Reel analyse, reelle variabler

Offering a unified exposition of calculus and classical real analysis, this textbook presents a meticulous introduction to single¿variable calculus. Throughout, the exposition makes a distinction between the intrinsic geometric definition of a notion and its analytic characterization, establishing firm foundations for topics often encountered earlier without proof. Each chapter contains numerous examples and a large selection of exercises, as well as a ¿Notes and Comments¿ section, which highlights distinctive features of the exposition and provides additional references to relevant literature.This second edition contains substantial revisions and additions, including several simplified proofs, new sections, and new and revised figures and exercises. A new chapter discusses sequences and series of real¿valued functions of a real variable, and their continuous counterpart: improper integrals depending on a parameter. Two new appendices cover a construction of the real numbers using Cauchy sequences, and a self¿contained proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.In addition to the usual prerequisites for a first course in single¿variable calculus, the reader should possess some mathematical maturity and an ability to understand and appreciate proofs. This textbook can be used for a rigorous undergraduate course in calculus, or as a supplement to a later course in real analysis. The authors¿ A Course in Multivariable Calculus is an ideal companion volume, offering a natural extension of the approach developed here to the multivariable setting.From reviews:[The first edition is] a rigorous, well-presented and original introduction to the core of undergraduate mathematics ¿ first-year calculus. It develops this subject carefully from a foundation of high-school algebra, with interesting improvements and insights rarely found in other books. [¿] This book is a tour de force, and a necessary addition to the library of anyone involved in teaching calculus, or studying it seriously. N.J. Wildberger, Aust. Math. Soc. Gaz.

From reviews of the first edition:"e;In the world of mathematics, the 1980's might well be described as the "e;decade of the fractal"e;. Starting with Benoit Mandelbrot's remarkable text The Fractal Geometry of Nature, there has been a deluge of books, articles and television programmes about the beautiful mathematical objects, drawn by computers using recursive or iterative algorithms, which Mandelbrot christened fractals. Gerald Edgar's book is a significant addition to this deluge. Based on a course given to talented high- school students at Ohio University in 1988, it is, in fact, an advanced undergraduate textbook about the mathematics of fractal geometry, treating such topics as metric spaces, measure theory, dimension theory, and even some algebraic topology...the book also contains many good illustrations of fractals (including 16 color plates)."e;Mathematics Teaching"e;The book can be recommended to students who seriously want to know about the mathematical foundation of fractals, and to lecturers who want to illustrate a standard course in metric topology by interesting examples."e;Christoph Bandt, Mathematical Reviews"e;...not only intended to fit mathematics students who wish to learn fractal geometry from its beginning but also students in computer science who are interested in the subject. Especially, for the last students the author gives the required topics from metric topology and measure theory on an elementary level. The book is written in a very clear style and contains a lot of exercises which should be worked out."e;H.Haase, ZentralblattAbout the second edition: Changes throughout the text, taking into account developments in the subject matter since 1990; Major changes in chapter 6. Since 1990 it has become clear that there are two notions of dimension that play complementary roles, so the emphasis on Hausdorff dimension will be replaced by the two: Hausdorff dimension and packing dimension. 6.1 will remain, but a new section on packing dimension will follow it, then the old sections 6.2--6.4 will be re-written to show both types of dimension; Substantial change in chapter 7: new examples along with recent developments; Sections rewritten to be made clearer and more focused.

There are good reasons to believe that nonstandard analysis, in some ver- sion or other, will be the analysis of the future. KURT GODEL This book is a compilation and development of lecture notes written for a course on nonstandard analysis that I have now taught several times. Students taking the course have typically received previous introductions to standard real analysis and abstract algebra, but few have studied formal logic. Most of the notes have been used several times in class and revised in the light of that experience. The earlier chapters could be used as the basis of a course at the upper undergraduate level, but the work as a whole, including the later applications, may be more suited to a beginning graduate course. This prefacedescribes my motivationsand objectives in writingthe book. For the most part, these remarks are addressed to the potential instructor. Mathematical understanding develops by a mysterious interplay between intuitive insight and symbolic manipulation. Nonstandard analysis requires an enhanced sensitivity to the particular symbolic form that is used to ex- press our intuitions, and so the subject poses some unique and challenging pedagogical issues. The most fundamental ofthese is how to turn the trans- fer principle into a working tool of mathematical practice. I have found it vi Preface unproductive to try to give a proof of this principle by introducing the formal Tarskian semantics for first-order languages and working through the proofofLos's theorem.

