Medicinsk mikrobiologi og virologi

"By presenting chapter-specific roadmaps, this book offers a behind-the-scenes chronology of the response to COVID-19 and provides a rubric for future pandemic response. Targeted at lay and scientific audiences, reflections and lessons learned grant the reader an opportunity to leverage this knowledge and improve the outcomes of future pandemics"--

In recent years, a burgeoning interest has been in exploring the intricate world of gut microflora and its profound impact on human health. As an indispensable ecosystem of diverse microorganisms in our digestive tract, the gut microflora plays a pivotal role in nutrient metabolism, immune regulation, and disease prevention. This groundbreaking research by M. Aditya focuses on a comprehensive assessment of gut microflora and its implications on overall well-being.M. Aditya, a distinguished researcher in microbiology, embarked on a journey to unravel the mysteries of the gut microbiome. This research delves into state-of-the-art techniques such as next-generation sequencing and metagenomic analysis to profile the microbial communities inhabiting the gut. By meticulously examining the composition and diversity of gut microflora, Aditya sheds light on how external factors like diet, lifestyle, and environmental influences shape this complex microbial ecosystem.The findings of this study hold significant promise for the development of personalized medicine and novel therapeutic interventions. Understanding the delicate balance of gut microflora could pave the way for targeting specific microbial imbalances to treat various gastrointestinal disorders and even extend the scope to non-communicable diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and autoimmune conditions.In conclusion, M. Aditya's research on Gut Microflora Assessment is pioneering in deciphering the symbiotic relationship between humans and their microbial counterparts. The implications of this research are far-reaching, impacting preventive medicine, nutrition, and overall health, thus opening up new avenues for scientific exploration and improved well-being.

Eine Dysbiose des intestinalen Mikrobioms wird mit vielen lokalen und systemischen Erkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht. Durch die Entdeckung der ¿Darm-Hirn-Achse¿ kam die Frage auf, welche Rolle das Mikrobiom bei Erkrankungen des ZNS wie z.B. Multiple Sklerose spielt und welche Möglichkeiten die Darmflora zur Prävention oder Therapie dieser Krankheiten bietet. Ziel dieses Buches ist es, die bisherige Studienlage zum Zusammenhang zwischen Mikrobiom und Multipler Sklerose anhand von drei Fragestellungen darzulegen. Es soll geklärt werden, ob bzw. welche Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der intestinalen Mikrobiota zwischen MS-Patienten und gesunden Personen vorliegen, welche (patho-)physiologischen Mechanismen den Zusammenhang zwischen Darmmikrobiom und MS erklären könnten und welche Mikrobiom-assoziierten Interventionen zur Prävention und Therapie der Erkrankung denkbar wären.

This is a thoroughly revised edition of a well-received reference work on helminthiases and their impact on worldwide public health. The carefully presented collection covers both common and neglected helminth infections. Readers will discover an up-date overview to helminth epidemiology (including molecular typing), specific biological, immunological and immunopathological aspects, diagnosis and latest perspectives of control. New contributions give particular attention to economic consequences of helminthiases, deworming programs and future public health approaches, as well as most recent findings in host immune responses.Helminths are long-lived multicellular organisms that have co-evolved with humans over many thousands of years. They are responsible for infections which affect around one fourth of the human population, at global level. Despite the huge efforts in research during the last years, effective control of helminth infections is still far from optimal standards and the resulting diseases remain neglected.The highly readable link of parasitological background and clinical application makes this book a valuable read not only for parasitologists but also physicians and medical students, health professionals as well as experts in public health issues.Moreover, all readers concerned with combating neglected parasitoses towards the Sustainable Development Goal SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) will understand the significance of this renewed volume. 

