Farmakologi

Exposure of patients to a high oxygen environment is a standard treatment in a select group of patients. The development of oxygen toxicity must be avoided in those patients. This book describes the effects of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen treatment of animal models on brain biochemical and physiological responses. This book provides a summary of our knowledge on the effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on mitochondrial activity in vivo, and other functions of the brain. A chapter covering the use of hyperbaric hyperoxia in patients¿ brain pathology and care is also included. This is an ideal book for students, research groups, and clinicians studying hyperbaric oxygen and its connection to mitochondrial activity and brain physiological functions.

This reprint focuses on the diagnostic and therapeutic management as well as potential genetic causes of syndromes belonging to the group of differences of sex development (DSD). Uterus and vaginal aplasia in MRKH syndrome as well as complex obstructive malformations, adrenogenital syndrome, and cloacal exstrophy are addressed, and the interdisciplinary approach and special needs of affected patients are emphasized. Long-term results after surgical therapies are given and new potential genetic causes are described. A standardized procedure in diagnostics and therapy is essential to avoid misdiagnoses and inappropriate and/or unnecessary surgery and complications that lead to prolonged suffering and negatively influence the individual's reproductive future.The objective of this Special Issue was to develop and evaluate the concepts, strategies, and outcomes necessary to improve access to quality care for women suffering from complex genital malformations by taking into account the impact of primary care and patient empowerment, as well as to optimize the interdisciplinary approach.

An insider view of the surprising innovations, collaborations and human stories behind our most vital medicines.

Medical treatments designed to help people can also be harmful or fatal. Around 2.5 million people die this way each year. So if any kind of medicine makes someone unwell, they or their doctor should report it. Those reports, from nearly every country in the world, go to the Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) in Sweden. As the Centre¿s first director, Professor Ivor Ralph Edwards transformed it from a tiny operation with limited horizons into an internationally acclaimed scientific organization at the heart of the World Health Organization¿s Programme for International Drug Monitoring. He was then succeeded by his wife, Dr Marie Lindquist.This is the story of how a new science developed and a passionate and dedicated pursuit of worldwide medicines safety, with an unerring focus on the welfare of patients. The pioneering work of Ralph, Marie and their collaborators on every continent protected the lives of millions of people. It may yet improve the lives of billions more.

Therapeutic macromolecules and biologics have gained increasing importance in the last decade. Pulmonary and intranasal delivery of these therapeutic modalities, which have poor oral bioavailability, could constitute an attractive, non-invasive alternative to parenteral delivery. They can be considered for either topical use for treating diseases affecting the airways or for systemic use for treating a variety of other diseases. Therefore, this book is a readable, thoughtful, and useful guide on the latest research developments and the best options that people involved with pulmonary and intranasal route of administration and biologically active agents can bring to their practices. Furthermore, it explores the underlying scientific rationale for the strategies applied to overcome drug delivery challenges and provides insights to inspire further research in this growing area.

The molecular characterization of tumors, investigated particularly through proteogenomic analyses, has led to a revolution in cancer research. Over the last decade, the development of quantitative proteomics, together with other major technological breakthroughs, have identified candidate biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and drug efficacy/resistance follow-up. These improvements have allowed researchers to explore the capability of cancer cells to invade, metastasize, and finally, destroy normal tissues and organs. In parallel, new hypotheses have been formulated, and the means cancer cells use to exploit their surrounding environment have begun to be deciphered, leading to new therapeutic approaches. This Special Issue covers all these aspects, revealing new, recent insights on the molecular networks controlling the tumor invasiveness process; dynamic interactions between cancer cells; and the host stroma, stemness and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, as well as the links between inflammation and tumor metastasis. The scope is extended to studies on all cancer histological types (original research articles and reviews) conducted on experimental tumor models, tumor samples, and/or biofluids from patients with cancer.

