Neurovidenskab

This volume explores the latest techniques used to study the human brain towards understanding Alzheimer¿s Disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. Contributed to by world-renowned experts, the chapters in this book are divided into five parts. Part One discusses human post-mortem brain preparations including single-cell isolation and use of specialized imaging. Part Two talks about neural cellular models using primary and human induced pluripotent stem cells to model aspects of the human brain. Part Three details nucleic acid analyses including transcriptomic and somatic genomic changes, and Part Four discusses lipid analyses via mass spectrometry. Lastly, Part Five covers protein analyses, particularly Aß and Tau. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and thorough, Alzheimer¿s Disease: Methods and Protocols is a valuable tool for all researchers who want to expand their knowledge and understanding of this disease and other related dementias.

Nahtoderlebnisse, Sterbebett-Visionen, Medienkundgebungen in Séancen, Hypnoserückführungen, Erinnerungen von Kindern an ein früheres Leben und außerkörperliche Erfahrungen werden von manchen Autoren als Hinweise auf ein Leben nach dem körperlichen Tod angeführt. Kritiken und Gegenkritiken dieser Argumente werden ausführlich einander gegenübergestellt und verschiedene Theorien beider Seiten sowie von Zwischenpositionen besprochen, wodurch zum Schluss die Frage nach dem Überleben vorsichtig positiv beantwortet wird.

This book is the result of extensive archival research conducted on the Collection "e;Silvano Arieti Papers"e; held in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. It offers readers the first scientific biography of the renowned Italian-born psychiatrist Silvano Arieti, who in 1939 emigrated to the United States, where he gained fame and recognition for his work on schizophrenia. In 1975, the second edition of his book, Interpretation of Schizophrenia, received the National Book Award in Science.The book has been cast as a twofold journey: an exploration of the life of a psychiatrist and scientist and an overview of twentieth century psychiatry and its significant issues, debates, and transformations. Readers will find useful insights for a better understanding of psychiatry as a discipline capable of portraying the complexity of human nature. 

This contributed volume explores the ways in which researchers engineer new biomaterials for the challenging problems of the peripheral and central nervous systems. These biomaterials are uniquely positioned for use in creating in vitro models of injury and disease, testing therapeutic treatments, understanding neural development, and mapping the multi-scalar environment of the brain. This book informs readers from biology, chemistry, materials science, engineering, and neuroscience on cutting edge research in engineering technologies, from fundamental material development through pre-clinical studies. The book also highlights target applications in three areas of research: (1) engineering neural models and materials, (2) probing biological underpinnings of neurological function and disease, and (3) designing therapeutic and diagnostic treatments for neurological disease. 

This book covers the latest developments in tissue electrical conductivity and current density imaging, increasingly popular as well as challenging applications of MRI. These applications are enabled by the acquisition of high-quality MR phase images. This book provides a practical description of the MRI physics needed to understand and acquire phase images in MRI and the key details required to reconstruct them into conductivity, current density or electric field distributions. Comprehensive details are provided about the electrical properties of biological tissues, computational modeling considerations, experimental methods, construction of non-biological and biological phantoms and MRI pulse sequences. An inclusive review of image reconstruction algorithms, and their potential applications is provided for applications directed at determining current density or electric fields, such as in transcranial DC or AC stimulation techniques; as well as electrical conductivity reconstructions that may be of use in quantitative MRI applications used to detect cancer or other pathologies. This is an excellent book for undergraduate and graduate students beginning to explore phase, current density, and conductivity imaging in MRI, and will also be of great use to researchers interested in the area of MR-based electrical property imaging.

This book focuses on energy metabolism and brain functions related to Cortical Spreading Depression of Leao (CSD), an important issue in brain pathophysiology. The first part of the book offers a comprehensive overview of the history and early research on CSD, and then discusses the recent advances in the technology used to map and monitor brain mitochondrial NADH redox state and other physiological functions during CSD. The chapters explore the connection between CSD and mitochondrial function under hypoxia, Ischemia and various drugs treatment, and provide a resource to scientists researching the development of CSD during various brain pathophysiological conditions.  This book is essential to scientists and students working in the field of bioenergetics of the brain and various organs and tissues in the body. The use of this technology is also crucial and applicable in the neuroscience field.

