Analytisk kemi

Interest in the study of early European cultures is growing. These cultures have left us objects made of gold, other metals and ceramics. The advent of metal detectors, coupled with improved analytical techniques, has increased the number of findings of such objects enormously. Gold was used for economic and ceremonial purposes and thus the gold objects are an important key to our understanding of the social and political structures, as well as the technological achievements, of Bronze and Iron Age European societies. A correct interpretation of the information provided by gold and other metal objects requires the cooperation of experts in the fields of social, materials and natural science. Detailed investigation of gold deposits in Europe have revealed the composition and genesis of the deposits as sources of the metal. In Prehistoric Gold in Europe, a group of leading European geoscientists, metallurgists and archaeologists discuss the techniques of gold mining and metallurgy, the socioeconomic importance of gold as coinage and a symbol of wealth and status, and as an indicator of religious habits, as well as a mirror of trade and cultural relations mirrored by the distribution and types of gold objects in prehistoric times.

Readers will find many practical applications of pyrolysis-GC/MS as well as R&D usage in this newly revised and expanded edition. Detailed experimental descriptions for the identification of synthetic polymers and copolymers are included. This volume presents the current state of analytical pyrolysis, and contains full identification of several classes of polymers/copolymers and biopolymers that readers will find helpful. Structures and functions of various types of pyrolyzers are explored, as well as the results of the pyrolysis-gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric identification of synthetic polymers/copolymers and biopolymers at 700°C.Practical applications of this hyphenated technique, detailing the analysis of microplastics, failure analysis in the automotive industry and solutions for technological problems are provided. Numerous practical applications of pyrolysis-GC/MS, for industrial and R&D usage, will be of benefit to Chemists and Engineers, as well as for students of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences.

In der umfassend erweiterten 2. Auflage stellen die Autoren neben den grundlegenden Konzepten der Molekülsymmetrie nun auch Symmetrieuntersuchungen in Festkörpern mittels der Röntgendiffraktometrie vor. Damit werden Symmetrieoperationen, Punkt- und erstmalig auch Raumgruppen neben Schwingungs- und Elektronenspektroskopie sowie kernmagnetische Resonanz behandelt.

This comprehensive reference provides state-of-the-art coverage of essential concepts, methods and applications related to the study of consumer evaluation, acceptance and adoption of new foods and beverages.

This detailed volume covers conventional MS-based ¿shotgun lipidomics¿ by which samples are introduced by infusion or loop injection, as well as LC-MS-based lipidomics, which are becoming increasingly important due to the ever-increasing demand for a complete and precise lipid analysis of the complex and diversified lipids in nature. The volume features protocols applying chemical reactions, the on-line photochemical reactions combined with various MS methods for comprehensive characterization of various lipid classes, and quantification of specific and rare lipids. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Mass Spectrometry-Based Lipidomics: Methods and Protocols serves asan invaluable guide for biochemists and mass spectroscopists who are interested in lipid studies.

The area of research on the health benefits of berries, their bioactive compounds and their related metabolites has exploded in the last 20 years resulting in new knowledge in the understanding of their metabolism, molecular mode of action as well as their clinical significance in promoting health and preventing chronic disease.Berries and Berry Bioactive Compounds in Promoting Health, reviews state-of-the-art research findings on this exponentially growing area. This comprehensive book brings together international experts in their corresponding fields with cutting-edge reviews. Exploring the effects and mechanisms of action of berry bioactive compounds and their metabolites on different body systems and chronic diseases, including their role on gut microbiota and eventual effect on health is the focus of this book. Unique topics covered, include the chemistry and analytical methods of detection of berry bioactive compounds, bioavailability, metabolism and factors that affect them including individual variability, their interaction with the gut microbiome, and their role and mechanism(s) of action on chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and obesity-induced inflammation, and cancer as well as neuroprotection and wound healing.It will be of benefit to scientists conducting research in the area of berries and their bioactive compounds on health and disease and for health care professionals, nutritionists, dietitians and clinical researchers, nutraceutical and natural food product developers (industry) and food regulators.

This reprint presents some recent results from applying original analytical methods to the most renowned hive matrices. Particular consideration was given to methods devoted to the attribution of the origin of honey and propolis, but also studies dealing with the chemical characterization of honey and other hive matrices are here reported. Attention has also been paid to the use of optimized methods of elemental analysis in several hive products for quality and safety purposes, but also for environmental biomonitoring. The treatment of the data was often achieved through multivariate analysis methods, which made it possible to obtain reliable classifications of honeys and propolis according to their botanic or geographical origin.