This Special Issue focuses on the clinical relevance of the C-reactive protein. Most physicians are familiar with it as a diagnostic biomarker. Only a few have realized that it can be a pathomolecule. After all, the biomarker is, of course, not a physiological function. The main task of CRP is to mark cells to be disposed of, which has been shown for decades in various animal models and has been broken down into molecular detail.The articles presented in this Special Issue reveal a broad spectrum of indications with CRP involvement. The reports unanimously support the view that CRP has a dark side. In addition to this new perspective on the pathological properties of CRP, two other new aspects are crystallizing. One is that the initial rate of CRP synthesis in an acute illness such as sepsis or myocardial infarction allows an excellent prognosis in terms of mortality or cardiac function/scar area. The other is the surprising finding that CRP impairs the desensitization of GPCRs without the need for any further damaging process.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a myocardial disorder characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy, which cannot be entirely attributed to loading conditions such as valve or congenital heart disease, or hypertension. This condition is relatively common, with a prevalence of 1:250-500 individuals, and is linked to increased rates of mortality and morbidity. In recent years, there has been a growing body of knowledge concerning the genetic underpinnings, natural history, risk assessment, and management of HCM.In this Special Issue, experts in the field delve into these topics through comprehensive reviews and original articles that explores the molecular basis, the role of genetic testing, risk stratification for sudden cardiac death, atrial fibrillation, and management of HCM.

This Special Issue provides an update on the diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. New diagnostic approaches for screening as well as innovative maternal surveillance tools are described. Fetal Doppler monitoring methods and specific risk factors (diabetes and obesity) are highlighted as part of this latest edition. The development of further maternal cardiovascular disease is additionally focussed upon.The findings are relevant and contribute to better understanding this significant feto-maternal disease.

The Medication Fact Book is a comprehensive reference guide covering all the important facts, from cost to pharmacokinetics, about the most commonly prescribed medications in psychiatry.Now covering side effects!This new edition includes additional fact sheets covering side effects to give you quick-reference access to understanding the most common side effects your patients experience with practical tips on how to manage them.

Health and Environmental Effects of Ambient Air Pollution is part of a series of three volumes for Air Pollution, Human Health, and the Environment. Volume 1 discusses the adverse consequences of ambient air pollutants on human health, animals, plants, and structures. This book examines the production of ambient air pollutants in the environment. It begins with an overview of the classifications, sources, and occurrences of outdoor air pollutants. This book covers meteorological, climate, and topographical factors affecting air pollution, discusses how urbanization and industrialization affect air quality, and explores how climate conditions like global warming, acid rain, and airborne particulate matter impact human health. It also looks at epidemiology studies and socioeconomic aspects of outdoor air pollution, estimating health and cost effects, air quality indices, guidelines, standards, and information networks of ambient air pollutants. With contributors from experts in the field, this book is a valuable reference for academicians, researchers, and students in environmental health, public health, and occupational health, as well as environmental engineers, meteorologists, epidemiologists, medical researchers, and environmental toxicologists.

Choose the drug handbook trusted by nurses for over 35 years! Mosby's 2025 Nursing Drug Reference makes it easy to find the most vital information on the drugs you administer most frequently. More than 5,000 drugs are profiled - including more than 25 new entries for drugs recently approved by the FDA. And no other drug guide places a higher emphasis on patient safety, with Black Box Warnings for dangerous adverse reactions, High Alerts for drugs with the greatest risk, and a focus on both common and life-threatening side effects. From nursing pharmacology expert Linda Skidmore-Roth, this perennial bestseller proves there is a difference in drug guides.NEW! Drug monographs for more than 25 newly released, FDA-approved medications equip you with the latest drug information including generic names, trade names, pronunciations, do-not-confuse drugs, action, uses, contraindications, precautions, dosages and routes, side effects, pharmacokinetics, interactions (including drug/herb, drug/food and drug/lab test), nursing considerations, treatment of overdose, patient/family teaching, and more.NEW! Several online-only drug monographs are added to the companion Evolve website, creating an overall total of more than 100 Evolve-only drug monographs for lesser-used medications.NEW! Combinations heading for selected monographs highlight common combinations.More than 5,000 generic and trade-name drugs are profiled, covering almost every drug you will administer in practice or in clinicals.Alphabetical organization by generic name provides quick and easy access to specific drugs, with both trade and generic names listed in the index.Bolded coverage of IV drug administration highlights dosage and IV administration instructions, including safety considerations and Y-site, syringe, and additive compatibilities.Nursing Process steps are used as the framework for organizing all nursing care information.Complete pharmacokinetic information is summarized in a table and includes the mechanism and absorption of the drug as well as its action, duration, and excretion.Side effects information is organized by body system and identified as common or life threatening, showing signs to watch for during assessments.High Alert headers highlight drugs that pose the greatest risk if administered improperly.Black Box Warnings provide alerts to FDA warnings of dangerous or life-threatening drug reactions.Overview of drug categories explains the safe administration of common classes of drugs, as well as their common side effects and interactions.Flexible, water-resistant cover provides durability in the clinical setting.

