legal protection in the energy transition. The Paris Agreement has a binding commitment of holding the global temperature increase to 2(deg)C while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5(deg)C. To cope with the negative effects of climate changes and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, one of the primary responses has been the deployment of renewable energy sources, transiting from fossil fuels to sustainable electricity production. However, renewable energy sources can also cause significant environmental impacts. Wind energy, for instance, can impact biodiversity, such as birds and bats, killing them when colliding with turbines and affecting their migration and nesting.This results in conflicts in environmental law.  This book questions whether, in the energy transition, the generation of electricity from renewable sources to protect the climate is compatible with the protection of the environment, both interests in environmental law.To address this question, this book follows a legal-environmental perspective and assesses the common problem of solving those internal environmental conflicts in Brazilian and German law to understand and compare whether and how both legal systems solve the conflicts by compatibilizing the protection of the climate with other environmental interests. The legal analysis focuses on land-use planning and environmental licensing, assessing similarities and differences, and evaluating the results, identifying what one country can learn from the other.

The aim of this book is to delve into the impact of the Information and Communications Technologies in the criminal prevention and investigation, by addressing the state of the art of different measures and its implementation in different legal systems vis à vis the protection of human rights. Yet this research not only pursues a diagnostic goal but furthermore aims at providing a reconstruction of this problematic area in light of modern, human rights-oriented notion of criminal justice. This broadens the scope of this investigation, which encompasses both unprecedented safeguards to traditional, or anyway widely recognized individual rights and the emergence of new rights, such as the right to informational self-determination, and the right to information technology privacy.The book addresses the problems and potentials in the areas of criminal prevention and criminal investigation, taking into account that due to electronic surveillance and the progress in the use of big data for identifying risks, the borders between preventive and investigative e-measures is not clear-cut.

< p="">This book is a machine-generated literature overview that explores the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on international trade and its development. It looks at international trade before and after 1995 when WTO was established. It highlights the journey of the reciprocity-based reforms under WTO that were expected to help the developing and less developed countries (LDCs) more vis-à-vis their developed counterparts, given the existence of systemic and structural bottlenecks in the latter territories. The enabling steps were further expected to promote exports from developing countries and LDCs in line with their comparative advantage patterns, enhance the wage level and in turn, facilitate development of local population. The book showcases how during the first decade after WTO inception, a considerable progress was made for facilitating exports from the lower and lower-middle income countries through crucial provisions like less than full reciprocity (LTFR), Generalized System of Preferences (GSP), support measures under Aid for Trade, zero duty preferences under Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) and so on. However, the pace of WTO reforms has slowed down in the aftermath of the sub-prime crisis in 2008-09 and subsequent focus on formation of regional trade agreements (RTAs). In particular, in the aftermath of Covid-19, a trend towards de-globalization has been noticed, with considerable ramifications for the development of lower-income countries. In this background, there is a need to analyze how the deepening of trade flows and the subsequent de-globalization waves in the global canvas have traversed different paths in different continents and draw the appropriate lessons for the understanding the trade-development interlinkage therein. With insightful observations from the human editors, this machine-generated overview would be of interest to academicians, policy research community, advisory research community, and students ofinternational trade globally.^

A powerful and urgent explanation and vindication of our human rights and freedomsAfter the devastation of World War Two, the international community came together to enshrine fundamental rights to refuge, health, education and living standards, for privacy, fair trials and free speech, and outlawing torture, slavery and discrimination. Their goal was greater global justice, equality, and peace. That settlement is now in danger, attacked by opponents from across the political spectrum and populist and authoritarian movements worldwide. We are threatened by wars, inequality, new technologies and climate catastrophe, and we need our human rights now more than ever. In this powerful, accessible book, Shami Chakrabarti, lawyer, parliamentarian and leading British human rights defender, shows us why human rights are essential for our future. Outlining the historic national and international struggles for human rights, from the fall of Babylon, to the present day, Chakrabarti is an indispensable guide to the law and logic underpinning human dignity and universal freedoms. Her intervention will engage both sceptics and supporters, equipping believers in the battle of ideas and persuading doubters to think again. For human rights to survive, they must be far better understood by everyone.

