Medicinsk mikrobiologi og virologi

Molecular biology has rapidly advanced since the discovery of the basic flow of information in life, from DNA to RNA to proteins. While there are several important and interesting exceptions to this general flow of information, the importance of these biological macromolecules in dictating the phenotypic nature of living creatures in health and disease is paramount. In the last one and a half decades, and particularly after the completion of the Human Genome Project, there has been an explosion of technologies that allow the broad characterization of these macromolecules in physiology, and the perturbations to these macromolecules that occur in diseases such as cancer. In this volume, we will explore the modern approaches used to characterize these macromolecules in an unbiased, systematic way. Such technologies are rapidly advancing our knowledge of the coordinated and complicated changes that occur during carcinogenesis, and are providing vital information that, when correctly interpreted by biostatistical/bioinformatics analyses, can be exploited for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human cancers.The purpose of this volume is to provide an overview of modern molecular biological approaches to unbiased discovery in cancer research. Advances in molecular biology allowing unbiased analysis of changes in cancer initiation and progression will be overviewed. These include the strategies employed in modern genomics, gene expression analysis, and proteomics.

In the last three decades. use of antibiotics/drugs in animal husbandry programs has grown tremendously. Antibiotics/drugs are used therapeutically to cure diseases. and subtherapeutically to control the outbreak of diseases, improve feed efficiency and promote growth. The presence of antibiotic/drug residues in food products of animal origin. i.e .. meat, poultry and milk, can be a potential health hazard to consumers. Significant research is being done to develop new methods or to improve on existing methods to confirm and quantitatively determine the antibiotic/drug residues in meat, poultry and milk. This book covers recent development and application of various analytical techniques for the determination of antibiotic/drug residues in food products of animal origin. I thank the authors for their time and efforts in preparing the manuscripts and "all the reviewers for reviewing the manuscripts. I also thank to the Division of Agricultural and Food Chemistry of the American Chemical Society for sponsoring the symposium and Hewlett Packard, Palo Alto, CA, Perkin Elmer Corp., Norwalk, CT, Millipore Corporation, Milford, MA, and Kraft General Foods, Glenview, IL, for their generous financial support for the symposium. Vipin K. Agarwal New Haven, CT v CONTENTS Importance of Laboratory Validations and Accurate Descriptions of Analytical Procedures for Drug Residues in Foods ................. .

This book gives a comprehensive overview of recent advances in influenza, as well as general concepts of molecular biology of influenza infections, epidemiology, immunopathology, prevention, and current clinical recommendations in management of influenza, including preparation of vaccines, assessment of the safety and quality of influenza vaccines and adjuvants highlighting the ongoing issues and recent advances, with future directions in prevention and therapeutic strategies. I hope that this work might increase the interest in this field of research and that the readers will find it useful for their investigations, management, and clinical usage.

This volume provides the reader with a detailed overview of the current state-of-the art approach of Hepatitis C management. It reviews the course of action in handling of chronic Hepatitis C patients with various HCV genotypes and treats special cases such as acute hepatitis, transplant and renal patients as well as people who inject drugs. The two volume work on Hepatitis C introduces to the topic by reviewing virology, diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention, management and elimination of HCV. The book provides a valuable source at full length for researchers and clinicians working on Hepatitis C.

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of microbial polysaccharides, their current uses, and highlights biomedical opportunities. The topics comprise principally a) their extraction, isolation, purification and advanced production processes; b) characterization of their structural, physicochemical, and biological properties, among others, by several techniques; c) description of the advanced functionalization and modification methods for the polysaccharide based-material; and d) their applications and uses in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Each chapter is written by world-renowned academics and practitioners on their field.This is an essential reference for students in biomedical, chemical, material, and microbiology engineering as well as researchers and professionals in the medical field.

Understanding how Covid-19 started is more important than we know for the future of humankind. Determining whether the virus came from nature or from a lab will help us to safeguard against the next pandemic.This disease will forever punctuate modern history. It has led to the deaths of millions, sickened hundreds of millions and affected the lives of almost every person on the planet. We now know that Covid is here to stay.Genetic engineering expert Dr Alina Chan and renowned science writer Matt Ridley examine the origins of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for Covid-19, using their formidable skills to scrutinise arguments and rigorously analyse the sprawling data. Viral is a fascinating account that takes in pangolins, horseshoe bats, internet sleuths and misleading scientific papers. It details the evidence and investigates hypotheses for the virus origin, chief among them a potential laboratory leak or a natural spillover.Science has made great strides over the last decades. Chan and Ridley give an insight into the proliferating pathogen research and virus hunting around the world. Whatever the source of the virus, the world needs to adopt new policies and strategies to prevent or mitigate future outbreaks.Set in the caves and mineshafts, food markets and wildlife smugglers' stores, laboratories and databases of China and elsewhere, Viral is a page-turner that reads like a detective novel and goes deeper into the deepest mystery of the day than any other work.This is the book on the search for the origin of Covid-19.

