Analytisk kemi

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The book covers in particular state-of-the-art scientific research about product quality control and related health and environmental safety topics, including human, animal and plant safety assurance issues. These conference proceedings provide contemporary information on the general theoretical, metrological and practical issues of the production and application of reference materials.Reference materials play an integral role in physical, chemical and related type of measurements, ensuring their uniformity, comparability and the validity of quantitative analysis as well as, as a result, the objectivity of decisions concerning the elimination of technical barriers in commercial and economic, scientific and technical and other spheres of cooperation. The book is intended for researchers and practitioners in the field of chemistry, metrologists, technical physics, as well as for specialists in analytical laboratories, or working for companies and organizations involved in the production, distribution and use of reference materials.

Leveraging advanced optical instrumentation and spectroscopy for enhanced visual technology and scientific research.

This third volume provides comprehensive protocols on pre-analytical, analytical, plasma, and serum proteomics. New and updated chapters are divided into nine sections, detailing blood processing and handling strategies, discovery- and targeted-based mass spectrometry, including workflows to aid in discovery and targeted data analysis, in addition to software and bioinformatics for the plasma proteome. This edition further integrates emerging areas in the development of technologies for plasma proteomics and assay platforms in biomarker discovery and translational proteomics, enrichment and detection strategies to understand the plasma proteome, and peptide, lipid and metabolite targeted assays. We also detail the emerging analysis of extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each of the 33 chapters includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and methods, includes hints and tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Serum/Plasma Proteomics: Methods and Protocols, Third Edition aims to be comprehensive guide for researchers.

Sustainable Quality Improvements for Isotope Dilution in Molecular Ultratrace Analyses: Fitness for Purpose, Performance-Based Criteria, and Measurement Uncertainty uses a novel Sustainable Quality Improvement (SQI) framework with the aim of helping to re-introduce much needed flexibility and restore accountability and integrity necessary for developing confidence in products obtained with these specialty assays. The book can also be used as a comprehensive reference text for data and information on matrix-specific target analytes detection/quantitation limits, and measurement of uncertainties for planning purposes, congeners profiles, multi-phasic, multi-component and multi-analyte samples processing flow charts, and useful definitions of the underlying technology-relevant terminologies. The SQI framework around which the book is constructed paves the way for the innovative technological solutions described in the book and is powered by three key elements: Fitness for Purpose (Data Quality Objectives), Performance-Based Measurement System (flexibility, latitude), and Measurement Uncertainty (accountability). Together, they facilitate the development and validation of advanced methodologies to resolve many of the contemporary issues associated with continuously evolving and demanding regulatory requirements. A stronger focus on effective performance feedback is demonstrated to help laboratories rethink their own approach to quality improvements.

Wave Optics in Infrared Spectroscopy starts where conventional books about infrared spectroscopy end. Whereas the latter are based on the Bouguer-Beer-Lambert law, the cornerstones of this book are wave optics and dispersion theory. This gap between both levels of theory is bridged to allow a seamless transition from one to the other. Based on these foundations, the reader is able to choose which level of theory is adequate for the particular problem at hand. Advanced topics like 2D correlation analysis, chemometrics and strong coupling are introduced and viewed from a wave optics perspective. Spectral mixing rules are also considered to better understand spectra of heterogeneous samples. Finally, optical anisotropy is examined to allow a better understanding of spectral features due to orientation and orientational averaging. This discussion is based on a 4 x 4 matrix formalism, which is used not only to simulate and analyze complex materials, but also to understand vibrational circular dichroism from a (semi-) classical point of view. Wave Optics in Infrared Spectroscopy is written as a tool to reunite the fragmented field of infrared spectroscopy. It will appeal to chemists, physicists, and chemical/optical engineers.

This is the sixth in a series of volumes investigating, discussing and explaining the application of instrumental spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques to the determination of molecular structures.This volume concentrates on the analysis of twenty common medicines.The series is intended to bridge A-level (UK) and K12 (USA) courses and the first two years of university chemistry studies.Each chapter follows the same style with an introductory page discussing the application and history of the development of the medicine with a summary of the elemental data and the formula mass, leading to the determination of the empirical and molecular formulas of the compound. We then continue with the analysis of the infrared, mass and proton & carbon-13 NMR spectra.