Dieses Buch wirft Licht auf das Vertragswerk, das die Regeln und Normen für die Kriegsführung zwischen Staaten festlegt. In einer Welt, die zunehmend von bewaffneten Konflikten geprägt ist, bietet dieses Buch eine Analyse der Haager Landkriegsordnung, ihrer Anlagen und ergänzenden Dokumente. Es stellt nicht nur die historischen Kontexte vor, in denen diese wegweisende Konvention geschaffen wurde, sondern auch die Verhandlungen und Debatten, die zu ihrer Ratifizierung führten. Dieses Buch untersucht die Bedeutung der zentralen Artikel und legt die zugrunde liegenden Rechtsprinzipien offen. Es stellt die Haager Landkriegsordnung in Bezug zu anderen wichtigen internationalen Verträgen wie den Genfer Konventionen dar und diskutiert ihre Anwendung und Missachtung in den beiden Weltkriegen, während des Kalten Krieges und in jüngeren Konflikten des 21. Jahrhunderts, bis hin zum Ukraine-Krieg. Das Werk beleuchtet auch die Herausforderungen und Kritikpunkte, die die Haager Landkriegsordnung in einer sich verändernden globalen Landschaft gegenübersteht, einschließlich technologischer Entwicklungen wie Cyberkrieg und Drohnen. Mit Diskussionen über politische und ethische Debatten sowie Reformvorschläge rundet dieses Buch das umfangreiche Thema ab und stellt es in den aktuellen globalen Kontext.

This book sheds light on the body of treaties that sets the rules and norms for warfare between states. In a world increasingly characterised by armed conflict, this book offers an analysis of the Hague Land Warfare Convention, its annexes and supplementary documents. It presents not only the historical contexts in which this landmark convention was created, but also the negotiations and debates that led to its ratification. This book examines the meaning of the central articles and reveals the underlying legal principles. It places the Hague Land Warfare Convention in relation to other important international treaties such as the Geneva Conventions and discusses its application and disregard in the two World Wars, during the Cold War and in more recent conflicts of the 21st century, up to and including the Ukraine war. The work also highlights the challenges and criticisms that the Hague Land Warfare Order faces in a changing global landscape, including technological developments such as cyberwarfare and drones. With discussions on political and ethical debates as well as proposals for reform, this book rounds off the wide-ranging topic and places it in the current global context.

Gelare Matin untersucht das neugefasste Modellgesetze über Mediation im Vergleich einerseits zu dem vorausgehenden Modellgesetz von 2002, andererseits zu der Singapore Convention. Weitere vergleichende Bezüge werden zum UNCITRAL-Modellgesetz über die Internationale Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit von 1985/2006 sowie zum New Yorker Übereinkommmen über die Anerkennung und Vollstreckung ausländischer Schiedssprüche von 1958 gezogen.

The book deals with the secession/separation of territorial entities and the legal consequences that derive from it both for the parent state and for the seceded/separated entity or the entity that intends to secede/separate. This subject is approached from the triple perspective of international law, comparative law, and Spanish law.International law, because it is this legal system which contains the general legal framework within which this issue must be dealt with. Thus, for example, the legal basis of the right to self-determination, the constituent elements of the state, the recognition of states and governments, succession in the matter of treaties, succession in membership of International Organisations, etc.Moreover, international law is also the reference invoked by secessionist/independentist political projects within states in an attempt to provide a legal basis for the legality of their claim.Comparative law, in order to find out not only how most state constitutions deal with secession or independence of their territories, but also the jurisprudence handed down by national courts on the matter (USA, Canada, Italy, France, Spain, among others).And finally, Spanish Law, because the perspective chosen to address the object of study is from the perspective of Spain.

