Neurovidenskab

The prefrontal cortex is known to play important roles for performing a variety of higher cognitive functions. Among regions of the prefrontal cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays the most important roles for these functions. This book focuses on functions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, summarizes research results obtained mainly by non-human primate studies, and describes neural mechanisms of executive functions that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex participates. First, to understand the feature of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and how its function has been understood, anatomical and functional features of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and historical overview of prefrontal functions are described. To understand functions of the prefrontal cortex and neural mechanisms of executive functions, working memory is an important concept and sustained activation during the memory period of working memory tasks is known as a neural mechanism of working memory. Therefore, this book describes features of sustained memory-related activity based on neurophysiological results obtained in the prefrontal cortex and how memory-related activity contributes to executive functions including control of attention, inhibitory control, task management, and planning. And further, this book describes how the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributes to neural mechanisms for sensory and motor processing, memory control in multi-task performance, decision-making, metacognition, and top-down control. Thus, this book provides important information regarding neural mechanisms of dorsolateral prefrontal functions to neuroscientists and helps to plan further investigation to understand prefrontal functions in primates and human subjects.

This book comprehensively reviews the theranostic applications of nanomaterials against various neurological disorders. The initial chapters briefly introduce various neurological disorders, their molecular mechanism, available treatments, and the latest research. It further reviews the challenges associated with the current theranostics strategies, including blood-brain-barrier. This book examines the synthesis of nanoparticles, development of efficient biosensors, fabrication of nanomaterials, diagnosis through nano-chips, and their interaction with neuronal cells. The chapter also discusses the various nanoformulations or nanocarriers of natural therapeutics, including herbal products, peptides, nootropics, and dietary supplements used to prevent and delay neurological disorders. Additionally, the book provides information on the commonly used molecular imaging tools and biosensors, using different nanomaterials for the early detection of neurological disorders. Towards the end,the book covers the imaging techniques like gold nanocages and photoacoustic imaging for diagnosing and targeted drug delivery for neurological disorders. The chapter presents the current challenges in using nanotechnology for neurological disorders and their potential solutions.

For thousands of years, music has acted as a powerful medium for evoking emotions, facilitating communication, and nurturing overall well-being. With the advent of new sophisticated neuroimaging technology, human responses to music and music therapy are being viewed through a new lens. As a consequence, new knowledge is being obtained about how music can produce significant improvements in cognitive, social, overt and agitated behaviours. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of neurocognitive music therapy, its impact and implications in the practice of evidence-based music interventions. The book seeks to provide researchers, psychologists, music therapists, musicians and physicians interested in the therapeutic applications of music, with a source of information about current techniques and novel music interventions. It is structured into several chapters, each of them presenting peer-reviewed research and evidence-based procedures carried out in a specific clinical context. Topics covered in the book include: Musical engagement for individuals with motor disabilities Enhancing emotional processing in autism through music Stroke rehabilitation via musical interventions Musical neurofeedback for emotional disorders Emotional modulation with music therapy in palliative care AI-driven personalisation in music interventionsThe book highlights the profound capacity of music-based interventions to facilitate cognitive and emotional processing, enhance communication, and promote motor rehabilitation. At the same time, the book demonstrates how modern technologies offer new opportunities to evaluate, validate, and potentiate music-based interventions, allowing new and innovative possibilities and more personalised interventions. This book aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge in this field and inspire further research and innovation in the practice of music therapy.

This book provides an answer to the readers about scientific perspective on learning. It presents a culminating point of four different kinds of studies designed to measure and understand the nuances of brain functioning. The objective of this book is to find answers to four questions: (1) can there be a neuroscientific understanding of the concept of individual differences? (2) does rhythmic sound or noise have an impact on decision making? (3) how does transfer of learning between the hemispheres facilitate the learning process? and lastly (4) beyond the accepted ways of communicating verbally and non-verbally is silent communication possible? This book makes an attempt to address these issues through various aspects of inner-conscious engineering.

This book is about the "Mechanism and Genetic susceptibility of Neurological disorders. It is a comprehensive exploration, penned by esteemed authors, and offers a profound understanding of these enigmatic ailments, their progression, and the strategic approaches employed to mitigate their impact. In this book, readers will uncover a wealth of knowledge surrounding the mechanistic intricacies that underlie various neurological disorders. Through meticulous research and insightful analysis, the authors elucidate the inner workings of these conditions, shedding light on the mechanisms responsible for their onset and progression. The central themes of this book are the recognition of the genetic landscape governing neurological disorders. It emphasizes the role played by a diverse array of genes in the development and progression of these conditions, highlighting the multifaceted genetic susceptibility that underlies their manifestation. ¿

This book presents the ¿state of the art¿ of biomarkers research in neuropsychiatric conditions, from dementia to eating disorders, as well as providing methodological, practical and ethical issues related to the development of biomarkers. Biomarkers have revolutionized clinical research and practice in most fields of medicine, but psychiatry has lagged behind. However, in the last decade, there has been a growing expectation that biomarkers will advance and, ultimately, reframe psychiatry research and practice. Biomarkers might inform about diagnosis, therapeutics, prognosis, contributing to a ¿personalized medicine¿. Understanding their meaning, possibilities and limitations will help clinicians, researchers and students in the related areas navigate and excel in the challenging and ever changing field of neuropsychiatric disorders.

