Farmakologi

This book focuses on the strategies and methods for quality control of Chinese medicines used in prevention and treatment of diseases for thousands of years in China and East Asia. It explains various strategies and methods for quality markers discovery and herbal glycoanalysis, as well as practices for control of heavy metal and pesticide residues. Strategies to overcome the shortage of reference compounds for quality control of Chinese medicines are also provided. The book also introduces analytical techniques for different analytes in Chinese medicines with an emphasis on sample preparation in automation and high extraction efficiency methods, the key process affecting the time and accuracy of the techniques. It is of interest to quality control scientists in academia and industry working on Chinese medicines and/or herbal medicine and also pharmacists, pharmacologists, food chemists, and nutritionists who want to understand Chinese medicines.

Bacterial Enzymes as Targets for Drug Discovery: Meeting the Challenges of Antibiotic Resistance addresses the gap between medical microbiology, structural biology, and genomic science in the development of new antibacterial drug development. This book consolidates detailed profiling of bacterial target enzyme families for the drug discovery process and methodologies for use and validation of the potential drug targets. The content covers the foundations of antibiotic drug discovery process and focuses on bacterial enzymes as drug targets, building a bridge between microbiology, structural biology, and genomic science. This is the ideal reference for antibiotic drug discovery researchers in the pharma industry and academia. Biochemists, microbiologists, and medicinal chemists will also benefit from this books’ content.

In this Special Issue, recent advancements in the field of pediatric tumors are discussed, and novel prognostic markers are critically appraised. Greater understanding of the heterogeneity of pediatric cancers will ultimately lead to new therapeutic strategies with the potential to provide new prospects for precision medicine in pediatric oncology.

Pain biomarkers are biological indicators or measurable characteristics that can provide information about the presence, severity, or underlying mechanisms of pain. They are valuable for several reasons: Diagnosis and differential diagnosis: Biomarkers can help in the diagnosis of various pain conditions and differentiate between different types of pain, such as neuropathic, inflammatory, or nociceptive pain. This can lead to more accurate and timely diagnoses, which in turn can improve patient care. Monitoring treatment efficacy: Pain biomarkers can be used to track how well treatments are working for individuals suffering from chronic pain conditions. This allows healthcare providers to make informed decisions about adjusting treatment plans, optimizing pain management, and avoiding unnecessary or ineffective interventions. Drug development and testing: Biomarkers play a crucial role in the development of new pain medications and therapies. They can help researchers identify potential drug targets, screen compounds for their pain-relieving properties, and assess the safety and efficacy of experimental treatments in clinical trials. Personalized medicine: Pain biomarkers may, in a future, contribute to treatments, tailored to an individual's unique genetic and biological disposition. Reducing opioid misuse: By using biomarkers to assess pain and treatment responses, healthcare providers can make more informed decisions about opioid prescriptions, potentially reducing the overuse and abuse of these medications.

Over the years, digestive endoscopy has gone through a revolution. With different technological improvements, its diagnostic role is indeed becoming more and more sophisticated and is even moving closer to pathological evaluation. Above all, its therapeutic purpose is to date the first line of treatment for several gastrointestinal diseases. Importantly, the role of digestive endoscopy is also crossing over the mere concept of the GI tract and digestive diseases and will probably find a place in a more holistic concept of health.In this Special Issue, several emerging techniques are addressed, highlighting how endoscopy is emerging as a minimally invasive treatment procedure for several gastrointestinal diseases and post-surgical complications. However, crucial to this is the safety of all endoscopic processes, starting from endoscopic suites to the management of intra- and post-procedural complications.

Various classes of natural and synthetic molecules that can be classified as biomaterials find application in all fields of dentistry. Biomaterials should be biocompatible to minimise toxicity and bioactivity to ensure or simulate biological effects. They are used, for instance, to enhance antibacterial activity and improve the healing process. Calcium silicates, for illustration, are biomaterials used in endodontics that have proven their excellent biological, physico-chemical, and mechanical properties. However, some of these are considered too soluble, and this is almost completely due to their hardness when used as endodontic sealers, making endodontic retreatment very difficult. Despite manufacturers' best efforts, it is sometimes difficult to marry bioactivity, biocompatibility, and clinical benefits in a biomaterial; therefore, in this content, the work of researchers is invaluable.