Since its early introduction by the Russian botanist Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet, chromatography has been undoubtedly the most powerful analytical tool in analytical chemistry. Separation, qualitative analysis, and quantitative analysis can be achieved by choosing the right conditions. Thus, numerous gas chromatographic, liquid chromatographic, and supercritical fluid chromatographic methods have been developed and applied for most types of samples and most kinds of analytes. Additionally, older varieties such as paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography were pioneer analytical techniques in many laboratories. Especially when hyphenated to spectrometric techniques, chromatography also allows the identification of separated analytes in a single run. Highly sophisticated equipment can answer all analytical problems very quickly. Chromatographers cooperate with many scientific fields and give their lights to medical doctors, veterinarians, food scientists, biologists, dentists, archaeologists, etc. In this Special Issue, analytical chemists were invited to prove that chromatography-based separation techniques are the ultimate analytical tool and their significant contribution is reflected in ten interesting articles.

Gas chromatography is one of the most used analytical techniques in the industry. It is a powerful tool with a wide range of applications. This book presents recent advances in gas chromatography, multidimensional gas chromatography, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. It also discusses inverse gas chromatography. The main focus is the use of gas chromatography techniques to analyze petroleum fluids, biomass, and ionic liquids in medical and petrochemical industries.

This book consists of a series of lectures introducing what the author believes to be the theoretical minimum for the understanding of nuclear spin dynamics, the branch of physics underpinning magnetic resonance techniques such as NMR and MRI.

Die kombinierte Anwendung spektroskopischer Methoden hat sich in der chemischen Analytik als besonders beweiskräftig erwiesen. Die Verfahren der Absorptionsspektroskopie und Massenspektrometrie zeigen, wie hochaktuell die Analytik der Arzneimittel, Kunststoffe, Farbstoffe und Pestizide trotz ihrer langen Geschichte geblieben ist. Das vorliegende Buch macht deutlich, welche Methoden in welchen Fällen zu den umfassendsten Antworten führen.

Dieses Standardwerk zum Thema Maßanalyse informiert auch in der 20. Auflage umfassend über die Theorie der Säure-Base-Titration, der Redoxtitration, der Komplexbildungstitration und der Fällungstitration, sowohl mit klassischer als auch instrumenteller Anzeige des Äquivalenzpunkts. Viele praktische Anwendungen werden detailliert beschrieben und erklärt, beispielsweise auf den Gebieten der pharmazeutischen Analytik und der Umweltanalytik. Mit etlichen weiteren Beispielen zur chemischen und pharmazeutischen Analytik Mit Übungsaufgaben für chemische Praktika der Ausbildung oder des Bachelorstudiums Mit einem ausführlichen Abschnitt über die Angabe des Analysenergebnisses

This book details the latest research and development in the use of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy as tools to give quantitative insights concerning late stage pharmaceutical formulation, tablet manufacturing and drug dissolution behaviour. The book combines different facets of magnetic resonance and highlights the use of spatial resolution (MRI) and how this adds to the knowledge base to further our understanding of the microscopic physicochemical processes occurring during drug release from solid dosage forms. New topics, that have not been thoroughly reviewed elsewhere, are covered including the applications of solution state magnetic resonance in process scale up, reaction monitoring/understanding and process analytical technologies (PAT); dissolution testing; and counterfeit analysis. Solid state NMR and its role in understanding phase separation in dispersions, polymorphism and crystallography is included and magnetic resonance imaging and its use in assessing tablet dissolution performance, mass transport and mixing in hot melt extrusion (HME) are covered.Focusing on late stage development rather than molecular drug discovery provides a unique approach and the book will appeal to a diversity of disciplines using spectroscopy for study. Aimed at researchers in drug development, manufacture and formulation in both industry (pharmaceutical companies) and academia (pharmacy program), it includes examples, where appropriate, of studies on commercially available pharmaceutical products.