This book describes a new strategy for rehabilitation from injury and/or disease using Crucial Event Therapy. Recent studies have shown that individuals can recuperate more rapidly from surgery and other invasive procedures intended to correct the negative effects of disease or injury through the use of life support systems that operate at the body's natural biofrequencies. The same observation has been clinically shown to reverse the degenerative effects of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson¿s and Alzheimer's Disease.Crucial Event Therapy describes medicine as the operational control of the functions of the human body treated as a network-of-networks, with 1/f-variable crucial events coding the dynamic states of health and disease through information flow within a network and information exchange between biomedical networks. A new way of thinking based on the statistics of Cortical Events is presented and the relevant literature is suitably referenced. This is anideal book for biophysicists and data scientists seeking to understand the connection of complexity measures for the study of consciousness with the clinical aspects of designing a rehabilitation strategy.

Behavioral neuroendocrinologists are interested in the interactions between hormones and behaviors. This unique book tracks the development of behavioral neuroendocrinology from the first recognized paper in the field by Arnold Berthold in 1849 to the major contributors of the past century. It traces the history and development of the field by exploring the women and men who conducted the studies that revealed these hormone-behavioral relationships. Most chapters are written by the individuals who knew these pioneers best, and describe their stories and discuss the ways in which their work has shaped the field. Now is the perfect time for this book. The field is burgeoning and interest in the development of theoretical perspectives is thriving. Moreover, although this field was dominated by men early on, it has become a field with near sexual parity among its faculty, society membership, and leadership, and thus serves as an example of equitable science, training, and advocacy.  

Neuropsychological and Psychosocial Foundations of Neuro-Oncology provides an in-depth review of common cognitive, psychological, and social manifestations that occur in patients with brain cancer and other neuro-oncological issues. Chapters discuss primary CNS tumors, brain metastases, leptomeningeal disease, paraneoplastic disorders, and many other topics. Effects of CNS and systemic cancer treatment (i.e., radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy) are also examined, as are current practices for rehabilitation and targets for essential future interventions in vulnerable populations. This book is fully illustrated with pathology photomicrographs, CT and MRI images, tables, and molecular pathway diagrams. Bringing neuropsychological and behavioral health trial knowledge from the bench to the bedside, this volume is an essential reference for practicing neuro-oncologists, neuropsychologists, nurses, and others working in the field of neuro-oncology.

This book mainly focuses on diversity of brain diseases, such as sleep disorders, major depression disorder, anxiety disorders, epilepsy, cognitive disorders, etc. It introduces the current pathological mechanisms of various diseases from the perspective of basic theories and research; it introduces the clinical evaluation and treatment of the above diseases from the clinical perspective. In addition, the current frontier research on therapeutics of neural stimulation for the above brain disorder was introduced, such as Transcranial electrical stimulation, magnetic stimulation, ultrasonic stimulation, etc., and the therapeutic strategy and stimuli parameters for reference were proposed.This book is aimed at clinical students, doctors and researchers in the field of neurology. Based on major brain diseases, this book systematically proposed the maneuverability, safety and effectiveness of neural stimulation technologies in the treatment of major brain diseases.

This book explores human decision-making heuristics. The monograph studies how nudging and winking can help citizens to make rational choices and governments to create choice architectures that aid in stabilizing markets and flourishing society. By applying the behavioral economics approach to political outcomes, it demonstrates how economics can be employed for personal benefits but also foster the greater societal good. A review of the current literature on human decision-making advantages and failures in Europe and North America opens the book. A wide range of nudges and winks is presented that aid to curb the harmful consequences of human decision-making fallibility. Awareness of mental heuristics and biases in the finance domain is strengthened in order to understand how to nudge people to benefit from economic markets but also help governments to stabilize economies in providing strategic market communication. The author also proposes concrete leadership and followership directives on nudging in the digital age. This book appeals to scholars and policy makers interested in rational decision-making. The behavioral perspective features the strategic use of nudging and winking in the digital age.The second revised and expanded edition offers the newest insights on behavioral e-Economics and the latest developments regarding the COVID-19 pandemic. It covers topics such as the role of social media in finance and discrimination in searchplace competition. It also offers new insights on strategic leadership and smart followership directives to successfully navigate through complex and fast-paced e-architectures.