This book describes new theories and applications of artificial neural networks, with a special focus on answering questions in neuroscience, biology and biophysics and cognitive research. It covers a wide range of methods and technologies, including deep neural networks, large-scale neural models, brain-computer interface, signal processing methods, as well as models of perception, studies on emotion recognition, self-organization and many more. The book includes both selected and invited papers presented at the XXIV International Conference on Neuroinformatics, held on October 17-21, 2022, in Moscow, Russia.

This new edition provides comprehensive coverage of the variety and complexity of the roles that glycoconjugates play in the cells of the nervous system. Basic fundamental principles as well as the latest developments in neural glycobiology are discussed.  Topics covered range from the structure and metabolism of the saccharide chains and current approaches used in their study, to changes glycoconjugates undergo during development and aging of the nervous system and the roles they have in neurological disease. New topics include a detailed discussion of cells found within the nervous system, an extensive listing of congenital disorders of glycosylation of both proteins and lipids, the roles of glycans in neuronal axon growth/guidance and voltage-gated channels, the role of intra-lysosomal luminal vesicles in lysosomal storage disorders, and, in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, the role of carbohydrates in infection by SARS-CoV-2. The breadth and depth of topics covered make this an essential reference for those new to the field as well as for more experienced investigators.

This book delves into the multifaceted world of sleep apnea, presenting the latest advancements, challenges, and perspectives in the field. The book covers various topics, including neuro-stimulator use, positive airway pressure therapies, non-PAP and non-surgical treatments, surgical interventions, diagnosis and management of various sleep apnea phenotypes and comorbidities, and special populations such as pediatric and intensive care unit patients. The book discusses the pathophysiology and mechanisms underlying sleep apnea, examining the role of circulating miRNA as a potential biomarker for diagnosis. It also addresses the adverse health consequences associated with sleep apnea, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and hypertension. Furthermore, the book explores the application of telemedicine and wearable technologies in diagnosing and treating sleep apnea, as well as the impact of external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and traffic safety concerns related to sleep deprivation and sleep disorders. The book also highlights the importance of perioperative assessment and management of patients with sleep disorders, the role of REM sleep in sleep disorders, recent advances in sleep during pregnancy and postpartum, and the influence of sleep disturbances on hospitalized and intensive care unit patients. With contributions from experts in the field, this book offers valuable insights into the current state of sleep apnea research and practice, serving as a solid foundation for healthcare professionals, researchers, and students interested in understanding and addressing this prevalent sleep disorder. By providing a comprehensive overview of the field, this book aims to inspire further research and innovation in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of sleep apnea and related sleep disorders.

This Handbook discusses the pathology, etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions of different neurodegenerative diseases. The initial section of the Handbook reviews the recent advances in understanding neurodegenerative diseases and the commonalities and differences between the major pathologies. The subsequent section presents recent developments in understanding fundamental biological mechanisms that influence the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases. It provides current biomedical studies that are aimed at identifying the underlying causes of neurodegeneration. The book also examines the recent observations from biological, cellular, and studies from the model organisms for gaining mechanistic insights into neurodegenerative disorders. It also presents the epidemiological and genetics studies relevant to clinical aspects of neurodegenerative diseases. The book's subsequent chapters offer new and more effective therapeutic strategies to combat these devastating diseases. Towards the end, the Handbook presents recent advances in molecular diagnostics for neurodegenerative disorders and a perspective on the future directions to provide a framework for further developments and refinements of molecular diagnostics to combat neurodegenerative diseases.