This book focuses on advanced optical properties and applications of tellurite glasses and tellurite glasses doped with rare-earth nanoparticles. The initial chapter presents the current state of the art in tellurite glass development, focusing on those compositions doped with nanoparticles based on rare-earth elements such as neodymium and erbium. The book then discusses various linear and nonlinear optical properties (e.g., refractive index, absorption, optical susceptibility) of these glasses in the visible and ultraviolet spectral regions. Finally, it looks at a selection of recent technological applications of doped tellurite glasses, such as highly efficient laser glass, novel temperature sensors, and advanced optical fiber material. Featuring comprehensive and up-to-date data sets, along with a topical discussion of promising new areas of application, this book is particularly suitable for researchers and industry professionals working in the field of glass manufacturing foroptics and laser applications.

This book outlines the unparalleled potential of NMR relaxation experiments to elucidate molecular dynamics for undergraduates to academics and those in industry.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) theory, its applications, and advanced techniques to improve the quality and speed of NMR data acquisition. In this book, the author expands his outstanding Ph.D. thesis and provides a valuable resource for researchers, professionals, and students in the field of NMR spectroscopy.The book covers quantum mechanics basics, and topics like density operators, pulse sequences, 1D pulse acquisition, INEPT (Insensitive nuclei enhancement by polarization transfer), product operators, and 2D NMR principles. It also explores innovative experiments like States HSQC (Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence) and echo-antiecho HSQC with gradients.In the subsequent chapters, the author discusses Pure Shift NMR, including PSYCHE (Pure Shift Yielded by Chirp Excitation) and its optimizations, such as waveform parameterization and time-reversal methods. The 'Discrete PSYCHE' approach and Ultrafast PSYCHE-iDOSY (Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy) are also highlighted.This book presents the POISE (Parameter Optimisation by Iterative Spectral Evaluation) software for real-time NMR experiment optimization, including pulse width calibration and Ernst angle optimization, and demonstrates applications across various NMR experiments.Lastly, the book examines accelerated 2D NMR data collection and the NOAH (NMR by Ordered Acquisition using 1H detection) supersequences, emphasizing automated pulse program creation using GENESIS (GENEration of Supersequences In Silico). Covered NMR experiments include 13C sensitivity-enhanced HSQC, 15N HMQC (Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence), dual HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY (Total Correlation Spectroscopy), HMBC (Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation), and ADEQUATE (Adequate Sensitivity Double-Quantum Spectroscopy).

Deep Eutectic Solvents highlights well-established research and technology on applications of DESs in corrosion sciences, protein chemistry, and organic synthesis, as well as separation science. This book provides state-of-the-art research that will revolutionize modern practices. Neoteric solvents have been proposed as a better substitute to these harmful organic solvents, and scientists have come up with various neoteric solvents in the last few years like Deep Eutectic solvents (DESs). DESs are defined as a system formed from a eutectic mixture of Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases with various ionic species- whereas ionic liquids (ILs) consist of a discrete anion and a cation. DESs stand out as a greener and cheaper neoteric solvent as compared to ILs. DESs are denser than water and fairly polar, thus can be utilized as non-aqueous substitute to water in many separation processes. DESs have very high distribution coefficient of solutes, and even dissolves gases and metal oxides selectively. They also readily dissolve organic macromolecules, thereby becoming useful in pharmacological applications.

Specification of Drug Substances and Products: Development and Validation of Analytical Methods, Third Edition contains chapters discussing the unique requirements for the universal critical quality attributes, as well as the specific tests required to characterize and control different types of products, ranging in complexity from small molecules in immediate release oral dosage forms to complex products such as drug-antibody conjugates and mRNA-based products. This substantially expanded revision of the second edition will serve as practical comprehensive reference for scientists, managers, educators, and consultants involved in the development and regulation of pharmaceutical products.