Are you an athlete looking to achieve peak performance and stay injury-free? Look no further! Sports Physiotherapy is your comprehensive guide to unleashing your full athletic potential and taking your game to new heights.In this groundbreaking book, we delve into the world of sports physiotherapy, offering you a treasure trove of cutting-edge techniques and strategies to optimize your athletic performance. Whether you're a professional athlete or a fitness enthusiast, this book is your roadmap to success. This book will teach and guide you on:How to attract and retain your client base, then build and market your practice as a long-lasting effective brand.How to choose your best career pathway in practicing musculoskeletal physiotherapy and transfer your skills into private sector work.How to master exercise prescription and manipulative therapies clinically while integrating advanced technologies safely and efficiently.Filled with case studies, practical demonstrations, and a discerning look at individualized care, the text is an essential tool for professional development. It is an indispensable read for any physiotherapist aiming to integrate cutting-edge methods into their practice, as well as navigate the ethical and regulatory complexities associated with these therapies.

Acetaminophen Toxicity: Experimental and Clinical Advances provides detailed information on the risks of consuming the drug in various situations and effective treatments of toxicity. Divided into two parts, the foundational aspects of this book cover the mechanism of toxicity in a detailed manner beginning with the history of acetaminophen to newly explored areas of genetics, proteomics, and metabolomics. The second half goes on to discuss clinical practices and examine where further research and therapeutic approaches may be headed. This part answers key questions about whom to treat, what are the exceptions, how long do you treat, how much antidote do you need, when are other treatments necessary, and what are those other treatments. With contributions from experts in the field, this book is a thorough, well-researched, and valuable reference for scientists, researchers, and clinicians engaged in pursuing better and more accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients with acetaminophen toxicity.

The Hsp90 chaperone complex is responsible for the activation and maturation of a vast array of signaling proteins. Recently, there has been a leap in our understanding of the Hsp90 structure and molecular mechanisms involved in such regulation. This has opened a doorway to the underlying mechanisms of disease processes and how we may intervene in such mechanisms to improve prognosis. The focus of this Special Issue is on the recent structural and biochemical advances of Hsp90 that provide insights into the mechanistic activation of Hsp90 on client proteins. It will also include discussions on Hsp90 and its co-chaperones, and their potential as therapeutic targets against human diseases.

Modern medical imaging systems provide information about the patient's health condition. Their precision, resolution and sensitivity are increasing, and new possibilities of differentiating the condition of tissue are constantly appearing. These advances are also taking place in musculoskeletal imaging. Increasingly accurate imaging in various modalities allows us to discover new relationships between the image and the diagnosis. It is therefore important to use all this information to best serve the patient. That is why research related to the analysis of medical images is so important, because it allows us to indicate what is invisible to the naked eye or to quantify what has so far been measured by humans or subject to discretionary assessment. This collection includes 25 works related to the analysis of images created during diagnostics of the musculoskeletal system using various modalities-from X-ray and fluoroscopy to conventional or spectral computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, elastography, PET/CT and systems for analyzing patient mechanics. Research was carried out related to the detection of various conditions, parameterization of clinical and population phenomena, and detection of image-clinical condition relationships. Despite the current popularity of machine learning techniques, the collection is dominated by classic engineering methods related to image processing. Several works use textural analysis, which has not been appreciated so far, which is particularly related to the imaging of the structure, especially of bones.

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common infections in the world, affecting roughly half of all humans. Although it is not an infection that causes death immediately after infection, it is one of the largest emerging infectious diseases in the history of humankind, causing a wide variety of diseases and, in the long term, serious complications such as stomach cancer. This Reprint contains empirical studies and reviews regarding the diagnosis, treatment, complications, and management of H. pylori infection, including new diagnostic methods, effective eradication regimens, the management of gastric cancer, and other topics.