This volume provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the various aspects of Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever, a frequently fatal zoonotic disease endemic to West Africa. Compiled by world-leading experts in the field, this book provides an introduction to the 50-year history of Lassa fever research, the genetic diversity of LASV, and its geographic distribution. Subsequent chapters focus on the ecology and epidemiology of LASV, discussing in-depth the interactions of the virus with its hosts - multimammate mice and other rodents - and the interactions between these animal reservoirs and humans. The book also details the many advances in understanding the structural biology and replication of LASV, including new insights into the structure and function of its proteins. These advances in the basic understanding of LASV biology have enabled the development of LASV countermeasures, including sensitive and specific diagnostic assays. Promising drugcandidates, including monoclonal antibodies, and vaccines are also discussed. A final and essential chapter addresses current and future clinical practice for clinical management of Lassa fever. This volume is intended for researchers and clinicians in the fields of virology, epidemiology, and microbiology.

The Latin American region has been at the forefront in combating infections caused by Escherichia coli strains in humans, animals, and the environment. The continuous emergence and evolution of pathogenic E. coli strains associated with human and animal infections have demonstrated that (i) groups of related pathogenic E. coli are responsible for most infections caused by this bacterial species; (ii) diverse virulence phenotypes expressed during infection defined each one of these pathogroups; (iii) the geographical distribution of pathogroups in Latin America and the evolution of new isolates was defined by the dominant pathogroup and presence of distinct virulence strains; (iv) acquisition of mobile elements or accumulation of point mutations accelerate the development of antibiotic resistance in some of these strains. The Latin American Coalition for Escherichia coli Research (LACER), a multidisciplinary network of over seventy research groups in eleven Latin American countries and the USA, was established in 2009 to apply One Health principles in defining and combating this pathogen. The previous edition of this text, Escherichia coli in the Americas (c. 2016) was the culmination of their wisdom about E. coli, from its role as a commensal bacterium to its characteristics as a pathogen causing disease in animals and humans. This new edition presents recent advances and contextualizes all aspects of E. coli in a One Health perspective, from the environment, to animals, to humans. It addresses E. coli interactions with host microbiota, CNS, and phages. It includes cutting edge insights on hybrid strains, molecular mechanisms of virulence and pathogenesis, resistance, domestic and wild reservoirs, disease surveillance in Latin America, genomic analysis, food safety, and new therapies. Crucially, it also provides translations and analysis of key reports on Escherichia colipublished in Spanish and Portuguese. This book serves as a critical resource for scientists in industry and academia, clinicians managing associated infections, and trainees and students studying basic and clinical aspects of E. coli pathogenesis.

This volume discusses hazardous environmental micropollutants, their impacts on human health, and possible means to mitigate their associated risks. The book features chapters that cover a variety of topics related to environmental micropollutants, which include dusts, infectious particles, heavy metals, organophosphates, atmospheric toxic organic micropollutants, fungal spores, pollutants from E-waste, antibiotic waste, and more. In addition impacts on human health and the environment, economic issues are addressed, with potential policy solutions offered. This work is timely, as hazardous micropollutants in soil, water and air are becoming more common, and this environmental contamination is leading to increasing instances of suboptimal human health outcomes. The book will be of interest to students and researchers in environmental pollution and remediation technology, microbiologists, and environmental regulators.  

This book reviews new promising drug targets for Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), with a special focus on antiprotozoal drugs against trpyanosomatids Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. The book offers a comprehensive overview of the most recent studied targets, and it outlines classical and new treatments and delivery strategies. Expert contributors describe new methods of analysis and bio-prospecting for new compounds, and provide a critical perspective of the translational process used in the research and development of new drug candidates.The book will appeal not only to researchers, students and professionals interested in drug development to protozoan diseases, but also to medicinal chemists in general.

Developments in Food Quality and Safety Series is the most up-to-date resource covering trend topics such as Advances in the analysis of toxic compounds and control of food poisoning; Food fraud, traceability and authenticity; Revalorization of agrifood industry; Natural antimicrobial compounds and application to improve the preservation of food; Non-thermal processing technologies in the food industry; Nanotechnology in food production; and Intelligent packaging and sensors for food applications. Volume 4, Food Industry 4.0: Emerging Trends and Technologies in Food Production and Consumption covers several technologies (e.g., robotics, smart sensors, artificial intelligence, and big data) at different development and research levels in order to provide holistic multidisciplinary approaches that embrace simultaneously as many Industry 4.0 technologies as possible, reflecting the long journey of food from farm (or sea) to fork. Chapters explore automation, digitalization, and green technologies, besides food quality, food safety food traceability, processing and preservation 4.0. Topics such as smart sensors, artificial intelligence and big data revolution, additive manufacturing, and emerging food trends are also explored. The series is edited by Dr. José Manuel Lorenzo and authored by a team of global experts in the fields of Food Quality and Safety, providing comprehensive knowledge to food industry personals and scientists.