Computer-Aided Ligand- and Structure-based methodologies are an evolving field in the discovery of Marine Drugs. Computational approaches, chemistry simulation methods using bioinformatics and chemoinformatics tools and databases can be successfully used in the discovery, design and development of new chemical agents for therapeutic purposes by assisting in the structure elucidation of secondary metabolites, repurposing known Marine Natural Products (MNPs) for innovative therapeutic targets, identifying novel hits or leads against selected therapeutic targets and revealing mechanisms of action and supporting medicinal chemistry lead optimization programs.This Special Issue of Marine Drugs entitled "Marine Drug Discovery through Computer-Aided Approaches" aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the great variety of existing and advanced Computer-Aided Approaches for the discovery and identification of molecular agents with added value and health-promoting properties for the development of biotechnological and medical applications.

In this reprint, we collected 17 high-quality and innovative papers investigating several factors that have contributed to the clinical complexity of COVID-19: from host-pathogen interactions to different clinical manifestations, including the impact on healthcare systems and post-COVID-19 consequences. Moreover, several articles published in this reprint focus on the post-disease and long-term effects of COVID-19, including the quality of life of the hospitalized or non-hospitalized patients, and the physical, psychological, and social effects of the pandemic.

Pharmaceutical chemistry (PC) represents a dynamic field of research that plays a pivotal role in the development of life-saving pharmaceuticals. PC is a precise science: One needs to rely on the accuracy of previous discoveries that have provided massive amount of precious information and databases as a solid foundation to move forward. PC is also an art where the artist uses a subtle mixture of knowledge, experimental learning, creativity, intuition, boldness, and serendipity to paint the right canvas. Nature often serves as a stimulus for pharmaceutical chemists. Many drugs are derived from natural compounds found in plants, fungi, or microorganisms. Chemists study these natural sources, seeking inspiration to design synthetic molecules that mimic the therapeutic properties of the originals while optimizing their characteristics. Francis Collins, geneticist and expert in the pharmaceutical industry, explains that the molecular cause of 4,000 diseases is no longer a secret to humanity, but there are only treatments available for 250 of them. Therefore, the world requires more professionals who can produce better medicines and solve more needs. For this reason, it is urgent to discover a new system, new drugs, better industrial processes and faster responses for rare and complex diseases. That is the importance and need for more students in love with PC. It is the author's wish that volumes 1 and 2 of this series may serve as motivation for students who intend to get started in the exciting world of drug design, synthesis and development. There is no nobler objective than improving health and quality of life of the human race. The unprecedented increase in human life expectancy, which has almost doubled in a hundred years, is mainly due to drugs and to those who discovered them. It is more important to create awareness in the student that he/she is responsible for his own learning and not simply a passive consumer of information. In this way we will be able to train versatile professionals with an attitude of transformative social change. Drug Design and Action is trated in a separate volume ISBN 978-3-11-131654-3.

Health Literacy in Medicines Use and Pharmacy: A Definitive Guide highlights issues related to medication literacy from the context of the pharmacist and other healthcare professionals. This definitive guide will undoubtedly serve as an invaluable resource for healthcare professionals in training and practice, fostering excellence in patient care globally. The book provides a clear explanation of medication literacy, presents different tools to assess health and medication literacy, readability, and comprehensibility of written medicine information (WMI), and elaborates on different approaches to develop customized and patient-friendly WMI. The book also covers health and medication literacy in special populations, including geriatrics, pediatrics, and pregnant/lactating patients. Written by experts in health communication, this book will help pharmacists, other health professionals, educators, students, and regulators, who need to develop customized educational materials that can be understood by a broad range of patients, especially those with low health literacy.