In this Special Issue, we have gathered high-level research papers from all over the world. We would like to thank all researchers for their commitment to the field. From diagnostic ultrasound of different fetal conditions to advanced cardiovascular imaging leading to fetal MRI and from serum markers and biomarkers in maternal and fetal conditions to new modalities in fetal therapy, this Special Issue covers a large scale view of the present spectrum of modern perinatal medicine. Again, a warm thank you to all contributors.

This reprint discussed the role of retinal and optic nerve imaging in addition to its application in ophthalmic diseases and clinical medicine. It includes some high-quality articles containing original research results as well as review articles of exceptional merit.

Diabetes mellitus is a serious and life-threatening disease that causes complications and doubles the risk of premature death. Different aspects related to the progression of DM have been addressed in this reprint, such as obstructive sleep apnea due to hypoxia implications, microvascular and macrovascular complications, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol, and different oral processes.

Per Gesetz und Verordnung müssen pharmazeutische Unternehmen diverse sog. ¿Funktionsträger¿ benennen und beschäftigen. Hierzu zählen u.a. der Leiter der Qualitätskontrolle, der Leiter der Herstellung und die Sachkundige Person, die auch als Qualified Person bezeichnet wird. Diese Funktionsträger erfüllen wichtige Aufgaben im GMP-Umfeld, die u.a. dazu dienen, die Produktqualität von Arzneimitteln und damit die Patientensicherheit zu gewährleisten. Diese Funktionsträger sind zentraler Dreh- und Angelpunkt aller Aktivitäten, die zur Erfüllung der GMP-Anforderungen bei der Herstellung und Prüfung erfolgen.

Advances in Prodrugs: Design and Therapeutic Applications provides a versatile tool in prodrug design and development as well as a concrete perspective on clinical and preclinical studies currently available on prodrugs. The first part of this book discusses different chemical classes of prodrugs, with particular emphasis on metabolic pathways and mechanisms involved in the activation of their functional groups. The second part of the book covers therapeutic applications of prodrugs against the most discussed diseases, providing detailed discussion on recent achievements in the field. This book offers researchers involved in drug discovery key criteria for the successful development of prodrug-based therapeutic tools.Prodrugs are inactive drug precursors which undergo different chemical transformation by metabolic processes to provide pharmacologically active compounds. Prodrugs include a broad range of structurally diverse molecules employed for the treatment of several diseases.

This Special Issue focuses on treating the associated comorbidities and complications of cerebral palsy. Increased prescription of technology means that we are treating some comorbidities of cerebral palsy earlier or even pre-emptively. Increased life expectancy, compared with 20 years ago, means that we are also seeing even later complications of cerebral palsy. However, increased access to intensive medical care at home, non-invasive ventilation, and total parenteral nutrition now exist. There is also greater engagement with the perspectives and expectations of parents/carers and children. As society begins to discuss mental health more openly, we are also starting to recognise the significant two-way associations between disability and mental health. Ethical consultation may be warranted when harm with treatment exceeds the benefit. As we prepare children with cerebral palsy for adulthood, there is more thought and discussion around issues such as pain, mental health, quality of life, independence, and participation. Researchers in the field of cerebral palsy have contributed original articles and reviews which help build our evidence base to guide shared decision making.

This book discusses the role of oxidative stress in human reproduction with a focus on men's health. The physiological roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in male fertility are the focus in this book. This topic is important because oxidative stress is a result of the imbalance between ROS and antioxidants in the body which may lead to sperm damage (DNA or count), deformity, and eventually, male infertility. Therefore, for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms related to male genotoxicity and its regulation in infertility, this book provides an up-to-date view on the impact of oxidative stress factors in male reproduction .The main aim of this book is to collect a series of research articles and reviews from a diverse group of scientists to share their research work on the role of ROS or oxidative stress in physiological and pathological states in relation to (in)fertility in the male. This book presents various state-of-the-art chapters of the recent progress in the field of cellular toxicology and clinical manifestations of various issues related to men's health and fertility. Topics include cell signaling, DNA damage and infertility, the pathophysiology of disease instigation and distribution, immune toxicity and prevention.