The first two chapters of this book are devoted to convexity in the classical sense, for functions of one and several real variables respectively. This gives a background for the study in the following chapters of related notions which occur in the theory of linear partial differential equations and complex analysis such as (pluri-)subharmonic functions, pseudoconvex sets, and sets which are convex for supports or singular supports with respect to a differential operator. In addition, the convexity conditions which are relevant for local or global existence of holomorphic differential equations are discussed, leading up to Trépreau's theorem on sufficiency of condition (capital Greek letter Psi) for microlocal solvability in the analytic category.At the beginning of the book, no prerequisites are assumed beyond calculus and linear algebra. Later on, basic facts from distribution theory and functional analysis are needed. In a few places, a more extensive background in differential geometry or pseudodifferential calculus is required, but these sections can be bypassed with no loss of continuity. The major part of the book should therefore be accessible to graduate students so that it can serve as an introduction to complex analysis in one and several variables. The last sections, however, are written mainly for readers familiar with microlocal analysis.

This volume! aims at introducing some basic ideas for studying approxima- tion processes and, more generally, discrete processes. The study of discrete processes, which has grown together with the study of infinitesimal calcu- lus, has become more and more relevant with the use of computers. The volume is suitably divided in two parts. In the first part we illustrate the numerical systems of reals, of integers as a subset of the reals, and of complex numbers. In this context we intro- duce, in Chapter 2, the notion of sequence which invites also a rethinking of the notions of limit and continuity2 in terms of discrete processes; then, in Chapter 3, we discuss some elements of combinatorial calculus and the mathematical notion of infinity. In Chapter 4 we introduce complex num- bers and illustrate some of their applications to elementary geometry; in Chapter 5 we prove the fundamental theorem of algebra and present some of the elementary properties of polynomials and rational functions, and of finite sums of harmonic motions. In the second part we deal with discrete processes, first with the process of infinite summation, in the numerical case, i.e., in the case of numerical series in Chapter 6, and in the case of power series in Chapter 7. The last chapter provides an introduction to discrete dynamical systems; it should be regarded as an invitation to further study.

Integral geometry deals with the problem of determining functions by their integrals over given families of sets. These integrals de?ne the corresponding integraltransformandoneofthemainquestionsinintegralgeometryaskswhen this transform is injective. On the other hand, when we work with complex measures or forms, operators appear whose kernels are non-trivial but which describe important classes of functions. Most of the questions arising here relate, in one way or another, to the convolution equations. Some of the well known publications in this ?eld include the works by J. Radon, F. John, J. Delsarte, L. Zalcman, C. A. Berenstein, M. L. Agranovsky and recent monographs by L. H¿ ormander and S. Helgason. Until recently research in this area was carried out mostly using the technique of the Fourier transform and corresponding methods of complex analysis. In recent years the present author has worked out an essentially di?erent methodology based on the description of various function spaces in terms of - pansions in special functions, which has enabled him to establish best possible results in several well known problems.

Various generalizations of the classical concept of a convex function have been introduced, especially during the second half of the 20th century. Generalized convex functions are the many nonconvex functions which share at least one of the valuable properties of convex functions. Apart from their theoretical interest, they are often more suitable than convex functions to describe real-word problems in disciplines such as economics, engineering, management science, probability theory and in other applied sciences. More recently, generalized monotone maps which are closely related to generalized convex functions have also been studied extensively. While initial efforts to generalize convexity and monotonicity were limited to only a few research centers, today there are numerous researchers throughout the world and in various disciplines engaged in theoretical and applied studies of generalized convexity/monotonicity (see http://www.genconv.org).The Handbook offers a systematic and thorough exposition of the theory and applications of the various aspects of generalized convexity and generalized monotonicity. It is aimed at the non-expert, for whom it provides a detailed introduction, as well as at the expert who seeks to learn about the latest developments and references in his research area. Results in this fast growing field are contained in a large number of scientific papers which appeared in a variety of professional journals, partially due to the interdisciplinary nature of the subject matter. Each of its fourteen chapters is written by leading experts of the respective research area starting from the very basics and moving on to the state of the art of the subject. Each chapter is complemented by a comprehensive bibliography which will assist the non-expert and expert alike.

