Analytisk kemi

This book focuses on X-ray spectroscopy for chemical state analysis covering X-ray physics, spectroscopic characteristics used for functional and toxic materials, and the author's ideas related to X-ray experiments. This book also provides novel theoretical interpretations of X-ray spectra along with experimental techniques needed for both synchrotron radiation users and laboratory experimentalists. Presenting not only practical information, this book also covers basic knowledge of commercially available spectrometers and the basic physics of optics and electromagnetism related to X-rays. Furthermore, the author introduces the forgotten history of X-ray physics in the beginning of twentieth century. This book is of use for researchers studying catalysts, charge-transfer materials, surface characterization, and toxic trace elements via X-ray spectroscopy for chemical state analysis as well as quantitative analysis.

These Conference Proceedings deal with the papers presented at the International Conference on Ion Exchange Processes (ION-EX '90) which was held at The North East Wales Institute of Higher Education, 9- 11 July 1990. The camera-ready paper format was chosen so that delegates could receive their copy on arrival at the Conference. The Proceedings include reviews of biological materials, inorganic ion exchangers, the nuclear industry, theoretical aspects and new advances. In addition, there are research papers dealing with industrial ion exchange procedures and new materials. The Proceedings should therefore be of interest to those who need to be brought up to date in the various aspects of processes which involve ion exchange and ion chromatography which are now accepted as important in analysis, separation processes and process control. In each of these areas there have been important developments which are herein described. As Editors we should like to express our thanks to the individual authors for preparing their manuscripts in the required format and to Haydn Hughes and Linda Sneddon for their invaluable assistance in compiling these Proceedings. PETER A. WILLIAMS MICHAEL J. HUDSON V\1 CONTENTS v Preface Part 1: Biological Materials The Importance of Ion Exchange Processes in Living Systems 3 R. J. P. Williams The Use of Chemically Suppressed Ion Chromatography in Elemental Analysis 17 J. P. Senior Biological Separations Using Latex-Based Pellicular Resins 23 K.

Theoretical and computational chemistry methods were used for further investigation of the molecular structures of the compounds whose structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. These methods included a range of features such as geometrical optimisations, molecular electrostatic potential maps (MEP), Mulliken, ESP, Hirshfeld and Gasteiger charge densities and Frontier orbitals (HOMO-LUMO) features.These calculations were performed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and the B3LYP theorem and the 6-31G(d, p) basis set were used.this study offers a comprehensive approach that encompasses the synthesis, characterization, and detailed examination of the molecular structures of complex compounds. Furthermore, it includes computational chemistry methods to assess the potential biological activities of these compounds. This work represents a comprehensive approach aimed at generating significant results in both the fields of chemistry and biology.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to photoelectron angular distributions and their use in the laboratory to study light-matter interactions. Photoelectron angular distribution measurements are useful because they can shed light on atomic and molecular electronic configurations and system dynamics, as well as provide information about quantum transition amplitudes and relative phases that are not obtainable from other types of measurements. For example, recent measurements of molecular-frame photoelectron angular distributions have been used to extract photoelectron emission delays in the attosecond range which can provide ultra-sensitive maps of molecular potentials. Additionally, photoelectron angular distribution measurements are an essential tool for studying negative ions.Here, the author presents a detailed, yet easily accessible, theoretical background necessary for experimentalists performing photoelectron angular distribution measurements to better understand their results. The various physical influences on photoelectron angular distributions are revealed through analytical models with the use of angular momentum coupling algebra and spherical tensor operators. The classical and quantum treatments of photoelectron angular distributions are covered clearly and systematically, and the book includes, as well, a chapter on relativistic interactions. Furthermore, the primary methods used to measure photoelectron angular distributions in the laboratory, such as photodetachment electron spectroscopy, velocity-map imaging, and cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy, are described. This book features introductory material as well as new insights on the topic, such as the use of angular momentum transfer theory to understand the process of photoelectron detachment in atoms and molecules. Including key derivations, worked examples, and additional exercises for readers to try on their own, this book serves as both a critical guide for young researchers entering the field and as a useful reference for experienced practitioners.

This textbook presents the principles and methods for the measurement of radioactivity in the environment. In this regard, specific low-level radiation counting and spectrometry or mass spectrometry techniques are discussed, including sources, distribution, levels and dynamics of radioactivity in nature. The author gives an accurate description of the fundamental concepts and laws of radioactivity as well as the different types of detectors and mass spectrometers needed for detection. Special attention is paid to scintillators, semiconductor detectors, and gas ionization detectors. In order to explain radiochemistry, some concepts about chemical separations are introduced as well. The book is meant for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics, chemistry or engineering oriented to environmental sciences, and to other disciplines where monitoring of the environment and its management is of great interest.