The human body is a marvel - but what happens when it comes under attack? A fascinating guide to why we get sick and how we get better.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2017 im Fachbereich Biologie - Mikrobiologie, Molekularbiologie, Note: 1,7, Technische Hochschule Wildau, ehem. Technische Fachhochschule Wildau, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: In dieser Arbeit werden zwei verschiedene Referenzmaterialien für die Bestimmung von Aflatoxin B1 hergestellt und gemessen. Dabei soll besonders auf die Messgenauigkeit und die Probengenauigkeit geachtet werden.Ungesunde Ernährung kann zu einer erhöhten Anfälligkeit von Krankheiten führen oder zu körperlichen und geistigen Entwicklungsstörungen. Deshalb ist die Qualität von Lebensmitteln ein wichtiger Faktor für die menschliche Gesundheit. Schon bei der Primärproduktion beginnt die Produktion eines qualitativ hochwertigen und sicheren Lebensmittels. Entlang der Wertschöpfungskette (Wachstum, Verarbeitung, Lagerung und Transport) entwickeln sich je nach Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit und Gasgehalt der Luft Schimmelpilze und Toxine. Da vor allem Getreide häufig mit den gesundheitsgefährdenden Mykotoxinen belastet sein kann, sind Sicherheitskontrollen hier sehr wichtig. Es gibt heute mehrere Nachweisverfahren für Mykotoxine. Ein Nachteil dieser Verfahren ist, dass sie meist sehr zeit- und kostenintensiv sind.

G. Petursson and Rikke Hoff-J0rgensen The concept of slow viral infections was first put forward in 1954 by Dr. Bjorn Sigurdsson, an Icelandic physician who had been studying some sheep diseases which were introduced into Iceland with the importation of a foreign breed of sheep in 1933. Sigurdsson's main criteria for defining slow infec­ tions were a very long initial period without clinical signs lasting months or even years following infection and a rather regular protracted, progres­ sive course, once clinical symptoms had appeared, usually ending in serious disease or death. Sigurdsson included in this list of slow infections maedi -visna, infectious adenomatosis of sheep, scrapie in sheep, Bittner's mam­ mary carcinoma and Gross' leukemia in mice. All of these diseases, except scrapie, are caused by retroviruses. The characteristics of slow infections as described above are of prac­ tical importance for epidemiology, diagnosis and control of these diseases. For many years the slow infections remained primarily a veterinary problem, mainly affecting sheep and goats in certain countries. In recent years, how­ ever, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causing acquired immunodefici­ ency syndrome (AIDS), has suddenly appeared in many countries of the world and brought the slow infection concept forcefully to the attention of the medical profession. The disease problems and the economic effects of slow infections of sheep and goats are increasingly recognized in various coun­ tries. For the reasons stated above we feel that this book should be useful for veterinarians and physicians alike.

We have endeavoured in this book to bring the reader up-to-date information, which will contribute to an enhanced ability to diagnose and treat mycobacterial skin diseases. This volume is mainly concerned with conveying to dermatologists, microbiologists, immunologists, dermatologists in training, registrars in other specialties and interested family practitioners, a concise appraisal of some recent developments in the various aspects of myco- bacterial skin diseases. The chapters dealing with bacteriology, pathology and immunology have been planned to appear at the beginning of the book to provide the necessary conceptual framework for the section on clinical science, which deals with the variety of clinical states. The value of the clinical descriptions is vastly enhanced by a careful reading of the earlier chapters. The contributing authors have been most cooperative in making this, the tenth volume in the New Clinical Applications in Dermatology series, an excellent treatise. I thank each of them for their superb contributions. If this book stimulates and encourages a greater interest in, and a better understanding of, mycobacterial skin diseases, and enables physicians to serve more effectively those who suffer, the time and effort spent to produce it will be amply rewarded. PROFESSOR MARWALI HARAHAP IX SERIES EDITOR'S FOREWORD It was with great pleasure that I heard of Professor Harahap's wish to produce a volume on mycobacterial skin diseases.

Antiviral drugs are vital - but imperfect - tools for treatment and prevention of viral infections. Undesirable effects, from drug resistant viruses to low oral bioavailability, toxicity and severe side effects limit clinical usefulness. These factors drive demand for improved antiviral strategies. This book offers an up-to-date review of new drugs and targets, novel modes of action, vector-based treatments and even the blocking of defined genes by inhibiting mRNA formation (siRNA). Includes contributions by acknowledged experts; the book will serve as a compendium for R&D and educational professionals, and be of value for students.