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of how EU state aid law is shaping the future of EU investment policy in a global context. It examines in detail how EU state aid policy and practice interact with the EU investment regime on the internal market and affect the external trade relations of the Member States and the EU alike. The debate this book engages in concerns competence, i.e., which body delineates the scope of state aid law and policy (now and in the future) when and where it intersects and collides with another distinct legal field: investment protection. Pursuing a doctrinal approach to the topic in the light of EU law and international law, the book analyses the interaction of the EU's trade, state aid and investment policy. This is done by posing the following research question: How is EU state aid law shaping the future of EU investment policy in a global context? Further, the book puts forward three corresponding arguments. First, this influence can be seen in the EU's incorporation of clauses promoting fair competition and state aid policy in international trade agreements. Second, EU state aid law and policy contributed to recent internal developments which led the Member States to terminate their bilateral agreements with each other (intra-EU BITs) by the end of 2019. Third, the EU has been working to replace the BITs between its Member States and third countries (extra-EU BITs) with its own trade agreements, which are aligned with EU legislation. This combined analysis of EU law and international law yields a number of interesting conclusions.The book addresses a highly topical and rapidly evolving area of EU law and international investment law. It is also the first book to provide a comprehensive approach to the interplay of state aid rules and EU investment policy internally and externally, i.e., within the EU and on a global scale. As such, it closes an important gap in the extant literature on international and EU law. 

Canada and Colonialism presents the history Canadians must reckon with before decolonization is possible, from the nation's establishment as a settler colony to the discriminatory legacies still at work in our institutions and culture.

This book discusses the fundamental issues of public law in the area of statelessness from the perspectives of comparative law and international law standards. The author proposes an approach in which statelessness is not a homogeneous concept but is best analysed and responded to through the lens of different categories of statelessness. This accounts not only for the existence of different categories of stateless persons (e.g., voluntary or involuntary) but also for different assessments and needs of their respective situations for purposes such as prevention mechanisms. The book demonstrates the conceptual and regulatory relevance of this important differential aspect of the international law on statelessness (with implications for domestic legal systems).

In diesem Buch werden die völkerrechtlichen Debatten um die Dekolonialisierung innerhalb der Vereinten Nationen und in der Völkerrechtswissenschaft in den fünfziger und sechziger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts anhand des Beispiels Kongo (heutige Demokratische Republik Kongo) aufgearbeitet. Hierbei wird die Geschichte des ressourcenreichen Landes mit der Völkerrechtsgeschichte der Dekolonialisierung verbunden. In den Vordergrund rückt dabei die sog. Dependenztheorie. Diese aus den sechziger und siebziger Jahren stammende Theorie, wonach aus dem Kolonialismus hervorgegangene hierarchische Abhängigkeitsstrukturen eine Entwicklung der neuerdings unabhängigen Entwicklungsländer auch in der postkolonialen Ära begrenzen, wurde im letzten Jahrzehnt in der Völkerrechtsgeschichte aus postkolonialer Perspektive wiederentdeckt. Das Buch zeigt auf, dass die Dependenztheorie als Erklärung für die weiterhin bestehenden vielschichtigen Probleme im Kongo relevant bleibt.

Obwohl sieben der neun Menschenrechtsverträge auf Ebene der Vereinten Nationen die Möglichkeit eines Staatenbeschwerdeverfahrens eröffnen, kam dieser Verfahrensart über Jahrzehnte hinweg keinerlei praktische Bedeutung zu. Im Frühjahr 2018 erreichten den CERD-Ausschuss dann jedoch gleich drei verschiedene Staatenmitteilungen. Die erstmalige Aktivierung des Verfahrens fast 50 Jahre nach Inkrafttreten des Internationalen Übereinkommens zur Beseitigung jeder Form von Rassendiskriminierung (CERD) kann dabei als eine historische Entwicklung bezeichnet werden.Vor diesem Hintergrund bietet dieses Buch erstmals eine umfassende Auseinandersetzung mit dem Staatenbeschwerdeverfahren nach Art. 11-13 CERD und den sich daraus ergebenden völkerrechtlichen Fragen. Unter Auswertung der jüngsten Praxis des CERD-Ausschusses und der ad hoc Vergleichskommission wird die Funktionsweise des Verfahrens detailliert dargestellt, wobei immer wieder Parallelen zu den Mechanismen anderer Vertragsregime gezogen werden. Auf diese Weise soll die Arbeit auch zu dem Verständnis vergleichbarer Staatenbeschwerdeverfahren anderer Menschenrechtsverträge beitragen und zugleich die Bedeutung des Phänomens zwischenstaatlicher Streitbeilegung in Menschenrechtsfragen stärker in den Vordergrund rücken.