This book contains Introduction to Endocrinology, disscution about Pituitary hormones and their control by the hypothalamus, Thyroid hormones, Cancer and Hormonal cortical hormones, Pancreatic hormones, Regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism, Physiology of the gonads.

In the multifaceted scene of medication improvement, getting administrative endorsement is a vital achievement, guaranteeing that a drug item fulfills the severe guidelines set by administrative specialists. The Focal Medications Standard Control Association (CDSCO) in India assumes a focal part in this cycle, illustrating rules and guidelines that oversee the endorsement of medications inside the country. Exploring Medication Endorsement: An Extensive Manual for CDSCO Rules fills in as a fundamental guide for drug organizations, specialists, and administrative experts engaged with carrying new prescriptions to the Indian market.1. Understanding the CDSCO Scene:The aide begins with an inside and out investigation of the Focal Medications Standard Control Association, giving an exhaustive comprehension of its construction, capabilities, and administrative obligations. This basic information makes way for a nuanced cognizance of the complex cycles engaged with drug endorsement.2. Verifiable Viewpoint and Development:Diving into the authentic point of view and advancement of medication guideline in India, the aide follows the direction of administrative systems, featuring key achievements that have molded the ongoing administrative scene. This verifiable setting enlightens the reasoning behind existing rules and makes way for expecting future turns of events.3. Significance of Administrative Consistence:A broad part of the aide highlights the principal significance of administrative consistence in drug improvement. It clarifies the need of lining up with CDSCO rules to guarantee the security, adequacy, and nature of drug items. The aide stresses that administrative consistence isn't only a regulatory prerequisite however a basic part of protecting general wellbeing and cultivating industry respectability.4. Design and Elements of CDSCO:An itemized assessment of the design and elements of CDSCO follows, disentangling the complexities of this administrative body. The aide explains how CDSCO manages the endorsement, assembling, and appropriation of drugs, stressing the urgent job it plays in keeping up with the best expectations of wellbeing and viability.5. Getting ready for Medication Endorsement: Administrative Scene:Pushing ahead, the aide gives a thorough outline of the administrative scene that drug substances should explore while looking for drug endorsement. It fastidiously subtleties the means engaged with planning and submitting administrative applications, offering experiences into the documentation, courses of events, and fundamental necessities framed by CDSCO.Basically, Exploring Medication Endorsement: A Far reaching Manual for CDSCO Rules fills in as a reference point in the complicated domain of medication improvement, giving clearness, bits of knowledge, and a guide for partners exploring the administrative scene framed by CDSCO. Whether one is a carefully prepared drug proficient or a newbie to the field, this guide demonstrates priceless in figuring out, deciphering, and conforming to the guidelines that characterize the medication endorsement process in India.

This book provides a practically applicable guide to the applications of pharmogenomics across medicine. Background information is provided on the mechanisms associated with membrane transporters, drug-metabolizing enzymes and their importance in pharmagenomics. Detailed guidance is subsequently presented on how to apply these techniques in disciplines including cardiology, gastroenterology, oncology, transplantation surgery, infectious diseases, anesthesia and analgesia, neurology, psychiatry, primary care, and public health. Clear easy-to-follow instructions are given on how to use big data technologies and public health databases in day-to-day clinical practice.Pharmacogenomics in Clinical Practice concisely covers how pharmacogenomic technologies and techniques can be applied in daily medical practice. It is therefore an ideal up-to-date resource for any medical practitioner, trainee or researcher across all medical disciplines whowant to better understand how to use these techniques.

This book provides an overview on recent progress in anion channels and transporters. It covers multiple scales of analysis ranging from studying the molecular basis of function at atomic resolution to cellular consequences to channel/transporter dysfunction and approaches to correct such processes by pharmacological intervention. Similar anion channels and transporters are expressed in multiple tissues ¿ often fulfilling similar cellular tasks, but also clearly distinct functions. The aim is to combine work on multiple cell and organ systems.

This reprint includes studies on diagnosing, evaluating and managing the pathologies diagnosed during pregnancy. The information provided in these pages is helpful for specialists in obstetrics and gynaecology but also for other medical specialities involved in treating pregnant women with associated pathologies. Studying the articles in the reprint could contribute to improving case management.

