Farmakologi

Thanks to the breast cancer research of recent decades, effective methods and strategies have been established, allowing the mortality rates of breast cancer patients to decrease more and more. However, we still face many challenges. The role of certain biomarkers or mutations is still not clear for treatment and surveillance. Novel drugs are often associated with a different spectrum of adverse events than that seen for conventional therapies, accordingly having an impact on patients' compliance behaviors. In breast cancer surgery, in some cases, the question remains whether to escalate or deescalate. Additionally, with regard to diagnostics, in a digitalized world, home-based tools and therapy monitoring options are of high importance, especially under the tough conditions and supply problems seen during the COVID-19 pandemic.This Special Issue gathers original research articles and reviews demonstrating therapeutic challenges, current research strategies, and novel diagnostics in breast cancer.

Glaucoma is a major cause of blindness that can be prevented if detected and treated in the early stages of the disease. This reprint includes original research studies and reviews that focus on strategies to help identify and treat patients with glaucoma more effectively, improve their treatment adherence, review the potential impact of psychopharmacological therapy on intraocular pressure, and increase knowledge of potential treatment targets for neuroprotection.

Viruses in the Parvoviridae family constitutes a most diverse and intriguing field of research. Parvoviruses have a long evolutionary history and, beneath an apparent simplicity and uniformity, can differ widely in structure, genome organization and expression, virus-cell interaction, and impact on the host. In addition to interest in the study of basic virology, the translational implications of research on parvoviruses are relevant since many viruses are important human and veterinary pathogens, while other viruses can be engineered as tools for oncolytic therapy or as sophisticated gene delivery vectors. Exploring the diversity and the inherent complexity in the biology of these apparently simple viruses is an ongoing commitment for the scientific community to address. This Special Issue entitled 'Advances in Parvovirus Research 2022' continued the series dedicated to research on viruses belonging to the Parvoviridae family and collected the latest contributions in the field of parvovirus research.

Cannabis - A Comprehensive GuideThe use of cannabis for medicinal purposes can be traced back to antiquity, but it is only recently that it has garnered attention as one of the most exciting medical-pharmaceutical topics. In hardly any other area of pharmacotherapy has knowledge of late developed with comparable dynamism. Experts from different fields are continuously working on new scientific evidence for the therapeutic use of cannabis and cannabinoids in order to provide patients with quality-assured cannabis medicines.For the first time, representatives of all relevant disciplines contributed to an exhaustive work on this topic, addressing the following subjects:History | Botany | Biosynthesis | Breeding and Cultivation | Import | Supply chain | Quality Assurance and Quality Control | Pharmacology | Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics | Indications and Evidence of Pharmacotherapy | Risks and Side Effects | Driving Safety | Legal Status of Cannabinoid-containing Medicinal Products and Non-Medicinal Products | Case Studies from Selected European Countries | Dosage Forms and Ways of Administration | Forms of Consumption in Recreational Use | Identity Testing of Starting Materials | Manufacture of Magistral Preparations and Officinal Medicinal Products | Legal Status of Cannabis Prescriptions | Reimbursement and Price Calculation | Narcotics Documentation | Legal Framework Conditions of Care | Patient CounsellingThe concentrated expertise created a unique, comprehensive picture offering an unprecedented, consolidated scientific and legal framework of medical cannabis care. All facts have been conscientiously researched and meticulously reviewed. The result is a scientifically valid work setting new standards.For all those who deal with cannabis for professional or personal reasons, this exceptional book is indispensable.

This book delves into the world of natural sources such as medicinal plants, microbes, fungi, lichens, and algae that have been used for centuries in traditional medicine. The book provides a comprehensive guide to the isolation, characterization, and authentication of these natural sources for use in cosmeceuticals.

In recent years, there have been remarkable advances in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract diseases. Among them, the advanced endoscopic treatments and anti-tumor therapies for biliary tract cancer are outstanding. This reprint contains the latest research articles and review articles focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract diseases using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or endoscopic ultrasounds (EUSs) for biliary stricture, cholecystitis, cholangitis, ampullary tumors, and chemotherapy for biliary tract cancer.