This Special Issue focuses on the comprehensive understanding and novel treatments in the realm of cornea and ocular surface diseases. Ranging from the relatively benign manifestations of keratoconjunctivitis sicca to more critical conditions such as corneal ulcers, ocular surface diseases pose a considerable challenge in clinical ophthalmology. Such conditions can severely compromise the transparency of the cornea, often necessitating interventions such as keratoplasty. A significant emphasis of this edition is on the paramount importance of pre-surgical optimization. A successful keratoplasty is often predicated on the health of the ocular surface. Through a series of insightful articles, the importance of enhancing tear function, rehabilitating the normal lid anatomy, and ensuring a robust limbal stem cell supply is elucidated. Properly addressing these factors has a direct bearing on the success rate of the subsequent surgical intervention. Another highlight of this Special Issue is the presentation of cutting-edge treatments. Researchers from around the globe share their findings, detailing advancements in both surgical and non-surgical treatments. These range from innovative surgical techniques and tools to groundbreaking pharmaceutical agents that hold promise in managing and possibly reversing some of these conditions. In summary, this Special Issue serves as a repository of the latest knowledge in the management of cornea and ocular surface diseases, aimed at both the seasoned ophthalmologist and budding researchers in the field.

Translational research is required to uncover the underlying pathomechanisms of neurological and psychiatric disorders, search for new biomarkers, and develop novel therapeutics. Complex polygenic, multifactorial, and heterogeneous mechanisms have been elucidated using in vivo and in vitro models. Advanced preclinical models have recently revealed an intriguing interaction between sex/gender and aging in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of neuropsychiatric disorders. Despite these advances, much work remains to be carried out to fully understand the underlying pathology of these conditions and to develop treatments that can significantly improve the lives of those who suffer from them. The current challenge in the field of neurological and psychiatric disorders is the development of disease-modifying, effective treatments for these complex and long-term debilitating conditions with a high malady burden. The first edition of this research topic, entitled 'Emerging Translational Research in Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases: From In Vitro to In Vivo Models,' emphasizes the importance of translational research in bridging the gap between basic research and clinical applications. Furthermore, it provided a venue for researchers to share their findings and progress in translational research in this field.

This reprint is a compilation of cutting-edge knowledge in the field of bariatric surgery. It addresses the growing obesity epidemic and provides in-depth insights into the latest innovations in bariatric surgery and its future prospects. The content of the work includes a comprehensive review of modern surgical techniques. Additionally, it explores key aspects of preoperative assessment, postoperative follow-up, and the management of potential complications. The reprint highlights the benefits of bariatric surgery in improving the health and quality of life of morbidly obese patients. The reprint also addresses emerging trends in research and technology, such as robotic surgery and gene therapy, which hold the promise of further revolutionizing the field.

Restoring the hearing and enabling the integration of individuals with severe to profound deafness into mainstream society are remarkable achievements, and this Special Issue contributes to the discussion on the latest challenges and advancements in cochlear implantation. This reprint celebrates the remarkable progress in the field as it is dedicated to showcasing a collection of articles that capture the essence of these developments. These articles collectively provide an insightful overview of the advancements in the field of cochlear implants and cover a wide range of topics, from surgical techniques and electrophysiology to auditory rehabilitation and prognosis factors. Readers and researchers can explore these publications to gain a deeper understanding of the latest developments in this transformative technology with the ultimate goal of improving the lives of cochlear implant recipients.