This book presents a comprehensive collection of current knowledge and leading research about the blood-brain barrier. The chapters are organized in four main parts providing basic information and novel insights about the physiology of the blood-brain barrier, the challenges related to finding and developing drugs crossing the blood-brain barrier, experimental methods to study the blood-brain barrier and the role of the blood-brain barrier in disease mechanisms and its consequences for drug development. In the first part the readers will discover the structure, function and developmental aspects of the blood-brain barrier and gain novel insights into the complexity and functionality of the neurovascular unit and energy metabolism of brain endothelial cells. Chapters of the second part focus on translational challenges from the bench to the bedside in CNS drug development, shed light on the importance to understand the brain distribution of drugs related to their efficacy, elaborate on general pharmacokinetic considerations for CNS drugs and introduce current and novel drug delivery strategies to overcome the blood-brain barrier. The experimental part of the book covers mathematical and in vitro models as well as animal and human methods in blood-brain barrier research. Specific emphasis is set on the description of the methods, the role of species differences for data interpretation, novel human models based on stem cells with the potential for personalized medicine and technical considerations and tips helpful for readers interested in working with these models. In the fourth part particular attentions is given to the blood-brain barrier, its changes and participation during disease progression. Chapters summarize alterations of the blood-brain barrier that are present in common disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy and brain tumors. Present therapies will be discussed and the consequences for novel treatment approaches that need to bypass the blood-brain-barrier will be explored. In addition, experts discuss the question in how far changes at the blood-brain barrier are causally linked to disease progressions and consequently could serve as therapeutic targets. This collection is designed to appeal to a wide readership from students through basic and applied scientist to pharmacologists, medical doctors and stakeholders from the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory affairs. Due its comprehensive content the book has the potential to become a standard work in the field of blood-brain barrier research.

Application of Emerging Technologies and Strategies to Extract Bioactive Compounds, Volume Three in the Developments in Food Quality and Safety series, is the most up-to-date resource covering trend topics such as advances in the analysis of toxic compounds and control of food poisoning, food fraud, traceability and authenticity, revalorization of agrifood industry, natural antimicrobial compounds and application to improve the preservation of food, non-thermal processing technologies in the food industry, nanotechnology in food production, and Intelligent packaging and sensors for food applications. Chapters in this release explore the latest developments in the application of each technology, such as ultrasound, microwave, high-pressure, pulsed electric fields, ohmic, uv and ir heating, extrusion, and solar energy assisted extractions, along with membrane technologies and alternative solvents for green extraction. The series is edited by Dr. José Manuel Lorenzo and authored by a team of global experts in the field.

Handbook of Goldenberry (Physalis peruviana): Cultivation, Processing, Chemistry, and Functionality presents multidisciplinary coverage of P. peruviana and its role as in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Broken into three sections, the book addresses the cultivation, species, and cultivars of Physalis peruviana, along with its chemistry, functionality, health-promoting properties, technologies, processing, and applications. Written for nutrition researchers, food scientists, food chemists, food technologists, nutritionists, and those studying related field, this book is a timely reference for those who wish to learn more about this functional food.

This book is a compact clinical introduction to Lyme borreliosis for physicians of all specialties who care for patients with suspected B. burgdorferi infection, whether in hospital or general practice. The book provides a great deal of practice-oriented information on symptomatology, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis with a special emphasis on the situation in Europe. At the same time, it describes contemporary scientific knowledge in as much detail as is required in order to understand the pathogenetic relationships and their relevance to medical care. The authors are members of an interdisciplinary expert group of epidemiologists, biologists, microbiologists, and clinicians who have been working in the area of tick-borne diseases for many years. The personal experience of each of the authors, accumulated through their daily work with patients in special clinics or by confrontation with complicated questions in basic research, epidemiology, and laboratory diagnostics of Lyme borreliosis, represents an important mainstay of the book. Written from the perspective of clinical management and practical problem-solving, this topical monograph will assist clinicians in meeting diagnostic challenges and providing appropriate medical aid to patients with Lyme borreliosis.