Whole Pattern Fitting, Rietveld Analysis, and Calculated Diffraction Patterns. Quantitative Phase Analysis by XRay Diffraction (XRD). Thin Film and Surface Characterization by XRD. Lattice Defects and XRay Topography. Texture Analysis by XRD. XRD Instrumentation, Techniques, and Reference Materials. Stress Determination by Diffraction Methods. XRD Profile Fitting, Crystallite Size and Strain Determination. XRD Applications: Detection Limits, Superconductors, Organics, Minerals. Mathematical Methods in XRay Spectrometry (XRS). Thin Film and Surface Characterization by XRS and XPS. Total Reflection XRS. XRS Techniques and Instrumentation. XRS Applications. XRay Imaging and Tomography. 161 articles. Index.

"Silar Deposition of CDS Quantum Dots" by Veerathangam K explores the fascinating field of semiconductor nanocrystals and their applications in thin film deposition, particularly focusing on the development of solar cells. This book delves into the intricate relationship between quantum mechanics, photovoltaics, and energy conversion, providing a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in nanotechnology. The author delves into the technique of silar deposition, a chemical bath deposition method, which enables the controlled growth of thin films of CDS quantum dots. The book discusses the growth process and the resulting thin film structure, emphasizing the importance of crystal structure, surface passivation, and surface modification in enhancing the performance of CDS quantum dot solar cells. Throughout the book, various aspects of the electronic properties of CDS quantum dots are explored, including charge carrier dynamics, exciton recombination, and carrier transport. The author also sheds light on important parameters such as quantum yield, quantum efficiency, and band gap, elucidating their role in energy harvesting and optimizing photovoltaic efficiency. Furthermore, the book delves into the interdisciplinary nature of the field, bridging material science, optics, electrochemistry, and quantum mechanics. It explores the use of CDS quantum dots in various applications such as photodetectors, thin film transistors, quantum dot lasers, LEDs, and displays. The author also discusses the potential of CDS quantum dots in photocatalysis, light absorption, and surface engineering, while also addressing important considerations such as doping, quantum dot sensitization, electron transport, and hole transport.Overall, "Silar Deposition of CDS Quantum Dots" offers a comprehensive and insightful exploration of this cutting-edge research field, providing researchers, scientists, and students with a valuable resource for understanding and advancing the field of nanotechnology and its applications in solar cells and beyond.

This second edition is primarily dedicated to MR-Enterography, an imaging modality whose reliability for intestinal assessment in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel diseases has gained increasing consensus.The performance of this technique has been significantly enlarged over the last years, due to its undoubted advantages in terms of exhaustive evaluation of the abdominal cavity and safeness due to the lack of radiation exposure. The first part is focused on MR-Enterography standard protocol. Nevertheless, additional sequences, technical novelties and common pitfalls are reported and discussed.  In the second section, the typical intestinal and extra-intestinal findings related to Crohn's disease are described in detail. In this edition, more emphasis has been put on practical topics, useful in the daily clinical practice: anatomical changes after surgical procedures, structured reporting and emerging clinical applications over inflammatory bowel diseases.Another part is dedicated to Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the anal canal, including technical aspects and clinical implications.The text is largely complemented by diagnostic images. Nonetheless, at the end of the book 30 illustrated cases show different clinical scenarios evaluated with MR-Enterography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the anal canal.

Fluorescence imaging is widely used in scientific fields ranging from biology to biomedicine and even materials science. The development of novel fluorescent labels and microscopy techniques has rendered fluorescence imaging profoundly useful. Particularly in bioscience, fluorescence imaging empowers the study of the intracellular distribution, dynamics, gene expression, protein¿protein interactions, and protein localization and enables the identification and tracking of lysosomes. Fluorescence imaging is applicable in cells and tissues and is constantly gaining attention in medicine too, in the fields of fluorescence-guided surgery and robotic-assisted fluorescence surgery. Acknowledging all these important new trends, this book provides an overview of the recent advances and applications in fluorescence imaging.

Water chemistry, water sources, water pollutants, and microbiological contaminants are all covered in the book. The basic concepts of water chemistry are well taught. Along with stormwater management and green infrastructure, the book also examines the theoretical underpinnings of a number of water treatment and analysis procedures. Graduate and advanced undergraduate students, environmental researchers, chemists, and lab technicians who work in water and environmental laboratories could all benefi t from this book. Chemical engineers and operators are the primary target audience for the majority of books on the market, thus both technicians and chemists can gain a lot from this book.