This thesis describes how the rich internal degrees of freedom of molecules can be exploited to construct the first ¿clock¿ based on ultracold molecules, rather than atoms. By holding the molecules in an optical lattice trap, the vibrational clock is engineered to have a high oscillation quality factor, facilitating the full characterization of frequency shifts affecting the clock at the hertz level. The prototypical vibrational molecular clock is shown to have a systematic fractional uncertainty at the 14th decimal place, matching the performance of the earliest optical atomic lattice clocks. As part of this effort, deeply bound strontium dimers are coherently created, and ultracold collisions of these Van der Waals molecules are studied for the first time, revealing inelastic losses at the universal rate. The thesis reports one of the most accurate measurements of a molecule¿s vibrational transition frequency to date. The molecular clock lays the groundwork for explorations into terahertz metrology, quantum chemistry, and fundamental interactions at atomic length scales.

This book focuses on the strategies and methods for quality control of Chinese medicines used in prevention and treatment of diseases for thousands of years in China and East Asia. It explains various strategies and methods for quality markers discovery and herbal glycoanalysis, as well as practices for control of heavy metal and pesticide residues. Strategies to overcome the shortage of reference compounds for quality control of Chinese medicines are also provided. The book also introduces analytical techniques for different analytes in Chinese medicines with an emphasis on sample preparation in automation and high extraction efficiency methods, the key process affecting the time and accuracy of the techniques. It is of interest to quality control scientists in academia and industry working on Chinese medicines and/or herbal medicine and also pharmacists, pharmacologists, food chemists, and nutritionists who want to understand Chinese medicines.

This book bridges the gap between physical foundations and medical applications of the NMR and MRI technologies, making them accessible to both physicists and biomedical scientists. The physical basis of these technologies is discussed in a manner that can be easily understood by scientists from different backgrounds, aiding them in gaining a clearer understanding of the subject.. For instance, the medical applications of NMR and MRI technologies are described in a way that is accessible to physicists. Moreover, geometrical descriptions and specific mathematical tools are used to facilitate the visualizations of many concepts. Furthermore, the book covers modern technologies such as hyperpolarization and several other state-of-the-art techniques, along with their foundations.

This book addresses the possibilities provided by scattering techniques in the study of soft matter. It fills the gap between the fundamental scattering processes, which are described by the general theoretical framework of elastic and quasi-elastic interaction of radiation with matter, and state-of-the-art applications to specific soft matter systems. Three probes are discussed in detail: neutrons, X-ray photons, and visible light.Part 1 of the book is dedicated to the use of general principles for the measurement and analysis of scattered intensity: elementary scattering process, data reduction, general theorems, the concept of reciprocal space, and its link to structural and dynamical information in direct space. In Part 2, methods and techniques are further discussed, including resolution effects, contrast variation, static and dynamic light scattering, quasielastic neutron scattering, and reflectometry and grazing incidence techniques. Part 3 deals with the state of the art of scattering studies of typical soft matter systems (polymers, self-assembled surfactant systems and liquid crystals, microemulsions, colloids, aggregates, biological systems) with dedicated chapters for particle interactions and modeling. Part 4 highlights special applications, from light scattering in turbid media to scattering under external constraints, applications of neutron reflectometry, characterization of relaxation modes by neutron spectroscopy, and industrial applications.This new edition, written by the lecturers of the Bombannes Summer School, will be most useful as a learning tool for masters and PhD students, postdocs, and young researchers moving into the field. As with the previous edition, it will also be a reference for any scientist working in soft matter, where scattering techniques are ubiquitous, used in both small laboratories and large-scale research facilities.

