Kemi

Aluminum alloys and aluminum matrix composite materials have become the first choice to replace steel materials due to their high specific strength. The penetration rate of light alloys in new energy vehicles, the aerospace industry, and the rapid rail transit industry is increasing quickly. The reduction in energy consumption resulting from structural weight reduction is the key element for sustainable development. For example, every 100 kg reduction in car mass can save 0.6 L of fuel per 100 kilometers and reduce the emission of 800-900 g of carbon dioxide. For every 10% reduction in the weight of new energy vehicles, their range can be increased by 5.5% (for every 10 kg reduction in the weight of pure electric vehicles, their range can be increased by 2.5 km). The comprehensive proportion of aluminum alloys in automobiles will reach about 26% by 2040. The vigorous development of the automotive manufacturing industry has provided a huge application scenario for aluminum alloy profiles, aluminum alloy castings, and forgings. In addition, the use of aluminum in aerospace and high-speed rail is even more widely recognized. This Special Issue summarizes research on and the application of aluminum alloys of typical composition, including AlZnMgCu, AlCu, AlMn, and even Ti-aluminum alloys.

This book addresses the possibilities provided by scattering techniques in the study of soft matter. It fills the gap between the fundamental scattering processes, which are described by the general theoretical framework of elastic and quasi-elastic interaction of radiation with matter, and state-of-the-art applications to specific soft matter systems. Three probes are discussed in detail: neutrons, X-ray photons, and visible light.Part 1 of the book is dedicated to the use of general principles for the measurement and analysis of scattered intensity: elementary scattering process, data reduction, general theorems, the concept of reciprocal space, and its link to structural and dynamical information in direct space. In Part 2, methods and techniques are further discussed, including resolution effects, contrast variation, static and dynamic light scattering, quasielastic neutron scattering, and reflectometry and grazing incidence techniques. Part 3 deals with the state of the art of scattering studies of typical soft matter systems (polymers, self-assembled surfactant systems and liquid crystals, microemulsions, colloids, aggregates, biological systems) with dedicated chapters for particle interactions and modeling. Part 4 highlights special applications, from light scattering in turbid media to scattering under external constraints, applications of neutron reflectometry, characterization of relaxation modes by neutron spectroscopy, and industrial applications.This new edition, written by the lecturers of the Bombannes Summer School, will be most useful as a learning tool for masters and PhD students, postdocs, and young researchers moving into the field. As with the previous edition, it will also be a reference for any scientist working in soft matter, where scattering techniques are ubiquitous, used in both small laboratories and large-scale research facilities.

Die autobiographische Reihe "Lebenswerke in der Chemie" gibt Einblicke in das Leben und Denken herausragender Forscher im Spiegel der Zeit. Welche Rolle spielt in der chemischen Spitzenforschung die ununterbrochene Folge von Hypothese, Experiment und Interpretation, welche Rolle spielen die Impulse von Mentoren, Mitarbeitern und Studenten oder auch die von Konkurrenten? Erfolgreiche Wissenschaftler beschreiben authentisch und persönlich, wie Neues in den Naturwissenschaften entsteht.Herausgegeben vom Beirat der Fachgruppe Geschichte der Chemie in der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh). l-i-c.org

This book is a sequel of The Physics of Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (1997), which covered the basic physics of QWIPs. In the intervening 27 years, QWIP properties pertinent to infrared detection are much better understood, and QWIP technology has become a mainstream, widely deployed infrared technology. The main progress is the ability to know the QWIP absorption quantum efficiency quantitatively through rigorous electromagnetic modeling. The lack of theoretical prediction has impeded QWIP development for a long time. Generally, an arbitrary choice of detector structures yields substantial variations of absorption properties, and QWIP was regarded as a low quantum efficiency detector. With the advent of electromagnetic modeling, quantum efficiency of any detector geometry can be known exactly and be optimized to attain a large satisfactory value. Consequently, all properties of QWIPs are predictable, not unlike prevailing silicon devices. This unique characteristic enables QWIP to be the most manufacturable long wavelength infrared technology in mass production. This book by K K Choi, a co-inventor of QWIPs, will capture this exciting development.Based on the materials expounded in the book, the reader will know key performance metrics in infrared detection, in-depth knowledge of QWIP material and structural designs, array production, its application, and practical knowledge of electromagnetic modeling. In addition, the book will describe using micro- and nano-structures to enhance the emission properties of active and passive optical emitters, similar to detectors. The application of rigorous electromagnetic modeling to optical emitters is new to the optoelectronic community. The resonator-pixel emitter structure with its modeling method will no doubt be able to attract substantial academic and industrial attention in years to come.