Opioids are responsible for the vast majority of preventable deaths related to drug use, and opioid crisis is a serious international health problem. Opioids are also the mainstay in pain treatment and are invaluable tools in palliative care. The purpose of this book is to present an overview of the complex field of opioid pharmacology through evidence-based chapters in clear language backed up with sound scientific evidence, providing researchers and  health professionals with a firm understanding of their effects and mechanisms of action. The authors present an overview of the history of opioids from ancient civilizations to the current opioid crisis, covering state-of-the-art advances on opioid-induced signal transduction, opioids in pain management, and the neuroinflammatory effects of opioids.  Also discussed are opioid use disorders and their treatment. The authors also review the growing body of evidence of opioid effects on innate and adaptive immune responses, discussing the molecules involved in the crosstalk between opioids and innate immunity receptors to provide an updated view of those compounds as important regulators of inflammation and host defense against pathogens and damage. The overall purpose is to provide the reader with a deeper knowledge of this field despite the complexities associated with the existence of numerous ligands, receptor subtypes, and complex pharmacological profiles. To this end, the chapter authors are specialists in the field who also have extensive experience in teaching, hoping to lend their expertise in translating complex concepts into comprehensive and clear explanations. 

A grand new vision of cognitive science that explains how our minds build our worlds'One of the most important books yet published this century' SpectatorFor as long as we've studied the mind, we've believed that information flowing from our senses determines what our mind perceives. But as our understanding has advanced in the last few decades, a hugely powerful new view has flipped this assumption on its head. The brain is not a passive receiver, but an ever-active predictor.At the forefront of this cognitive revolution is widely acclaimed philosopher and cognitive scientist Andy Clark, who has synthesized his ground-breaking work on the predictive brain to explore its fascinating mechanics and implications. Among the most stunning of these is the realization that experience itself, because it is guided by prior expectation, is a kind of controlled hallucination. We don't passively take in the world around us; instead our mind is constantly making and refining predictions about what we expect to see. This even applies to our bodies, as the way we experience pain and other states is shaped by our expectations, and this has broader implications for the understanding and treatment of conditions from PTSD to schizophrenia to medically unexplained symptoms. From the most mundane experiences to the most sublime, it is our predictions that sculpt our experience.A landmark study of cognitive science, The Experience Machine lays out the extraordinary explanatory power of the predictive brain for our lives, mental health and society.

Modern neuroscience has presented new opportunities for exploring the molecular and neural mechanisms controlling specific social responses. This book reviews insights into the neural circuits underlying a particularly fascinating form of social interaction, parental behavior. This book presents a detailed review of maternal and paternal behavior of particular mammalian species. It offer neuroscientists a spectrum of specific mammals that can be used as experimental models to explore particular topics on the functions of the nervous system. It shows that results coming from the laboratory can be translated into useful information for raising mammals on the farm, and it stimulates biologists to gain insights into the underpinnings of the complex mechanisms governing mammalian behavior in the wild.  It also discusses the implications of this research for human parental behavior. 

This volume will serve as a guide for students in the field of neurobiology, and be a bridge between basic science researchers, doctors, and surgeons in clinical practice. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and cutting-edge, Neurobiology: Methods and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.

This book explores connections between music, neural activations and brain plasticity, in order to better understand its associated psychological and physiological effects. The final goal is to focus on the positive effects of music to treat neurological disorders, establishing a new co-ordination between different brain areas to improve both mental illness and wellbeing. A secondary goal is to analyse the role of music at a psycho-sociological level, to understand both the transformation of music into a cultural model and the vision of music as an innate instinct.Music is able to create both emotions and volitional processes. The application of new neuroimaging techniques allows us to explore and evaluate with accuracy what happens in our brain during the creative and artistic performance. A wide range of brain regions are recruited for creative tasks, and music has the opportunity to help in enhance and reset some brain pathological disturbances being also able to ameliorate and restore some rhythmic body activities such as sleep, movement and co-ordination.The book represents a valuable and innovative tool both for neurologists as well as healthcare professionals involved in the management of neurological disorders.

This book provides a holistic evidence-based perspective on conceptual, clinical, assessment, and treatment aspects of key non-substance-based addictive disorders related to: gambling, gaming, social media, smartphone, internet, love, sex, exercise, work, and shopping. Each chapter focuses on a different addictive disorder and is structured in a user-friendly way to enable the reader fast navigation, yet the main aspects of the respective disorders are covered in the necessary depth. All in all, this book offers a timely, self-contained introduction to both key concepts and the latest scientific developments in behavioral addictions. It addresses mental health practitioners, researchers in psychology, neuroscience and communication, and undergraduate and postgraduate students alike.