This interdisciplinary work deals with the bacterial degradation of organic and inorganic materials such as prosthetic devices and the consequent production of non-engineered nanoparticles (NPs). Focus is put on the interaction of these, often toxic, NPs with the environment, the microorganisms and the host human body. Electron Microscopy is the method of choice to investigate bacterial colonization and degradation of plastic polymers. Hence one section of the book is fully dedicated to the most recent and interesting microscopy technologies in microbiology and soft matters. The final chapter of the book on the complex and multivariate relationships between a microscopist and electron microscopy images is dedicated to Lyubov Vasilievna Didenko (1958 ¿ 2015), a passionate researcher who contributed substantially to the field of Electron Microscopy research and its applications in studying bacterial-polymer interactions. The book addresses researchers and advanced students working in general and clinical microbiology, nanobiology, materials sciences and image analysis fields.

Periodontitis is a disease that affects more than half the adult population in the world. Treatment is often based on ancient recommendations consisting in mechanically removing material from damaged zones. However, novel therapeutic management strategies exist, from prevention to efficient treatment, and regeneration. The need of integrative approaches to circumvent this worldwide pledge can be achieved through:A better understanding of this complex disease by promoting scientific research and a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, including epidemiology, microbiology, immunology, physiology, therapeutics, psychology, etc. A better outreach by promoting vulgarization and recommendations for health professionals.A better information of the empowered patients, leading them to consider prevention and to take part in their therapeutic course.The book "e;Periodontitis: Advances in Experimental Research"e; includes a timely collection of chapters covering all the fields of research about periodontitis, consisting in concise reviews by the best specialists themselves and with clinical perspectives for periodontitis. Recent technological advances have allowed to explore shadowed areas of periodontology.The book "e;Periodontitis: Advances in Experimental Research"e; is a unique occasion to set a milestone for a more integrated field of periodontitis, with a broad scientific, medical, and public audience thanks to dedicated sections in each chapter:Abstract and main body (scientific audience and expert clinicians)Highlights (scientific audience and clinicians)Impact for Practice (clinicians and economical/political decision makers)Summary for Patients (patients and economical/political decision makers)

This is a timely and essential companion to the recently published Antimicrobial Resistance in the 21st Century, Second Edition. Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to global population health, with government reports projecting it could result in over 10 million deaths in the next 35 years. Development of new agents to combat this threat is one of the WHO's top priorities, but in 2017, it conceded that the current drug development pipeline was insufficient to mitigate the threat. This book discusses recent progress and bolster new agent discovery and development, by providing researchers and students who will soon enter the field with a thorough guide to the advancements made in the last decade. Coverage includes new systemic antimicrobials approved since 2010, with detailed analysis of antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, as well as agents in development for future use. Discussion of each drug will include its chemical nature, pharmacology/pharmacokinetics, antimicrobial spectrum, dosage, adverse reactions, drug interactions, microbial resistance, indications, clinical efficacy compared to older agents, and lists of similar agents with cost comparison. This volume is designed for researchers and students of infectious disease and medical microbiology, as well as clinicians in need of a comprehensive guide to newly developed agents.