This book focuses on the application and possibility of field-effect transistors (FETS) as biosensors, for rapid and real time detection of pathogens that affect human life.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to photoelectron angular distributions and their use in the laboratory to study light-matter interactions. Photoelectron angular distribution measurements are useful because they can shed light on atomic and molecular electronic configurations and system dynamics, as well as provide information about quantum transition amplitudes and relative phases that are not obtainable from other types of measurements. For example, recent measurements of molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions have been used to extract photoelectron emission delays in the attosecond range which can provide ultra-sensitive maps of molecular potentials. Additionally, photoelectron angular distribution measurements are an essential tool for studying negative ions.Here, the author presents a detailed, yet easily accessible, theoretical background necessary for experimentalists performing photoelectron angular distribution measurements to better understand their results. The various physical influences on photoelectron angular distributions are revealed through analytical models with the use of angular momentum coupling algebra and spherical tensor operators. The classical and quantum treatments of photoelectron angular distributions are covered clearly and systematically, and the book includes, as well, a chapter on relativistic interactions. Furthermore, the primary methods used to measure photoelectron angular distributions in the laboratory, such as photodetachment electron spectroscopy, velocity-map imaging, and cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy, are described. This book features introductory material as well as new insights on the topic, such as the use of angular momentum transfer theory to understand the process of photoelectron detachment in atoms and molecules. Including key derivations, worked examples, and additional exercises for readers to try on their own, this book serves as both a critical guide for young researchers entering the field and as a useful reference for experienced practitioners.

This textbook presents the principles and methods for the measurement of radioactivity in the environment. In this regard, specific low-level radiation counting and spectrometry or mass spectrometry techniques are discussed, including sources, distribution, levels and dynamics of radioactivity in nature. The author gives an accurate description of the fundamental concepts and laws of radioactivity as well as the different types of detectors and mass spectrometers needed for detection. Special attention is paid to scintillators, semiconductor detectors, and gas ionization detectors. In order to explain radiochemistry, some concepts about chemical separations are introduced as well. The book is meant for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics, chemistry or engineering oriented to environmental sciences, and to other disciplines where monitoring of the environment and its management is of great interest.

3D Printing in Analytical Chemistry: Sample Preparation, Separation, and Sensing covers all the applications of 3D printed systems in relevant analytical areas such as sample preparation (use of sorbents, membranes, and devices), separation devices in analytical techniques, and as components in sensors and detection systems, among others. The book also includes key aspects on the preparation and design of novel 3D printed devices for analytical applications, including tips and tricks written by experts. Special features based on 3D printed structures for different applications are also highlighted, along with the most relevant works.

This second edition is primarily dedicated to MR-Enterography, an imaging modality whose reliability for intestinal assessment in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases has gained increasing consensus.The performance of this technique has been significantly enlarged over the last years, due to its undoubted advantages in terms of exhaustive evaluation of the abdominal cavity and safeness due to the lack of radiation exposure. The first part is focused on MR-Enterography standard protocol. Nevertheless, additional sequences, technical novelties and common pitfalls are reported and discussed.  In the second section, the typical intestinal and extra-intestinal findings related to Crohn's disease are described in detail. In this edition, more emphasis has been put on practical topics, useful in the daily clinical practice: anatomical changes after surgical procedures, structured reporting and emerging clinical applications over inflammatory bowel diseases.Another part is dedicated to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the anal canal, including technical aspects and clinical implications.The text is largely complemented by diagnostic images. Nonetheless, at the end of the book 30 illustrated cases show different clinical scenarios evaluated with MR-Enterography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the anal canal.

Fluorescence imaging is widely used in scientific fields ranging from biology to biomedicine and even materials science. The development of novel fluorescent labels and microscopy techniques has rendered fluorescence imaging profoundly useful. Particularly in bioscience, fluorescence imaging empowers the study of the intracellular distribution, dynamics, gene expression, protein¿protein interactions, and protein localization and enables the identification and tracking of lysosomes. Fluorescence imaging is applicable in cells and tissues and is constantly gaining attention in medicine too, in the fields of fluorescence-guided surgery and robotic-assisted fluorescence surgery. Acknowledging all these important new trends, this book provides an overview of the recent advances and applications in fluorescence imaging.

Water chemistry, water sources, water pollutants, and microbiological contaminants are all covered in the book. The basic concepts of water chemistry are well taught. Along with stormwater management and green infrastructure, the book also examines the theoretical underpinnings of a number of water treatment and analysis procedures. Graduate and advanced undergraduate students, environmental researchers, chemists, and lab technicians who work in water and environmental laboratories could all benefi t from this book. Chemical engineers and operators are the primary target audience for the majority of books on the market, thus both technicians and chemists can gain a lot from this book.