This reprint combines 11 quality review and research articles on active and intelligent food packaging polymers. We anticipate that the contributions gathered within this Special Issue not only reflect the current state of the field but also serve as a catalyst for future advancements. Together, we aim to unravel the intricacies of active and intelligent food packaging, paving the way for a safer, more sustainable, and technologically enriched future in the realm of food preservation.

This Handbook of Numerical Simulation of In-Flight Icing covers an array of methodologies and technologies on numerical simulation of in-flight icing and its applications. Comprised of contributions from internationally recognized experts from the Americas, Asia, and the EU, this authoritative, self-contained reference includes best practices and specification data spanning the gamut of simulation tools available internationally that can be used to speed up the certification of aircraft and make them safer to fly into known icing. The collection features nine sections concentrating on aircraft, rotorcraft, jet engines, UAVs; ice protection systems, including hot-air, electrothermal, and others; sensors and probes, CFD in the aid of testing, flight simulators, and certification process acceleration methods. Incorporating perspectives from academia, commercial, government R&D, the book is ideal for a range of engineers and scientists concerned with in-flight icing applications.

Quantitative NMR (qNMR) has been around for a long time, but also has great potential to solve future problems in any quantitative analysis. As a primary method, it differs fundamentally from chromatographic methods: it is better described as a quantum mechanical balance. Successful implementation of qNMR requires certain attention to detail. 'qNMR - the handbook' is intended to be a guide for analysts to help understand the fundamental principles of NMR and the significant points relating to its implementation for quantitation. Regulatory considerations of qNMR adoption are explained. NMR fundamentals are explained to provide understanding. Together with many useful examples, the book is a compelling addition to the laboratory's reference library, providing all the tools that any practitioner should know to successfully implement qNMR. The authors are qNMR pioneers and come from a variety of backgrounds including business, government, and academia.

In den aktuellen Diskursen um die Transformation des Ernährungssystems sind Werte omnipräsent. Jedoch werden sie dabei nicht immer ausdrücklich kenntlich gemacht. Häufig kommt es zu Be- und Abwertungen von Handlungen und Denkweisen, teils unter Heranziehung dichotomer Ernährungsnormen. Doch die Transformation bedingt einen konsensuell getragenen Wertewandel, der u. a. über Empathie und Mäßigung Lösungswege ebnet und das Wohlergehen aller adressiert. Dafür sind objektive Beobachtungen ohne normative Direktiven notwendig. Die Intention des vorliegenden Textes war daher die Auseinandersetzung mit verschiedenen Konzeptionen von Werten unterschiedlicher Disziplinen, um Reichweiten und Grenzen verschiedener Auffassungen im Ernährungskontext zu erörtern. Zur Information: Dies ist ein Open-Access-Buch.Der Inhalt Werte im Ernährungskontext Wert von Lebensmitteln, gemessen als Lebensmittelqualität Wertschätzung von Lebensmitteln Bezug verschiedener Konzeptionen von Werten zum Ernährungssystem Die Zielgruppen Akteure des Ernährungssystems Multiplikator*innen  Die AutorinnenKarolin Höhl  arbeitet als promovierte Ökotrophologin im Bereich Esskultur und Genuss in der Gesundheitsförderung und Ernährungsbildung. Sie ist Autorin wissenschaftlicher Texte und Rednerin auf Fachkonferenzen.Jana Dreyer ist Ernährungswissenschaftlerin und Wissenschaftliche Referentin der Dr. Rainer Wild-Stiftung sowie Promovendin an der Hochschule FuldaSilke Lichtenstein ist Diplom-Ökotrophologin sowie studierte Gastronomie-Betriebswirtin und ist Geschäftsführerin der Dr. Rainer Wild-Stiftung.