The study of poxviruses has a long and distinguished history that includes Jenner's founding work on smallpox vaccination. In the more than 200 years since that time we have seen the remarkable eradication of smallpox. It is difficult to overstate the significance of that achievement. It not only removed a disease that must rate as one of humankind's greatest scourges, but also demonstrated the effectiveness of the general principle of vacci- tion in our battles against disease. This book begins with a review of smallpox and its causative agent, Variola virus. The vaccine used in the successful smallpox eradication c- paign, vaccinia virus, is reviewed in the following chapter that describes its origin and its use as a vaccine, as well as the current understanding of the molecular biology and pathogenesis of this virus. Vaccinia virus is the most intensively studied poxvirus and the descriptions of the biology of this virus are relevant to all vertebrate poxviruses. The eradication of smallpox has drawn attention to the potential threat posed by other orthopoxviruses that infect humans, particularly Monkeypox virus. A description of this virus is given in the third chapter. Jenner's ori- nal vaccine is believed to have been Cowpox virus and this virus is reviewed in the chapter by Essbauer and Meyer. Additional chapters are devoted to each of the recognized genera of the vertebrate poxviruses and a f- ther chapter describes the subfamily of poxviruses infecting invertebrates. Together these provide a comprehensive review of the poxvirus family.

La moria grandissima began its terrible journey across the European and Asian continents in 1347, leaving unimaginable devastation in its wake. Five years later, twenty-five million people were dead, felled by the scourge that would come to be called the Black Death. The Great Mortality is the extraordinary epic account of the worst natural disaster in European history -- a drama of courage, cowardice, misery, madness, and sacrifice that brilliantly illuminates humankind's darkest days when an old world ended and a new world was born.

The discovery and concept that Helicobacter pylori is associated with gastric disease including gastric cancer which is one of the most common and frequently lethal forms of malignancy, heralded a new and rapidly expanding field recognizing the emergence of many new pathogens and disease syndromes in clinical medicine, as well as basic infectious disease research. There is now an extensive and widely known literature of how H. pylori is involved in a wide variety of disease syn- dromes. As summarized in the introductory chapter of this volume, many major advances have been made in diagnosis, both serologic and endoscopic in time of the involvement of this organism in patients with upper GI ailments as well as its presence in those who are not clinically ill. The Introduction describes the rapid development of understanding the role of this organism in disease. The basic bacteriology of H. pylori is then described in the second chapter. Diagnostic tests for detecting H. pylori infection is then highlighted, as well as the role of such infection in gastric cancer. Current knowledge concerning risk factors and peptic ulcer pathology associated with H. pylori is then described. Newer information concerning therapy of H. pylori infection and colonization is described in a subsequent chapter as well as one concerning the effects of anti- biotics on H. pylori infection. The extensive literature on natural substances with anti-H.

Much research over the past 30 to 40 years has shown that the inflammatory response, while critical for host defense during microbial infection, may itself play a central role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Although key mediators responsible for this injury have been identified, efforts clinically to augment our conventional antimicrobial and supportive therapies during sepsis with agents modulating the inflammatory response have been unsuccessful. As a result, the mortality associated with this lethal syndrome, especially when complicated by shock, has remained persistently high. Unfortunately, during this same period of time, the incidence of sepsis has accelerated as other fields of medicine have relied increasingly on therapies that predispose to infection. While frustrating, overall this experience in the field of sepsis has not been without value. Most importantly, it has helped define on several different levels the complexity of the septic patient. Recognizing and addressing this complexity as discussed by each of the contributors to Evolving Concepts in Sepsis and Septic Shock may now provide new inroads into the treatment of sepsis.

Frau beit biertischtanzenden Mann und dies fhrt zu einem mehrwchigen Krankenhausaufenthalt. Reale klinische Flle zum problemorientierten LernenFalldarstellung - Fragen - Auflsung mit Hintergrundwissen Jeder Fall erzeugt einen exemplarischen AHA-Effekt"e;Schulen Sie Ihren Blick fr Differenzialdiagnostik, Diagnose und Therapie.Dran denken"e; ist wichtig! - Nur was man kennt, erkennt man auch. Der reale klinische Alltag bietet die verschiedensten VariantenVon der normalen"e; Pneumokokken-Pneumonie bis zu Parasiten auf der Intensivstation.Alle Inhalte von anerkannten Fachleuten verfasst. Spannend - jeder Fall eine kleine detektivische Aufgabe!Htten Sie's gewusst?Infektionskrankheiten nehmen zu, Infektionen gehen uns alle an, mit Infektionen wird jeder in der klinischen Praxis konfrontiert. Deshalb wendet sich dieses Buch an jeden praktisch ttigen Arzt: Internisten, Allgemeinmediziner, Pdiater, Intensivmediziner, Infektiologen, an Medizinische Mikrobiologen ... und an alle Medizinstudenten, die fall- und problemorientiert lernen.