This book provides an up-to-date overview on the biology of microsporidia, focusing on areas where significant progress has been made in recent years. In particular, our understanding of the evolutionary position and the role of genome reduction in the biology of these enigmatic intracellular pathogens is discussed. This book also offers important updates on the mechanisms used by these organisms to modify the host cell biology of mammals, insects, nematodes, and aquatic animals, as well as the mechanisms controlling infection and host specificity. Readers gain a detailed overview of the structure and function of the polar tube, the unique invasion apparatus of microsporidia, as well as the physics and dynamics of spore firing. Particular attention is given to chronic infections in mammals caused by microsporidia, as well as common immune responses.Written by an international team of authors representing the main research groups working on microsporidian biology, this book is a valuable resource for health management professionals, experienced microbiologists, and early career scientist alike who want to learn more about these fascinating parasites. The ideas and latest finding covered in this book contribute to UN Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being.  Chapter "e;Impact of Genome Reduction in Microsporidia"e; is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book provides an overview of the metabolism of dietary compounds by the intestinal microbiota, and on the consequences of such metabolic activity on host metabolism and physiological functions; both in intestinal and peripheral tissues.Over the last years, our understanding of the causal links between microbiota metabolic activity towards dietary and endogenous substrates and human health status has evolved extensively. In this context, the book starts with a comprehensive introduction devoted to the physiological and metabolic functions of the intestinal epithelium, followed by a part dedicated to the way intestine offers board and lodging for microbes being on a short- or long-term stay. The next chapters focus on the utilization of the available substrates from diet by the intestinal bacteria to produce numerous bacterial metabolites, and on the impact of such microbial activity, in the first place for communication between microbes, and for communication between microbes and lodging host. As will be detailed, this latter process of interkingdom communication leads to either beneficial or deleterious effects on intestinal physiology and metabolism. Special attention is given to selected pathophysiological processes namely chronic intestinal inflammation, colorectal carcinogenesis, and diarrhea. Then, the effects of modifications of bacterial metabolites and other bioactive compounds by the host after intestinal absorption, and consequences for peripheral tissue functions are presented.Summarizing the state of the art on what is known about the metabolic crosstalk between gut microbiota and human metabolism, as well as perspectives for further experimental and clinical research, this book provides a useful resource for researchers, professionals, and students with a background in biology, and/or nutrition, medicine, pharmacology, and for those which are involved in the agriculture and food production. By explaining technical terms all along the text, this book should be understandable also for interested non-specialists.

This book presents a comprehensive view on mycotoxins of agricultural as well as non-agricultural environments and their health effects in humans and animals. Mycotoxins have immunosuppressive effects; but some of them can cause cancers, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, liver and kidney damage, birth defects, DNA damage and respiratory disorders. The problem of mycotoxins is long-lasting and their direct or indirect exposures to humans and animals must be further discussed. The first chapter will cover the historical perspective of mycotoxins along with timeline while the second one will provide overview including classification of mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses. The comprehensive information/ literature on traditional, emerging and mushroom mycotoxins will be given in chapters 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Chapter 6 will deal with mycotoxins co-occurrence poisoning whereas new and masked mycotoxins will be described in chapter 7. The important aspects of mycotoxin studies like extraction, characterization and analysis and management strategies will be summarized in 8 and 9 chapters. The last chapter of the book will cover the recent developments in toxicokinetic studies of mycotoxins. The book will have the most up-to-date information and recent discoveries to deliver accurate data and to illustrate essential points to a wide range of readers including mycologists, clinicians, agricultural scientists, chemists, veterinarians, environmentalists and food scientists.

This book provides an integrated review of the human ocular microbiome. It documents the discovery of ocular surface microbes by the conventional cultivable method and next generation sequencing technologies in both healthy and diseased (keratitis, uveitis, endophthalmitis, blepharitis, conjunctivitis etc.) eyes. The book further discusses the confounding factors that influence the microbiome, mycobiome and virome. The chapters cover niche-specificity with reference to skin, eyelid- margin, hands etc. It highlights the concept of core genera, dysbiosis and discriminating genera and covers the functional relevance of the dysbiotic microbiome, mycobiome and virome with respect to ocular diseases. The book includes topics on the relevance of molecular mechanisms, including quorum-sensing and mucin metabolism to ocular disorders, such as dry eye; and, microbiome-based therapies for treating of ocular disorders like vernal keratoconjunctivitis. The book is essential for microbiologists studying the human eye, ophthalmologists treating eye infection and trauma. It also caters to students of medical microbiology and medicine.

This book summarizes the recent developments of mass spectrometry techniques in microbial analysis for researchers in the field and for those who are about to enter the field.