Advances in Prodrugs: Design and Therapeutic Applications provides a versatile tool in prodrug design and development as well as a concrete perspective on clinical and preclinical studies currently available on prodrugs. The first part of this book discusses different chemical classes of prodrugs, with particular emphasis on metabolic pathways and mechanisms involved in the activation of their functional groups. The second part of the book covers therapeutic applications of prodrugs against the most discussed diseases, providing detailed discussion on recent achievements in the field. This book offers researchers involved in drug discovery key criteria for the successful development of prodrug-based therapeutic tools.Prodrugs are inactive drug precursors which undergo different chemical transformation by metabolic processes to provide pharmacologically active compounds. Prodrugs include a broad range of structurally diverse molecules employed for the treatment of several diseases.

"Earning a degree in chemistry changed my life!" - Walter the Educator. This book is dedicated to all the chemistry lovers, like myself, across the world. The Poetry of Strontium belongs to the Chemical Element Poetry Book Series by Walter the Educator¿. Collect all books in the series at WaltertheEducator.com. Creating a poetry book about the chemical element of Strontium offers a unique opportunity to blend science and art. Strontium, with its atomic number 38, has various fascinating properties that can serve as metaphors and inspiration for poetic exploration. This book delves into the elemental characteristics of Strontium. By combining scientific knowledge with the expressive power of poetry, this book can engage readers in a thought-provoking and multidimensional experience that bridges the gap between disciplines.

This book undertakes an extensive exploration of manganese-based compounds, such as T¿¿¿SrxMnO¿ (T = La, Pr; x = 0.35, 0.25) using density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations with a focus on understanding their electronic, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties. Bä¿¿SrxFeO¿ (x = 0, 0.2) is also studied via different approximations, offering a comparative perspective. In addition, the book looks at the influence of magnetism using Monte Carlo simulations, revealing crucial parameters and examining the GdCrO¿ system through DFT and Monte Carlo simulation, shedding light on recent experimental observations. Additionally, Monte Carlo studies investigate magnetic and magnetocaloric features of Sr¿FeMoO¿, LäSrMn¿O¿ bilayer manganite, perovskite ferromagnetic thin films' surface effects, and SmFe¿¿¿MnxO¿ perovskite. In essence, this book significantly advances our comprehension of magnetic and magnetocaloric phenomena across diverse materials and is well-suited for both experimentalists and computational researchers working in this field.

The Special Issue "Recycled Materials in Civil Engineering Application" aims to discuss the preparation and characterization of new ecologically friendly materials containing recycled materials or waste that could be used in specific engineering applications. Using waste and materials obtained through recycling is a key part of decreasing current waste. In concrete and other composite materials, recycled materials such as plastics, steel and other metals, ash, glass, ceramics, and industrial wastes see the most use. The application of recycled materials or waste to the production of new materials is consistent with the idea of sustainable construction. Using recycled materials to synthesize composite materials saves the use of natural resources and has a positive influence on environmental protection. Unfortunately, the production of composite materials containing waste, by-products, or recycled materials requires a substantial amount of research, and is a very relevant issue for materials engineers and chemists. For this reason, in this Special Issue we publish the latest research results in the field of the synthesis of composite materials, in particular cement-based composites and their physicochemical and mechanical properties, as well as their impact on the natural environment.

Recently, the construction industry has shown great interest in the use of a variety of industrial by-products and waste, as well as used consumer products. The Special Issue "Recycled Materials for Concrete and Other Composites" presents the results of the latest research on the synthesis of composite materials produced using various types of waste materials, in particular, mortars and concretes, and their physicochemical and mechanical properties. The topics of the published articles also cover a number of other aspects, including the efficiency of the production of composite materials containing waste materials, their resistance to corrosion, the interactions of wastes and plasticizers, and the leaching of metal ions from the produced composites. Both interesting and practical solutions and the results of laboratory tests are presented. The published research clearly shows that the use of waste and recycled materials for the production of composite materials is a key element in reducing the consumption of natural resources and the amount of waste generated, which has a positive impact on environmental protection. The topics of published scientific works are relevant for both scientists and engineers from the construction industry.