In diesem Buch werden die verschiedenen Viren (Hepatitis-B-Virus, Hepatitis-Non-A-Non-B-Viren, Cytomegalievirus, Epstein-Barr-Virus, Papovaviren, HIV), die Blut, Plasma und Plasmapraparate kontaminieren konnen, besprochen. Es werden die Nachweisverfahren dieser verschiedenen Viren und Methoden zu ihrer Beseitigung in den angegebenen Praparaten dargestellt. Auerdem werden die Anforderungen diskutiert, die das Arzneimittelgesetz an den Hersteller und an den Anwender dieser Produkte hinsichtlich der Wirksamkeit und Unschadlichkeit stellt. Das Thema hat durch die Ubertragung von HIV durch Blut oder Blutprodukte in den vergangenen Jahren enorm an Bedeutung gewonnen.

In diesem kurzen, verständlich geschriebenen Buch stehen die biologischen Grundlagen, die aktuellen Erkenntnisse zum Coronavirus und die Einordnung in den geschichtlichen und gesellschaftlichen Rahmen im Mittelpunkt. Seit der Identifizierung der ersten Fälle in Wuhan, China, Ende 2019 gab es beträchtliche Verwirrung zur Herkunft und Verbreitung des offiziell SARS-CoV-2 genannten Virus, welches die Krankheit COVID-19 verursacht. Durch widersprüchliche Botschaften in den Medien, unterschiedlichste Informationsquellen, Verschwörungstheorien über den Ursprung des Virus und den uneinheitlichen Umgang durch die Gesundheitsbehörden in verschiedenen Ländern wurde die Angst in der Bevölkerung verstärkt. Diese prägnante und leicht zugängliche Einführung gibt einem breiten Publikum Antworten auf die häufigsten Fragen rund um das Coronavirus:Woher kam das Virus?Wie wird es übertragen?Wie verursacht es Krankheiten?Ist es wie eine Grippe?Wasist eine Pandemie?Was können wir tun, um seine Ausbreitung zu stoppen? Der Autor Raúl Rabadán ist Professor am Institut für Systembiologie und biomedizinische Informatik der Columbia University. Seine aktuelle Forschung konzentriert sich auf die Entdeckung von Evolutionsmustern bei Viren und bei Krebs.

The Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry first introduced the concept of "e;Interface Oral Health Science"e;, designed to establish and maintain healthy oral cavities, which are home to a number of mixed systems. Included in those systems are: (1) host tissues such as teeth, mucosa, muscle and bone, (2) parasites and microorganisms cohabiting the surfaces of the oral cavity and (3) biomaterials that are used for the rehabilitation of oral functions. In addition, (4) these systems are subject to severe and complex mechanical forces. Therefore, it is critical to promote dental studies that integrate a wide range of interdisciplinary research as medicine, agriculture, material science, engineering, and pharmacology. With this incentive, international symposiums for interface oral health science have been held several times in the past. The concept has since refined and expanded, the result being the "e;Biosis-Abiosis Intelligent Interface,"e; and projects aiming at the creation of highly functional and autonomic intelligent interfaces are ongoing. This book brings together a number of studies on incentives and projects by leading authors. Topics include biosis-abiosis interface of dental implants, biomaterials in interface science, biomedical engineering interface and cell manipulation and tissue regeneration. Readers not only from the field of dentistry but also many related areas will find this book a valuable resource.

Malaria remains an alarming emergency in developing countries. It is thus urgent to identify any parasite or host molecules that can serve as new affordable markers for early diagnosis of disease complications or as new targets for vector control. In this context, human and mosquito lysozymes are good candidate molecules, as their involvement in malaria has been recently reported by several independent groups. This book reviews the grounded knowledge on malaria etiology and physiopathology, as well as the current approaches for diagnosis, therapy, and vector control. In addition, the emerging evidence on the involvement of human and mosquito lysozymes in malaria from available experimental models and clinical studies is thoroughly discussed, as is the potential use of other antimicrobial peptides against malaria. Intriguingly, the contributors propose that old well-known molecules such as lysozymes might be used as new targets for cost-effective strategies to fight malaria.