This book focuses on surface activity of electron emission (EE). Prior to protective painting, a steel surface is usually grit blasted or sandblasted to remove scale and contaminants and to roughen the surface. This book emphasizes that such surface treatment causes EE, increasing the strength of paint adhesion. Introduced here are the experimental results of thermally assisted photoelectron emission (TAPE) and tribo-stimulated (rubbing) electron emission (TriboEE) from practical metals after different kinds of surface-treatment processes. A detailed description is given of how Arrhenius activation energies relating to electron transfer through the surface overlayer and also the energy levels of electrons trapped in the overlayer can be obtained, and how TAPE and TriboEE data can be influenced by the chemical properties of that overlayer. This book is composed of four parts: I. Surface treatment processes; II. The principle of EE analysis used for practical surfaces; III. Materials and methods of EE and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); IV. EE and XPS characteristics of practical surfaces. In the last part, the EE and XPS results for metals, semiconductors, and carbon materials are drawn from the author's own publications. The book will be useful for researchers engaging in surface-treatment processes of various materials.

This book provides insight into the underlying basic theories and concepts in X-ray, light, and neutron scattering. The three scattering principles are systematically presented, together with a unified description based on elastic scattering of electromagnetic waves and the Schrodinger wave from matter. These explanations are presented with an introduction of their common Born approximation using a consistent set of symbols and terminology and with step-by-step derivations of equations.  This book emphasizes the combined applications of these three scattering methods, wherever and whenever possible, as a very powerful methodology for characterization of internal structures of soft matters in the length scale ranging from subnanometers to a few 10 micron meters. These applications include explorations for evolution of hierarchically self-organized internal structures of a variety of soft matters, including cells, under diverse environmental conditions.This book will not only be an excellent resource for graduate students and academic researchers who analyze structures of soft matters and polymers, but it will also be useful for researchers in industries.

This book reviews alternative water sources for producing potable water, and offers a comprehensive overview of the latest research and technologies. Edited by experts at the forefront of water resource management, the book presents a paradigm shift in the quest for sustainable and efficient methods of producing potable water.The book commences with a perspective on the changing landscape in potable water production, setting the stage for a comprehensive analysis of cutting-edge techniques. Subsequent chapters offer a critical evaluation of potable rainwater harvesting system design and regulations and discuss the potential of utilizing urban runoff as a viable source for drinking water, highlighting both the possibilities and challenges that come with this approach. In this book, readers will also learn more about the sustainable reuse of wastewater, exploring innovative approaches on both building and city scales, and the complexities of producing potable water from saline waters. Particular attention is given to the latest advances in integrating renewable energy sources into the desalination process to produce potable water. In the final chapter of the book, readers will find an overview of the latest atmospheric water harvesting technologies, and an insightful discussion of the process, performance, energy efficiency, feasibility, and limitations of each.Given its breadth, this book is an important account for researchers, graduate-level students, and policymakers. It also serves as a roadmap for water resource engineers and planners tackling water scarcity and diverse water resources portfolios.

Mazkur ¿Analitik kimyo¿ kursi kimyo, kimyo-texnologiya, neft va gazni qayta ishlash, oziq-ovqat va qurilish materiallari texnologiyasi, shuningdek, tibbiyot oliygohlarining farmasevtika fakulteti yo¿nalishlarida sirtdan tahsil olayotgan talabalar uchun m¿¿ljallangan b¿¿lib, ¿¿zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va ¿¿rta maxsus tälim vazirligining 2018 yil 14 iyundagi 531-sonli buyrug¿i bilan (buyruqning 10-ilovasi) tasdiqlangan ¿Analitik, fizikaviy va kolloid kimyo¿ fani dasturi hamda Oliy va ¿¿rta maxsus tälim vazirligining 2017 yil 1 martdagi 107-sonli buyrug¿i asosida tayyorlandi.Ushbu qo¿llanma analitik kimyo fanining sifat va miqdoriy tahlil bo¿limlarini o¿z ichiga o¿lib, unda analitik kimyo fani vazifalari hamda usullari yoritilgan. Berilgan mavzular yuzasidan nazariy mälumotlar hamda laboratoriya ishlarini bajarish tartiblari va amaliy mashg¿ulot yechimlari hamda vazifalari keltirilgan. Qo¿llanmada miqdoriy analiz usullari, ularga qo¿yiladigan asosiy talablar, laboratoriya ishlarini bajarilish ketma-ketligi, kerakli jihozlardan foydalanish qoidalari, eritmalar tayyorlanish va olingan natijalardan hulosalar chiqarish uchun ko¿rsatmalar keltirilgan.

This atlas offers stunning color electron scanning micrographs and exceptional light microscopy pictures of capillaries, vessels and diverse histomorphological tissues and organs of Xenopus laevis. The model organisms Xenopus laevis serves to study basic biological questions related to growth, differentiation, maturation, and regression of cells, tissues and organs. Xenopus and human genomes have long stretches of gene collinearity, and 79% of identified human disease genes have a verified ortholog in Xenopus.Thus, this atlas will be a powerful tool for anatomists, morphologists, histologists and physiologists interested in normal and pathologically altered organs and tissue; and to all researchers, who wish to learn more about the microvascular anatomy of this vertebrate model organism. 