. . . that departed from the traditional dry-as-dust mathematics textbook. (M. Kline, from the Preface to the paperback edition of Kline 1972) Also for this reason, I have taken the trouble to make a great number of drawings. (Brieskom & Knorrer, Plane algebraic curves, p. ii) . . . I should like to bring up again for emphasis . . . points, in which my exposition differs especially from the customary presentation in the text- books: 1. Illustration of abstract considerations by means of figures. 2. Emphasis upon its relation to neighboring fields, such as calculus of dif- ferences and interpolation . . . 3. Emphasis upon historical growth. It seems to me extremely important that precisely the prospective teacher should take account of all of these. (F. Klein 1908, Eng\. ed. p. 236) Traditionally, a rigorous first course in Analysis progresses (more or less) in the following order: limits, sets, '* continuous '* derivatives '* integration. mappings functions On the other hand, the historical development of these subjects occurred in reverse order: Archimedes Cantor 1875 Cauchy 1821 Newton 1665 . ;::: Kepler 1615 Dedekind . ;::: Weierstrass . ;::: Leibniz 1675 Fermat 1638 In this book, with the four chapters Chapter I. Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite Chapter II. Differential and Integral Calculus Chapter III. Foundations of Classical Analysis Chapter IV. Calculus in Several Variables, we attempt to restore the historical order, and begin in Chapter I with Cardano, Descartes, Newton, and Euler's famous Introductio.

Diese Einführung besticht durch zwei ungewöhnliche Aspekte: Sie gibt einen Einblick in die Mathematik als Bestandteil unserer Kultur, und sie vermittelt die Hintergründe der Mathematik vom Schulstoff ausgehend bis zum Niveau von Mathematikvorlesungen im ersten Studienjahr. Die Stoffdarstellung geht vom Aufbau der natürlichen Zahlen aus; der Schwerpunkt liegt aber in den exakten Begründungen der Zahlenbegriffe, der Geometrie der Ebene und der Funktionen einer Veränderlichen. Dabei werden alle Sätze bis hin zum Hauptsatz der Algebra vollständig bewiesen. Der klare Aufbau des Buches mit Stichwortregister wichtiger Begriffe erleichtert das systematische Lernen und Nachschlagen. Die zweite Auflage enthält teilweise ausführliche Darstellungen für die Lösungen der zahlreichen Übungsaufgaben.Da viele Aspekte zur Sprache kommen, die so weder im Unterricht noch im Studium behandelt werden, ergänzt die Einführung ideal den Vorlesungsstoff für Lehramtskandidaten und Diplomstudenten.

This is a rigorous introduction to real analysis for undergraduate students, starting from the axioms for a complete ordered field and a little set theory. The book avoids any preconceptions about the real numbers and takes them to be nothing but the elements of a complete ordered field. All of the standard topics are included, as well as a proper treatment of the trigonometric functions, which many authors take for granted. The final chapters of the book provide a gentle, example-based introduction to metric spaces with an application to differential equations on the real line. The author's exposition is concise and to the point, helping students focus on the essentials. Over 200 exercises of varying difficulty are included, many of them adding to the theory in the text. The book is perfect for second-year undergraduates and for more advanced students who need a foundation in real analysis.

It is Pure Mathematics, and it is sure to appeal to the budding pure mathematician. In this new introduction to undergraduate real analysis the author takes a different approach from past studies of the subject, by stressing the importance of pictures in mathematics and hard problems.