The second volume of the Special Issue entitled "Antimicrobial Prescribing and Stewardship" consists of manuscripts, including original research articles, review articles, and opinion papers regarding antimicrobial stewardship-related topics, including disease-based/organism-based antimicrobial stewardship; the influence of antimicrobial utilization changes on antimicrobial resistance; the impact of antimicrobial stewardship on quality performance measures and patient outcomes; novel antimicrobial stewardship education and training approaches or interventions aimed toward the public and/or healthcare workers; behavioral change approaches to antimicrobial stewardship; collaborative practice agreements in antimicrobial stewardship; antimicrobial stewardship in special populations (e.g., pediatrics, geriatrics, emergency medicine, hematology/oncology); tackling AMR through antimicrobial stewardship in low- and middle-income countries; antimicrobial stewardship for animal health; antimicrobial stewardship in alternative settings (e.g., community practice, long-term care, resource-limited settings, small and rural hospitals); antimicrobial use and stewardship in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; and global collaborations to tackle AMR through antimicrobial stewardship.

The Special Issue titled "Recent Advances in Long-Acting Drug Delivery and Formulations" encompasses versatile and innovative research domains of oral, ocular, brain, and topical delivery systems and chemical approaches (e.g., prodrugs), highlighting the progress made in identifying excipients (e.g., basic amino acids to ameliorate gastric side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)), polymers, and molecular targets to achieve more effective sustained release systems and safer medicine. In this Special Issue, 78 authors have contributed, with eleven original research articles spanning five continents (Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, and Australasia) providing important insights into the pharmaceutical sciences.

This inclusive text describes 3D Printing for pharmaceutical applications, including emerging 3D technologies. The book focuses on the functionality of the materials/biomaterials used for the preparation of dosage forms and devices, fundamentals for preparing these systems and novel applications using these additive manufacturing techniques. Also, the text includes clinical relevance and regulatory considerations for the future of personalized medicine.Authored by experts with a broad range of experience, extensive insight into the science of 3D printing technology used to produce these systems is provided. Highlighting viewpoints from the academic, polymer excipient, equipment, product development and regulatory communities, this comprehensive text compiles input from industry thought leaders to illustrate strategies and technologies for applying techniques of additive manufacturing for drug product and device development whilealso providing insight into the path forward for the technology in years to come.

Medicinhåndtering i sygepleje er en lærebog for de sundhedsfaglige professionsbachelorer og grunduddannelser og er bygget op, så den kan fungere både som lærebog og som opslagsbog. Bogen er skrevet af erfarne klinikere med stor viden inden for deres fagspeciale og indfører læseren grundigt i professionel medicinhåndtering, herunder juridiske ansvarsforhold, administrationsformer og -måder samt opbevaring og sikker håndtering af lægemidler. Lærebogen er beriget med digitalt ekstramateriale, fx i form af opgaver, refleksionsspørgsmål, videomateriale og webbaserede kilder, der kan skærpe læserens forståelse af stoffet. Materialet kan tilgås på bogens hjemmeside eller via den gratis app Gad Ekstra.

This book offers a wide-ranging description and analysis of recent developments and current trends in health policy with regard to cancer drug safety. The book opens with an overview of pharmacovigilance for cancer blockbuster drugs, covering both general considerations and efforts to develop a structured framework for the identification and reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). A number of important examples of serious ADRs to hematology and oncology drugs are then reviewed, with evaluation of the lessons learned and the policy implications of the ensuing legal cases and their settlements. Further, the difficulty of reporting such blockbuster side effects in the medical literature is explored in an empirical study. Significant advances have been achieved in analytic methods for the identification of ADRs, and here there is a particular focus on the value of optimal discriminant analysis. Finally, the impacts on pharmacovigilance and drug safety of the huge fines paid under the U.S. False Claims Act relating to the defrauding of governmental programs also receive careful attention - these fines are playing an important role in changing the landscape for pharmaceutical safety.

Design and Applications of Microneedles in Drug Delivery and Therapeutics details the design, characterization, and applications of this novel drug delivery system. Microneedles offer several advantages over traditional oral and parenteral approaches due to their ability to be fabricated and altered in shape, size and material type, and their convenience to be matched to specific treatment needs. This book covers the materials selection, design and fabrication approaches, and clinical translation of microneedles for a range of therapeutic applications, including cancer therapy, gene and vaccine delivery, wound healing, and more. This book is a forward-thinking resource for those working in the development of materials and devices for novel drug delivery.