Organic Chemistry: 25 Must-Know Classes of Organic Compounds covers the main organic compounds. It includes aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, halide, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur-containing compounds. It presents heterocyclic compounds and common organic mechanisms and describes carbonyl compounds, organic polymers and organic molecules with applications in medicinal chemistry.

Active B-type stars are defined by their characteristic emission formed in a dense environment. Among them are the classical Be stars, which are surrounded by ionized gaseous disks, and B[e] stars, whose disks are so dense that even molecules and dust can form within them. The variability of active B-type stars seen on various time and spatial scales is often connected to the formation and dissipation of these disks. Although the possible roles of radiation, rotation, pulsation, and binarity in pulling material off the stars have been explored in detail in the past few decades, the relevant physical processes involved in the formation of sustainable disks and their dynamical evolution are still unclear and a matter of debate.This Special Issue intends to provide a comprehensive update on the state of knowledge in the field of active B-type stars. It combines reviews and selected contributions on recent groundbreaking advancements in the comprehension of these peculiar objects from both a theoretical and an observational perspective. These new insights form the basis for exploring complex physical phenomena to verify the different scenarios proposed for the evolution and variability of stars and their circumstellar environment of the diverse classes of active B-type stars.

The pharmaceutical quality system ensures that the process performance is suitably achieved, the product quality is regularly met, improved opportunities are identified and evaluated, and the knowledge is constantly expanded. Auditing also plays a crucial role within the pharmaceutical industry. It helps to assess and review quality to improve and build a better system for the benefit of companies.This book aims to develop a tool that will substantially decrease the number of Inspectional Observations and Warning letters, thus eliminating Import Alerts and Consent Decree. This book targets the Pharmaceutical Industry and students of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance so they can get in hand-ready consolidated information on Pharmaceutical Quality guidelines, Quality metrics, and implementation of simplified SOP guidelines, plant layouts to implement Quality metrics for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing systems in tablets, capsules, liquid orals, and semi-solid dosage forms.The chapters cover the various aspects of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance. The selection of topics is mainly based on the requirements of Pharmaceutical regulatory guidelines of India, the UK, the USA, Australia, and South Africa. Each chapter includes the abstract, detailed explanation, implementation guidelines, flowcharts, layouts, and Standard Operating Procedure of quality metrics for the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing System

This book focuses on the application and possibility of field-effect transistors (FETS) as biosensors, for rapid and real time detection of pathogens that affect human life.

This book is designed to serve as a textbook for core as well as elective courses offered to undergraduate and advanced undergraduate students enrolled in chemistry. This textbook comprehensively deals various topics of organic chemistry such as amino acids, peptides, proteins and enzymes. The text is divided into four chapters: a chapter each dedicated to amino acids, peptides, proteins and enzymes, respectively. The important reactions have been explained with the help of the mechanisms involved. It gives a detailed account of the solution phase and solid phase synthesis of peptides as well as discussing the structure and function of some biologically important peptides. It also covers the classification, nomenclature and mode of action of enzymes, and a detailed account of the structure and function of different co-enzymes. The book also includes pedagogical features like end-of-chapter exercises to aid in self learning. Given the scope, this textbook will be useful for graduate and advanced graduate students pursuing the course of chemistry, especially organic chemistry.

This volume describes the latest advances and perspectives in hydrosilylation, with a focus on new organometallic catalysts and their mechanistic aspects. Hydrosilylation is the reaction of ¿SiH with carbon-carbon, carbon-heteroatom or heteroatom-heteroatom bonds and is the most fundamental and elegant method for laboratory and industrial synthesis of organosilicon molecular and macromolecular compounds. Yet these reactions do require a catalyst, for which initially homogeneous noble metal catalyst, mainly platinum, rhodium, iridium or ruthenium were used. However the high prices, metallic residues of these valuable catalysts as well as issues with product purification, did increase the interest in developing new catalysts. Noteworthy in this regard are the recently developed hydrosilylation reactions using catalysts based on earth-abundant transition metals (for example Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) and heterogeneous catalysts presented here. This volume of Topics in Organometallic Chemistry is written for scientists interested in silicon chemistry and its catalytic aspects, but can also be used as valuable handbook for postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students working with organometallic chemistry, catalysis as well as synthesis of fine chemicals.