This volume highlights the potentials as well as the limits and challenges of human breath analysis and describes the current efforts made to advance this promising technology from bench to bed. Human breath analysis is a young, interdisciplinary and innovative research field aiming to provide a smart and non-invasive diagnostic tool, which can be used for screening, detecting and monitoring of diseases or metabolic disorders. This book presents different approaches for breath analysis including real-time and offline mass spectrometry as well as optical and semiconductor gas sensing methods. Besides, the role of smart algorithms to improve the performance of those technologies and the importance of pulmonary function diagnostics for more reliable and meaningful breath analysis are highlighted. Finally, current application scenarios and future perspectives of breath analysis and pulmonary functioning tests are addressed.The volume is useful for researchers, who are new in the field, to easily get an overview of the current status and the challenges present in human breath analysis. Topics from fundamental research over targeted sensor development and application scenarios are described. Thus, this volume covers all development stages providing support and inspiration for engineers, medical doctors and scientists from various fields.

Practical organic chemistry is an essential part of the course syllabus in UG and PG MSc Chemistry in many universities and colleges. There have been few comprehensive practical organic chemistry books in the market, including well-known books such as Vogel's, Mann and Saunders, and many others, despite the increasing interest of organic chemists, biochemists, pharmaceutical specialists, and medicinal chemists. Most of the books that appear have been short ones except for a few exceptions, either specialised or aimed at the advanced level for undergraduates. The book is comprehensive and includes a mechanistic approach to synthetic compounds and the identification of organic molecules through spectroscopy, which added an advantage for teachers and students. The author is well qualified for the task, having 40 years of teaching and research experience. This book covers the entire area of practical organic chemistry, including synthesis, mechanism, isolation of natural products, separation techniques, and especially identification of spectral analysis of organic compounds and their properties. Graduate students and others interested in learning praticals beyond what they find in other textbooks will greet this book with applause.

Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies. Considering the cost of energy services and associated value gives economic meaning to the efficiency at which energy can be produced. Energy services can be defined as functions that generate and provide energy to the ¿desired end services or states¿. The efficiency of energy services is dependent on the engineered technology used to produce and supply energy. The goal is to minimize energy input required (e.g. kWh, mJ, see Units of Energy) to produce the energy service, such as lighting (lumens), heating (temperature) and fuel (natural gas). The main sectors considered in energy economics are transportation and building, although it is relevant to a broad scale of human activities, including households and businesses at a microeconomic level and resource management and environmental impacts at a macroeconomic level. Due to diversity of issues and methods applied and shared with a number of academic disciplines, energy economics does not present itself as a self-contained academic discipline, but it is an applied sub discipline of economics.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience.Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.Chapters "e;Metal Peptide Conjugates in Cell and Tissue Imaging and Biosensing"e;, "e;Luminescent Metal Complexes as Emerging Tools for Lipid Imaging"e; and "e;Determination and Imaging of Small Biomolecules and Ions Using Ruthenium(II) Complex Based Chemosensors"e; are available open access under a CC BY 4.0 License via link.springer.com.

This textbook offers a comprehensive and authoritative introduction to the latest analytical methods, tools and techniques used in the marine environment, bringing together the two fields of chemical oceanography and analytical chemistry. Divided into 11 chapters, the book starts with an overview of the main parameters of the marine carbon system, and it covers different sampling strategies used by the marine scientific community, and the different chemical analyses to measure trace metals, radionuclides and organic matter in the marine environment. Particular attention is given to the identification and quantification of marine persistent organic pollutants, emerging organic contaminants and microplastics. Readers will also find accessible explanations and real life examples of the application of remote sensing and in-situ sensing technologies to monitor the marine environment. The textbook finishes with a chapter on data treatment that outlines the relevant statistical approaches, uncertainty estimation and quality assurance of marine chemical measurements. This textbook provides both students and professionals alike with a transdisciplinary and comprehensive foundation for the chemical analysis of our oceans and seas.

Chemistry is the study of the structure and transformation of matter. When Aristotle wrote the first systematic treatises on chemistry in the 4th century BCE, his conceptual grasp of the nature of matter was tailored to accommodate a relatively simple range of observable phenomena. In the 21st century, chemistry has become the largest scientific discipline, producing over half a million publications a year ranging from direct empirical investigations to substantial theoretical work. However, the specialized interest in the conceptual issues arising in chemistry, hereafter Philosophy of Chemistry, is a relatively recent addition to philosophy of science.Philosophy of chemistry has two major parts. In the first, conceptual issues arising within chemistry are carefully articulated and analyzed. Such questions which are internal to chemistry include the nature of substance, atomism, the chemical bond, and synthesis. In the second, traditional topics in philosophy of science such as realism, reduction, explanation, confirmation, and modeling are taken up within the context of chemistry.