Anna Charlotte Kümpers widmet sich dem Umsetzungsverfahren unionsrechtlicher Richtlinien in nationales Recht. Am Beispiel von Deutschland und Frankreich befasst sie sich mit der in beiden Ländern angestrebten Vermeidung der überschießenden Richtlinienumsetzung, dem sogenannten Gold-Plating, sowie mit den Beweggründen für eine "No-Gold-Plating-Politik". Sie arbeitet zunächst die in diesem Kontext verwendeten - meist negativ konnotierten - Begrifflichkeiten heraus. Danach nimmt sie die jeweiligen landesspezifischen Steuerungselemente in den Fokus, deren Anwendung die Umsetzungspraxis des "Gold-Plating" verhindern soll, und vergleicht sie hinsichtlich ihrer Bindungswirkung und Effektivität. Abschließend würdigt die Verfasserin die Bestrebungen einer "No-Gold-Plating-Politik" anhand normativer Maßstäbe und greift dabei sowohl auf das primäre und sekundäre Unionsrecht als auch auf die nationalen Rechtsordnungen zurück.

Die umstrittene Geldpolitik der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB) hat den Europäischen Verfassungsgerichtsverbund vor eine Zerreißprobe gestellt. Wer kontrolliert die EZB, die unabhängigste Notenbank der Welt? Die verschiedenen gerichtlichen Verfahren gegen unkonventionelle geldpolitische Maßnahmen der EZB nimmt Sara Elisa Dietz zum Anlass, sich umfassend mit den unionsrechtlichen Grundsätzen europäischer Geldpolitik auseinanderzusetzen. Die Unabhängigkeit der EZB ist Dreh- und Angelpunkt für die Frage, wie weit eine rechtliche Einhegung und gerichtliche Kontrolle gehen darf und muss. Dabei spielen die makroökonomischen Wirkungsweisen des Zentralbankhandelns eine entscheidende Rolle. Die Autorin verbindet daher den juristischen mit dem ökonomischen Diskurs, um für die Praxis handhabbare und den makroökonomischen Gegebenheiten Rechnung tragende rechtliche Maßstäbe zu entwickeln.

Antonia Schlicht untersucht die Rolle von Compliance-Entscheidungen in umweltvölkerrechtlichen Vertragswerken. Sie beleuchtet, wie völkerrechtliche Verträge dadurch informell fortentwickelt werden und welche Auswirkungen dieser Sachverhalt auf das Verfassungsrecht hat. Wie kann das Verfassungsrecht mit dem modernen Völkerrecht umgehen und welche Rechtswirkung kommt den Entscheidungen der Compliance Committees zu? Die Autorin analysiert insbesondere Art. 59 GG und den Begriff der auswärtigen Gewalt. Dabei identifiziert sie "Legitimationslücken". Abschließend werden praktische Lösungsvorschläge zur Überbrückung der identifizierten Lücken entwickelt. Antonia Schlicht schlägt für die nationale Ebene Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der inneren Organisation, der Arbeitsweise und des Zusammenwirkens aller Gewalten vor und entwickelt auch Lösungsvorschläge für die internationalen Verfahrensabläufe.

The United States makes significant investments in military activities that are intended to deter Russian and Iranian aggression. These investments have only grown in Europe since 2014, when Russia invaded and subsequently annexed Crimea, and remain substantial in the Middle East despite the overall trend of the United States reducing its forward posture in that theater. The increased importance of deterrence as a military mission raises the question of how the United States can most effectively and efficiently deter Russia and Iran without crowding out investments in its other key military missions--including competing with China in the Indo-Pacific. To support defense planners in crafting effective and efficient deterrence strategies, RAND researchers conducted a multimethod analysis--consisting of a literature review, roundtables with subject-matter experts, quantitative analysis, and a case study of Ukraine--to examine conventional deterrence in two theaters: U.S. European Command (EUCOM) and U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM). Specifically, the researchers assessed the deterrent impacts of three categories of U.S. operations, activities, and investments (OAIs): U.S. forward presence; exercises and short-term deployments, such as bomber task force (BTF) missions; and security cooperation. In this report, the researchers describe their findings and offer recommendations for defense planners. This research was completed before the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. It has not been subsequently revised.

This unique book charts the regulation of British ships throughout the nineteenth century, from no regulation in 1800, to enactment in the 1890s, of a model of customary and national maritime law adopted by many States.