The RF power amplifier is a key component in a wireless transceiver and is considered by many as the design bottleneck in the transmitting chain. Linear CMOS RF Power Amplifiers for Wireless Applications addresses two fundamental aspects in RF power amplifier design for integration in CMOS technologies at 2.4, 3.7 and 5.2 GHz: efficiency enhancement and frequency agility.The well-known linearity-efficiency trade-off is circumvented by employing an efficiency-enhancement technique called the dynamic supply RF power amplifier. The design of this system is described with great detail and compared with other efficiency enhancement techniques.The frequency agility is achieved with a novel impedance matching network based on coupled inductors. The design of a dual-band RF power amplifier is shown, with a careful analysis of the tunable matching network and its interaction with the rest of the circuit.The considerations and conclusions drawn throughout this book are based on simulation as well as measurement results from the integrated circuit prototypes carefully built and respecting best practices in RF design.

Ende April und Anfang Mai 2008 kam es in einigen Regionen in Sudwestdeutschland zu Bienenvergiftungen, bei denen nach letzten Erhebungen etwa 11.500 Volker von 700 Imkern teilweise erheblich geschadigt wurden. Sofort nach Bekanntwerden der Vorfalle begann eine intensive Suche nach den Ursachen. Dabei arbeiteten das Ministerium fur Ernahrung und Landlichen Raum in Baden-Wurttemberg (MLR) und die Behorden vor Ort mit der Imkerschaft, der Bienenuntersuchungsstelle im Julius Kuhn-Institut (JKI), dem Bundesamt fur Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (BVL) und der Pflanzenschutzmittel-Industrie zusammen. Schnell richtete sich der Verdacht auf Maissaatgut, das mit dem insektiziden Wirkstoff Clothianidin behandelt war, ein Verdacht, der durch die chemischen Analysen des Julius Kuhn-Instituts bestatigt wurde.

Interdisciplinary knowledge is becoming increasingly important to the modern scientist. This invaluable textbook covers bioanalytical chemistry (mainly the analysis of proteins and DNA) and explains everything for the non-biologist.

This book by Kaplan and Vekhter brings together the molecular world of the chemist with the condensed matter world of the physicist. Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, chemists in the West devoted lit­ to relationships between molecular electronic structure and tle attention solid-state vibronic phenomena. Treating quantum mechanical problems wherein the adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer approximation fails was done by "brute force. " With bigger and better computers available in the West, molecular orbital calculations were done on observed and conceived static structures with little concern for any cooperativity of vibrational behavior that might connect these states. While it had long been understood in the West that situations do occur in which different static structures are found for molecules that have identical or nearly identical electronic structures, little attention had been paid to understanding the vibrational states that could connect such structures. It was easier to calculate the electronic structure observed with several possible distortions than to focus on ways to couple electronic and vibrational behavior. In the former Soviet Union, computational power was not as acces­ sible as in the West. Much greater attention, therefore, was devoted to conserving computational time by considering fundamental ways to han­ dle the vibrational connectivity between degenerate or nearly degenerate electronic states.

Due to the worldwide epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the past ten years have witnessed a flurry of activity in the chemotherapy of viral diseases. Unprecedented scientific efforts have been made by scientists and clinicians to combat infections of human immunodeficiency virus (HIY), the causative agent. Looking back over the past ten years, we have made remarkable progress toward the treatment of the viral disease: isolation of HIV only two years after the identification of the disease, plus major strides in the areas of the molecular biology and virology of the retrovirus, etc. More remarkably, the discovery of the chemotherapeutic agent AZT (Retrovir) was made within two years after the isolation and identification of the virus, followed by unprecedented drug development efforts to culminate in the FDA approval of AZT in twenty-three months, which was a record-breaking time for approval of any drug for a major disease. The last six to seven years have particularly been an exciting and productive period for nucleoside chemists. Since the activity of AZI' was established in 1985, nucleoside chemists have had golden opportunities to discover additional anti-HIV nucleosipes, which are hoped to be less toxic and more effective than AZT, and the opportunity continues. As we all are aware, AZT possesses extremely potent anti-HIY activity, and no other nucleoside or non­ nucleoside has surpassed the potency of AZT in vitro.