Obstructive sleep apnea is a highly prevalent disorder with strong associations with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, metabolic, and cognitive consequences, including drowsy driving. Positive Airway Pressure treatment is the first-line therapy for adults with obstructive sleep apnea who are symptomatic. However, many individuals with comorbidities do not report symptoms that are associated with the disorder, and adherence to treatment is poor, especially in individuals with cardiovascular diseases. This reprint contains reviews and original articles that aim to update the current perspectives on the treatment modalities of obstructive sleep apnea to highlight multidisciplinary approaches, personalized treatment strategies, and the identification of the predictors of a patient's response to treatment, both in the general population and in clinical cohorts.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses chronic idiopathic relapsing and remitting gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases characterized by chronic inflammatory disorders of complex etiology, posing clinical challenges due to their often therapy-refractory nature. The primary disorders within the IBD classification are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), sharing similarities but exhibiting distinct differences, sometimes making their discrimination challenging.A prominent feature of IBD is the inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, characterized by the robust and persistent infiltration of immune cells and compromised intestinal barrier integrity, leading to a phenomenon known as "leaky gut." Inflammation can manifest acutely or chronically, known as relapsing, and can increase in severity over time, thereby causing life-long morbidities and reduced quality of life for affected individuals, underscoring the need for a deeper comprehension of the molecular contributors to disease pathogenesis and progression.

Lipid-based nanosystems, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), cationic lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and liposomes, have been extensively studied to improve drug delivery through different administration routes. The main advantages linked to these systems are the ability to protect, transport, and control the release of lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules (either small molecular weight or macromolecules); the use of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) excipients that minimize the toxicity of the formulations; and the possibility to modulate pharmacokinetics and enable the site-specific delivery of encapsulated payloads. In addition, the versatility of lipid-based nanosystems has been further demonstrated through the delivery of vaccines, protection of cosmetic actives, or improvement in the moisturizing properties of cosmetic formulations. Currently, lipid-based nanosystems are well established, and there are already different commercially approved formulations for different human disorders. This success has actually paved the way to diversifying the pipeline of development, upon addressing unmet medical needs for several indications, such as cancer; neurological disorders; and autoimmune, genetic, and infectious diseases. This Special Issue aims to update readers on the latest research on lipid-based nanosystems, both at the preclinical and clinical levels.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has emerged as a useful tool for optimizing biological treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID). Reactive TDM has rationalized the management of primary non-response and secondary loss of response to biologics, while cumulative evidence suggests that proactive TDM is efficacious for optimizing anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in patients with IBD. Proactive TDM can be very useful for optimizing biological therapy in specific IBD populations, such as pregnant women as well as patients with perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease and acute severe ulcerative colitis who are characterized by high drug clearance. Preliminary data suggest that proactive TDM may also have a role in de-escalating anti-TNF therapy in patients in clinical remission including stopping the immunomodulator when combined with anti-TNF therapy. However, several knowledge gaps and limitations hinder the wide implementation of TDM in clinical practice, including the optimal drug concentration to target the lag time between sampling and results and the lack of harmonization of TDM assays. Recent advances regarding the role of TDM include the use of rapid point-of-care assays and the incorporation of model-informed precision dosing. The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the clinical utility of TDM and discuss the barriers and recent advances of TDM of biologics in IBD and other IMID.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans today, and the number of people affected by cancer is growing. As a result, the search for new antitumor agents that may be more effective and secure than existing treatments is an ongoing effort. Nature provides a wide range of compounds with a great variety of chemical scaffolds and distinct bioactivity profiles. Indeed, natural products are a rich source of bioactive molecules that, over the years, have found application in the treatment of many diseases, including cancer. Natural products have played an important role in chemotherapy and chemoprevention by providing antitumor drugs such as camptothecin, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, vinblastine, and vincristine, as well as understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying antitumor activity. Significant advances in natural source isolation and extraction techniques have enabled the identification of novel lead compounds as useful starting points for the generation of optimized molecules with enhanced therapeutic potential via semi-synthetic or synthetic processes. The focus of this Topic is on natural substances derived from plants or animals, as well as their synthetic derivatives, which have been investigated for their ability to counteract cancer progression.