This Special Issue delves deeply into the intricate distinctions between acute and chronic pain. Crucially, chronic pain is more than a mere by-product of sensory input; it entails the activation of a complex brain network intertwined with biopsychosocial factors. As such, its management emerges as a formidable clinical challenge. Within the scope of this Special Issue, focused attention is given to postoperative pain (POP) and chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). POP, characterized by its predictability, intensity, and short duration, contrasts starkly with the potentially persistent and troublesome nature of CPSP, which can endure for over three months if not adequately addressed. The prevention of CPSP takes on paramount importance, with regional anesthesia techniques emerging as promising tools for intervention. The pivotal role of multimodal analgesia and combined therapeutic strategies is underscored. The Special Issue also delves into the intriguing realm of gender differences in pain perception, advocating for further research to illuminate these disparities. Risk factors contributing to the development of chronic pain following surgery are meticulously identified. Lastly, this Special Issue explores the potential of new technologies in the field of telemedicine and artificial intelligence to optimize care delivery, opening new avenues for enhanced patient outcomes and treatment strategies.

The COVID-19 pandemic is considered to be a global public health emergency. Due to its route of transmission via contact with droplets and aerosols, dentists are at high risk of acquiring an infection while treating patients. The impact of the coronavirus on the dental community is eminent, and the greatest challenge is how we can offer dental treatment despite the outbreak. Dental education programs in both under- and postgraduate forms will also suffer from the ramifications of the pandemic. This topical collection offers many perspectives on the management of the COVID-19 crisis within the dental community.

Written by clinicians with years of experience in paediatrics, this unique textbook is designed to promote quality and safe care of children, and reduce common clinical errors and delayed diagnoses through shared first-hand experiences. This book is for anyone who needs to make a clinical decision about infants and children- be they from a medical, nursing or health professional background. The text is particularly useful for trainees but is also relevant to experienced practitioners. The aim of the book is to prevent errors and ensure safe care. The authors offer practical advice on potential pitfalls and red flags from neonatal care to mental health issues in adolescence . This book takes the reader through recent advances in diagnosis, common presentations and how to identify the sick child, all with case studies and illustrations to bring the text to life.The strengths of the book are:The ability to learn from other's experiences and mistakes and share this learningAll chapters reviewed by sub-specialists in Paediatrics with a focus on presentations to first responders including family practitionersInstructive case scenarios highlighting clinical pearls and pitfalls to avoidHigh-quality clinical images throughout Unique chapters on:Safe care for infants and children including the use of artificial intelligenceAvoiding errors Picking up the sick child with practical tips especially for family doctors and first respondersPotential pitfalls in both the newborn and 6-week examinationsUnravelling the diagnosis in an infant or child with a feverKey symptoms and signs guiding family doctors to suspect cancer in childhoodMental health issues in adolescenceOrdering and interpreting tests in childrenSurviving and thriving throughout a career in paediatric nursing or medicine

The advent of optical coherence tomography (OCT) has arrived in an era in which the in vivo, cross-sectional imaging of both the retina and choroid is possible. Infra-red rays of light are used to image the chorioretinal layers with an image resolution reaching 10-15 microns. During the last three decades, OCT technology has undergone several improvements, such as spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT), swept source OCT (SS-OCT), enhanced depth imaging (EDI-OCT), wide field OCT, intraoperative OCT, OCT angiography (OCTA), and adaptive optics OCT. These enhancements help in both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of chorioretinal parameters in pathologies such as macular edema, neurosensory detachment, retinoschisis, macular holes, epiretinal membranes, and choroidal tumors. An added advantage is the role of OCT in the evaluation of optic disc disorders, including optic neuritis and glaucoma, via the quantitative analysis of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Moreover, OCT being non-invasive provides an opportunity for serial imaging during follow-up visits. Overall, OCT imaging provides tissue details, closely mimicking the histopathology, and is an invaluable asset in the armamentarium of retina physicians. This special issue includes applications of OCT in various chorioretinal disorders.

The growing improvement of medical sciences in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck oncological diseases has produced a significant increase in the life expectancy of affected patients. it is therefore necessary to direct new energies towards understanding and protecting the quality of life of cancer patients. This reprint presents the fruit of the research protocols of numerous groups around the world on the topics of life expectancy and quality of life of patients suffering from head and neck cancer.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disorder characterized by airflow limitation and is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity across the globe. Although several guidelines have been published over the past three decades, they were generated in response to the fact that COPD is a major cause of mortality and morbidity and remains an important social problem. In the 20th century, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was the single most important measure in patients with COPD from discriminative, evaluative, and predictive standpoints. We found that dyspnea is a better mortality predictor than FEV1 in 2002 and exercise capacity in 2003. Subsequently, it has become apparent that physical activity is more predictive of mortality. Furthermore, we have recently developed the tendency to use the reduction of the future risk of exacerbation as the endpoint of relatively large-scale clinical trials rather than the improvement of FEV1. Many researchers have continued to seek better outcome markers and have also discussed what should be used as primary or secondary endpoints in clinical trials in subjects with COPD. We have undoubtedly made great progress but still have a lot of work to do for the best interests of patients.