This inclusive text describes 3D Printing for pharmaceutical applications, including emerging 3D technologies. The book focuses on the functionality of the materials/biomaterials used for the preparation of dosage forms and devices, fundamentals for preparing these systems and novel applications using these additive manufacturing techniques. Also, the text includes clinical relevance and regulatory considerations for the future of personalized medicine.Authored by experts with a broad range of experience, extensive insight into the science of 3D printing technology used to produce these systems is provided. Highlighting viewpoints from the academic, polymer excipient, equipment, product development and regulatory communities, this comprehensive text compiles input from industry thought leaders to illustrate strategies and technologies for applying techniques of additive manufacturing for drug product and device development whilealso providing insight into the path forward for the technology in years to come.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to photoelectron angular distributions and their use in the laboratory to study light-matter interactions. Photoelectron angular distribution measurements are useful because they can shed light on atomic and molecular electronic configurations and system dynamics, as well as provide information about quantum transition amplitudes and relative phases that are not obtainable from other types of measurements. For example, recent measurements of molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions have been used to extract photoelectron emission delays in the attosecond range which can provide ultra-sensitive maps of molecular potentials. Additionally, photoelectron angular distribution measurements are an essential tool for studying negative ions.Here, the author presents a detailed, yet easily accessible, theoretical background necessary for experimentalists performing photoelectron angular distribution measurements to better understand their results. The various physical influences on photoelectron angular distributions are revealed through analytical models with the use of angular momentum coupling algebra and spherical tensor operators. The classical and quantum treatments of photoelectron angular distributions are covered clearly and systematically, and the book includes, as well, a chapter on relativistic interactions. Furthermore, the primary methods used to measure photoelectron angular distributions in the laboratory, such as photodetachment electron spectroscopy, velocity-map imaging, and cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy, are described. This book features introductory material as well as new insights on the topic, such as the use of angular momentum transfer theory to understand the process of photoelectron detachment in atoms and molecules. Including key derivations, worked examples, and additional exercises for readers to try on their own, this book serves as both a critical guide for young researchers entering the field and as a useful reference for experienced practitioners.

This book provides basic knowledge of the biology, chemistry, and function of oxysterols and its derivatives as well as of phytosterols in numerous human diseases.The book is divided into six sections and begins with an introduction to the biological and chemical properties of oxysterols and its derivatives as well as phytosterols, their synthesis, and the methods currently used for their detection in various biospecimens. The following section discusses in detail the various effects of oxysterols on numerous human diseases, including infectious diseases, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, and cancer, as well as neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Importantly, the potential of oxysterols as biomarkers for some of these diseases is also highlighted. The book concludes with an outlook on the pharmacological and nutritional effects of oxysterols and phytosterols and their potential use by the food, and pharmaceutical industries.Aiming to provide an in-depth overview of the biological and the chemical properties of oxysterols and phytosterols and their implications for human health, this book will be of interest to basic and clinical scientists, as well as to anyone working in the food or pharmaceutical industry who is exploring the potential of oxysterols and phytosterols.

This textbook presents the principles and methods for the measurement of radioactivity in the environment. In this regard, specific low-level radiation counting and spectrometry or mass spectrometry techniques are discussed, including sources, distribution, levels and dynamics of radioactivity in nature. The author gives an accurate description of the fundamental concepts and laws of radioactivity as well as the different types of detectors and mass spectrometers needed for detection. Special attention is paid to scintillators, semiconductor detectors, and gas ionization detectors. In order to explain radiochemistry, some concepts about chemical separations are introduced as well. The book is meant for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics, chemistry or engineering oriented to environmental sciences, and to other disciplines where monitoring of the environment and its management is of great interest.