During the past fifty years, thousands of natural products have been isolated from plants, fungi, and bacteria. Apart from intense searches by pharmaceutical companies for medicinals and the concentrated effort mounted by the National Cancer Institute, many of these have not been tested in biological systems. The major reasons for this appear to be, at least, twofold. First, individual researchers looking for biologically active natural products will often isolate only small amounts of material sufficient to determine a structure and calculate the specific activity for their particular bioassay systems: insufficient funds preclude re-isolating the compound unless industrial potential is foreseen. Second, the difficulty with which original structures were proved prior to 1972. This required the isolation of relatively large quantities of a natural product and there followed extensive degradation, elemental analyses of the parent and its fragments, then synthesis, piece by piece, of the molecule. All this took time and energy. No wonder that when the structure was proved the chemist was enervated. And coupled to this was the fact that many chemists were not trained to test their materials in biological systems. In contrast, today a natural product can be isolated, its mass and molecular formula determined and, if there is some serendipity, crystals may be obtained for single crystal x-ray analysis. If conditions are near perfect, it is possible to isolate and identify a novel compound in a month.

In 1992 Acoustic Microscopy was published by Oxford University Press, in the series of Monographs on the Physics and Chemistry of Materials. Reviews appeared in the Journal of Microscopy [169 (1), 91] and in Contemporary Physics [33 (4), 296]. At the time of going to press, it seemed that the field of acoustic microscopy had settled down from the wonderful developments in resolution that had been seen in the late seventies and the early eighties and from the no less exciting developments in quantitative elastic measurements that had followed. One reviewer wrote, "e;The time is ripe for such a book, now that the expansion of the subject has perceptively slowed after it was detonated by Lemons and Quate. "e; [A. Howie, Proc. RMS 27 (4), 280]. In many ways, this remains true. The basic design for both imaging and quantitative instruments is well-established; the upper frequency for routine imaging is the 2 GHz established by the Ernst Leitz scanning acoustic microscope (ELSAM) in 1984. For the most accurate V(z) measurements, the 225-MHz line-focus-beam lens, developed at Tohoku Univer- sity a little before then, remains standard. The principles of the contrast theory have been confirmed by abundant experience; in particular the role of surface acoustic waves, such as Rayleigh waves, dominates the contrast in most high- resolution studies of many materials.

With contributions by numerous experts

This textbook is designed for graduate students to introduce the basic concepts of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), spectral analysis and modern developments such as multidimensional NMR, in reasonable detail and rigor. The book is self-contained, so, a unique textbook in that sense with end of chapter exercises included supported by a solution manual. Some of the advanced topics are included as Appendices for quick reference. Students of chemistry who have some exposure to mathematics and physics will benefit from this book and it will prepare them to pursue research in different branches of Chemistry or Biophysics or Structural Biology.¿

This book provides readers the fundamentals of optical metrology for precision engineering. The next-generation measurement technologies based on ultrashort pulse laser and optical frequency comb are also presented, making it an essential reference book for various engineering fields.¿ Introduces fundamental theories and techniques¿ Combines theories with practical applications¿ Presents technologies in an easy-to-understand way

As solar resources are plentiful (up to 1,400 kWh/kWp) in Thailand, it is expected that mainly hydropower and wind energy (5 GW and 4 GW, respectively) will be obtained from the neighbouring countries. It is therefore a promising plan to develop another hybrid renewable system to produce electricity in important economic areas in Thailand, which have limited grid connection, in this study, two Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are selected. In this book, HOMER simulates the annual performance of different hybrid RE system configurations for two specified sets of renewable energy components to find a configuration for each case that satisfies technical constraints at the lowest life-cycle cost.

The study of quantum disorder has generated considerable research activity in mathematics and physics over past 40 years. While single-particle models have been extensively studied at a rigorous mathematical level, little was known about systems of several interacting particles, let alone systems with positive spatial particle density. Creating a consistent theory of disorder in multi-particle quantum systems is an important and challenging problem that largely remains open. Multi-scale Analysis for Random Quantum Systems with Interaction  presents the progress that had been recently achieved in this area.  The main focus of the book is on a rigorous derivation of the multi-particle localization in a strong random external potential field. To make the presentation accessible to a wider audience, the authors restrict attention to a relatively simple tight-binding Anderson model on a cubic lattice Zd.  This book includes the following cutting-edge features: an introduction to the state-of-the-art single-particle localization theory an extensive discussion of relevant technical aspects of the localization theorya thorough comparison of the multi-particle model with its single-particle counterpart a self-contained rigorous derivation of both spectral and dynamical localization in the multi-particle tight-binding Anderson model.  Required mathematical background for the book includes a knowledge of functional calculus, spectral theory (essentially reduced to the case of finite matrices) and basic probability theory. This is an excellent text for a year-long graduate course or seminar in mathematical physics. It also can serve as a standard reference for specialists.