William Shakespeare has undergone psychological analyses ever since Freud diagnosed Hamlet with an Oedipus complex. But now, two psychologists propose to turn the tables by telling how Shakespeare himself understood human behavior and the innermost workings of the human mind.

This volume looks at classic and novel methods currently used by researchers to understand mood and anxiety disorders and foster precision medicine. Chapters in this book cover topics such as how the sucrose preference succeeds or fails as a measurement of anhedonia; fear conditioning in laboratory rodents; animal models for mania; rodent models for studying the impact of variation in early life mother-infant interactions on mood and anxiety; and prediction of susceptibility/resilience toward animal models of PTSD. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory.   Comprehensive and cutting-edge, accommodating the novel views on how the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders should be reconceptualized, Psychiatric Vulnerability, Mood, and Anxiety Disorders: Tests and Models in Mice and Rats is a valuable resource for all researchers interested in learning more about this important and developing field. 

This detailed book examines the main methods to study mammalian monoamine oxidases (MAOs), ranging from cell biology to computational chemistry. Beginning with techniques on how to obtain pure samples of MAO A and MAO B, the volume continues by covering assays and techniques used to measure MAO enzymatic activity and perform inhibition studies, methods to address cellular localization and function of MAOs, either in cell lines or in animal models, as well as computational methods applied to rational drug design approaches that are used to develop new MAO inhibitors. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Monoamine Oxidase: Methods and Protocols serves as a vital resource for scientists who are interested in studying MAOs and other similar amine oxidase enzymes.

This volume covers the latest techniques that study the synthesis of melatonin, its receptor function, and its effects at the cellular and systemic level. The chapters are organized into three parts. Part One describes methods for the detection of melatonin and its biological derivatives in various biological samples, the manipulation of melatonin synthesis by the pineal gland in animals, and the principal source of melatonin in mammals. Part Two explores methods to measure the biological effects and consequences of melatonin binding to high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors. Part Three describes methods to measure the physiological effects that are regulated by melatonin in animals, particularly in rodent models. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and thorough, Melatonin: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for any researcher interested in investigating melatonin, from its production to its mechanisms of action and systemic effects.  

This volume explores the latest techniques used to study neurodevelopmental diseases (NDD) that range from molecular aspects to integrated research approaches and brain imaging in living rodents. Chapters in this book cover topics such as protocols to deliver shRNA in vitro and in vivo using lentiviral particles to knock-down specific protein expression; experimental procedures to use recombinant fluorescent probes to visualize endogenous proteins at the mammalian synapse; CRISPR/Cas9 toolkit to assess either gain- or loss-of-gene function in brain organoids; detailed protocols to use in vivo manipulations to correct the behavioral phenotypes in cognitive disorder mouse lines; and experimental approaches to genetically engineer macaque models of NDDs and investigate how genetic predisposition may cause neural and functional alterations. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory. Cutting-edge and practical, Translational Research Methods in Neurodevelopmental Disorders is a valuable resource for all researchers who want to learn more about this important and developing field.  

"For decades the practice of manifestation has been widely dismissed as self-involved, materialistic pseudoscience. But as neuroscientist and recognized compassion leader Dr. James Doty reveals, manifestation introduces us to different possibilities, and it lays the groundwork for a kinder, better world. Doty grounds us in the practices that change our brain structures: attention, meditation, visualization, and compassion. This mind magic allows us to move through the world in ways that help us see clearly-reclaiming our agency, realizing our dreams, and reaching out to help others along the path. Where previous works about manifestation have focused narrowly on outward success and individual benefit, Mind Magic delivers an openhearted call to make manifestation part of a deeper contribution to healing the problems we face today"--

This dissertation's primary goal is to trouble the ableism embedded in how written communication is taught and evaluated. Drawing on principles of disability justice, user experience (UX) design, and socially just writing assessment theory, I develop equity-oriented approaches to classroom grading, writing program directed self-placement, and theories ofvalidity. I argue that for writing assessment ecologies to continue moving toward the goals of justice and equity, including intersectional anti-ableism, there must be commitments to crip community building, flexibility as access, radical trust, and participatory localization