This reprint "Clinical Features of COVID-19 in Elderly Patients" is a crucial resource dedicated to the medical challenges posed by the pandemic, with a specific focus on its impact on elderly people. Given their vulnerability, understanding the clinical aspects of COVID-19 in this demographic is paramount. This reprint compiles a wide array of studies and current knowledge tailored to address the unique challenges faced by elderly people during the pandemic. It surpasses literature reviews, offering critical analysis and in-depth discussions. Its primary goal is to encourage critical analyses and discussions about the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in elderly people. Targeted towards medical professionals, researchers, and healthcare practitioners, it aids in the development of tailored treatment approaches and care protocols. As the COVID-19 pandemic persists, this reprint remains essential for those dedicated to combating the virus, enhancing elderly patients' care, and promoting public health.

This book covers the tremendous progress in the current understanding of the molecular physiology of voltage-gated calcium channels. This book includes unparalleled insights into structural features of calcium channels due to X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM, which in turn yielded critical information into how these channels function under normal and pathophysiological conditions, and how they interact with calcium channel therapeutics. The chapters investigate how, with the advent of high throughput genome sequencing, numerous mutations in various calcium channel genes have been identified in patients with neurological, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric and other disorders. This is further complemented through a much larger in vivo toolkit such as knock-out and knock-in mice. The chapters further discuss the increased complexity of calcium channel physiology that arises from mRNA editing and splicing.  Finally, the book also provides an overview of the updated research on calcium channel inhibitors that can be used both in vivo and in vitro, and which may serve as a spring board for new calcium channel therapeutics for human disease. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels is useful for academic researchers at all levels in neuroscience, biophysics, cell biology and drug discovery.

Otorhinolaryngology and head and neck specialists worldwide face an increasing incidence and prevalence of various pathologies, some of the cases neglecting the evolution of their condition during the period of COVID-19 pandemics, thus aggravating their evolution. This Special Issue contains reviews and selected rare case series to update the protocols of ENT and allied specialists worldwide. The aim was to present an interdisciplinary point of view of the numerous branches of pathology that form the otorhinolaryngology specialty.

The primary aim of this reprint is to describe the genomics of splenic lymphomas, hairy cell leukemia, Cutaneous lymphomas, plasma cell leukemia, MDS with deletion 5q, mastocytosis, hypodiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia, CLL with complex karyotype and other rare hematologic cancers.

As Guest Editors, we are very delighted to see the reprint of our Special Issue, "Head and Neck Surgery: Clinical Updates and Perspectives", which is published in the Otolaryngology section of the Journal of Clinical Medicine. These papers are the joint effort of many excellent colleagues who have devoted their lives and careers to the exciting field of Otorhinolaryngology. As both clinicians and surgeons, we are actively advancing the diagnosis and management of the myriad of conditions affecting the head and neck region. Unprecedented discoveries in the field of genetics and molecular biology are always integrated with sound knowledge of the intricate anatomy of our discipline, while technological advancements now permit us to provide tailored and minimally invasive treatments for our patients. We wish to thank all the authors who contributed to this publication and we hope you enjoy reading it.

"Molecules from Side Reactions II" is the second edition of the Special Issue "Molecules from Side Reactions". Both the Special Issues belong to the section "Organic Synthesis" of the journal Molbank (ISSN 1422-8599). "Molecules from Side Reactions II" showcases brief papers whose main topic is the synthesis and characterization of molecules obtained from unexpected and/or unpredictable synthetic routes. This Special Issue was revealed to be an important discussion forum for the dissemination of multidisciplinary research results.

The English Physitian is an influential work of natural medicine and astrology dating back to the mid-17th century. With detailed descriptions of the properties and uses of various plants and herbs, this book was a popular resource for medical practitioners and laypeople alike.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Gain a deeper understanding of venoms, venomous animals, and their treatment with this informative guide. The authors cover a wide range of topics, from the chemical makeup of venoms to the development of antivenomous serums. If you have an interest in toxicology or animal behavior, this book will be an invaluable resource.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This compendium of the plant-based medicines is a systematic, comprehensive reference for both the student and the practitioner. Each entry lists the properties, uses, and preparations of the plant and its parts.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This pioneering text offers a comprehensive introduction to clinical chemistry, including detailed descriptions of laboratory techniques, chemical analyses, and the chemical changes that occur in the body during disease processes. Whether you're a student, researcher, or practicing clinician, this book offers invaluable insights into a vital area of medical research and practice.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This book delves into the medicinal properties of Coca Erythroxylon Vin Mariani and its role in the treatment of diseases. Published by Mariani & Company, the book contains notes and comments by prominent physicians.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.