This book collates up-to-date information about Candida and candidiasis, covering the following topics: diversity and genetic structure of the genus Candida, invasion biology of candidiasis, pathogenicity, drug resistance, antifungal susceptibility, antifungal-resistant Candida strains, antifungal-resistant genes among resistant isolates, molecular mechanisms of antifungal resistance, diagnosis and targeted therapy of candidiasis, cytotoxicity, biofilms, Candida albicans and non-C. albicans, Covid-19 patients and proteomics, pustules, systemic therapies, topical therapies, new effective compounds against Candida spp. cutaneous candidiasis, oropharyngeal candidiasis, oesophageal candidiasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, intestinal candidiasis, invasive candidiasis, molecular methods in the diagnosis of Candida strains, host-pathogen interactions, interactions between Candida and cancer, antifungal drug discovery, natural compounds effective against Candida strains, and novel active compounds for candidiasis treatment.

Nanotechnology is widely considered as the most promising technology of 21st century. However, the idea of nanotechnology was first introduced long back, in 1959, by the renowned physicist 'Richard Feynman' in his famous speech entitled ""There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" at Caltech, envisioning the creation of materials with atomic precision [Feynman et al, 1960]. The term "nanotechnology" was first used in1974 by Norio Taniguchi, a researcher at the University of Tokyo who used it to refer to the ability of engineering materials at nanoscale [Taniguchi et al, 1974]. Eric Drexler in 1980's popularized the word "nanotechnology" by describing and analysing nanoscale devices, far smaller than a cell [Drexler, 1986]. In the early 90's nanotechnology became an accepted concept, dealing with the creation, exploration, and manipulations of structures measured in nanometer scale. In general, nanotechnology deals with the study of structures smaller than 1 ¿m (1000 nm) [Parween et al, 2011], in at-least one dimesion. Nano-structures have special properties that are exclusively due to their nanoscale proportions. The use of nanostructured materials has expended to a broad range of applications, from electronics to biology and medicine, contributing to achievement or promising results. A new field "Biomedical nanotechnology" emerged in the last decade by the joint use of nanoelectronics, photolithography, and new biomaterials for common medical applications, such as biomedical instrumentation, tissue engineering, diagnostics and drug delivery. The impact of nanotechnology in the field of biomedical sciences is listed in Table 1.1.

This book discusses principles, methodology, and applications of microbiological laboratory techniques . It lays special emphasis on the use of various automated machines that are essential for medical microbiology and diagnostic labs. The book contains eleven major chapters. The first chapter describes the good lab practices which should be followed by the students in all biological, chemistry or microbiology laboratories. The next chapter describes manual and automated characterization of antibiotic resistant microbes, followed by a chapter on genomics based tools and techniques that are integral to research. Further chapters deal with other important techniques like immunology based techniques, spectrophotometry and its various types, MALDI-TOFF and microarrays, each with illustrations and detailed description of the protocols and applications. The book also gives certain important guidelines to the students about the planning the experiment and interpreting results.The book is highly informative and provides latest techniques. It is a handy compendium for graduate and post graduate students, as well as more advanced researchers.

The plethora of miscommunication and disinformation about how SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) spreads suggests a widespread misunderstanding of how viruses work. This book will focus on the interpretation of scientific and medical results, giving the reader guidance on interpreting virological data, including the concepts of 'live' versus infectious virus.

Natural Antioxidants to Enhance the Shelf-Life of Food, Volume Two in the Developments in Food Quality and Safety series is the most up-to-date resource covering trending topics such as the analysis of toxic compounds and control of food poisoning, food fraud, traceability and authenticity, revalorization of agrifood industry, and natural antimicrobial compounds and their applications to improve the preservation of food, non-thermal processing technologies, nanotechnology in food production, and intelligent packaging and sensors for food applications. The book focuses on recent advances and strategies to use these compounds in the preservation of food. Chapters explore advances in antioxidant activity analysis, electrochemical methods, food oxidative stability, and natural antioxidants from agro-industrial by-products. Natural antioxidants from marine sources and innovations in antioxidants films and coatings are also covered. The series is edited by Dr. José Manuel Lorenzo and authored by a team of global experts in the fields of Food Quality and Safety, providing comprehensive knowledge to food industry personals and scientists.