This volume discusses the latest imaging and molecular techniques for studying microcephaly through neural progenitor proliferation, survival, and gene expression. All of the methods covered in this book use the mouse as a model system, and include cellular, metabolic, transcriptomic studies of neural progenitors, MR imaging studies of brain growth in 3-dimensions and developmentally-adapted studies of behavior in neonatal mice. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Microcephaly: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for all researchers who want to expand their knowledge and understanding of this important and developing field.

This book, Gut microbiome and Brain Ageing, deals with the mechanisms and phenomenon that relates gut microbiome and aging of the brain. This book will bring forth the connection between good gut and brain aging and includes some cutting edge research topics dealing with gut physiology and its importance as future therapeutic option in neurological disorders. The gut microbiome's impact on neuronal function, mediated by neurotransmitters, vitamins, and neuroactive microbial metabolites, is an exciting area of investigation that this book thoroughly explores. It also covers the pivotal role of the gut microbiome in the etiology of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer¿s disease (AD), Parkinson¿s disease (PD), depression, or multiple sclerosis (MS). It also explores the expanding understanding of the importance of the early-life gut microbiota and its implications for long-term health consequences. This book primarily addresses researchers, clinicians, and doctoral andgraduate students working in biomedicine, neurobiology, nutrition, microbiology, and translational medicine streams.

First, There Is Hope¿ A Neurologist Shows Us A Better Way To Treat Children with Autism And Other Neurodevelopmental DisabilitiesWhat if neurodiverse individuals, including those with autism, could find an integrated approach¿in one place¿that actually worked? What if they didn¿t have to embark on a costly Diagnosis Odyssey, only to end up frustrated and no closer to a solution than when they started?Pediatric neurologist Mark Mintz, MD will show you that it doesn¿t have to be this way¿because he has found a new path that has been transforming health care and optimizing better outcomes for his patients.Dr. Mintz will show you the problems with the system¿some of which you may know about, some of which may surprise you. Working with the vast knowledge of his team, consisting of professionals who specialize in both the medical and behavioral side of diagnosis and treatment, he will show you how they were able to create an integrated system, stop the Diagnosis Odyssey in its tracks and bring real help to children, adults, and their families.Join Dr. Mintz on this journey through the healthcare ¿system¿ and meet the patients it has ill-served only to be rescued by him and his team of caregivers. His head and heart approach will leave parents of children with autism and other neurological conditions realizing that, no matter their previous experiences, there is still hope for an optimized outcome.

This volume provides a variety of technical approaches to study dopamine system function and dysfunction. Chapters guide readers through dopamine release in ex vivo and freely moving animals, multi-recording devices for in vivo simultaneous single cell and population activity,  in silico modeling of dopamine neurons activity, neuroanatomical approaches, unbiased stereology, ultrastructural analyses of dopaminergic neurons, and axonal innervation. Additionally, chapters also incorporate pharmacological tools to model neuropsychiatric diseases, novel behavioral paradigms to dissect dopamine's role in behavior, and functional imaging to follow human dopamine system development. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory.Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Dopamine Neurotransmission aims to be a valuable resource for researchers in various disciplines. 

This book aims to provide the reader a neuroscientific understanding surrounding a very simple question: how do we learn not to fear? Exploring answers to this question is very important for two reasons. First, learning about the neural mechanisms of fear extinction is of relevance to everyone¿s life - it is such a basic yet relevant question to our daily experiences. Therefore, understanding brain mechanisms of fear and its regulation is essential from a basic neuroscience point of view. Second, excessive fear and the inability to regulate its expression is one of the hallmarks of fear-, anxiety-, trauma-, and stressor-related psychopathologies. And as such, learning about how fear is acquired, stored, expressed, and regulated could help advance our understanding of the etiology of psychopathology, the maintenance of symptoms pertaining to failure to regulate fear, and could help us develop novel therapeutics to equip providers and patients with the tools to better quell their fears.The contributions contained in this book are provided by experts in the fields of basic and clinical neuroscience, experimental and clinical psychology, and neuropsychiatry. The contributions are organized to start the reader with basic definitions of how we define fear, how we study its neural circuits at the molecular and cellular levels, how to study human behavior and the brain using state-of-the art experimental and statistical tools, to how much fear contributes to psychopathology. This volume ends with current advances aimed to enhance the capacity to extinguish fear; a clinical result that would aid in the treatment of multiple psychiatric disorders, followed by a discussion on future directions of this highly important and relevant field.

This volume explores the latest techniques used to study the human brain towards understanding Alzheimer¿s Disease and related neurodegenerative disorders. Contributed to by world-renowned experts, the chapters in this book are divided into five parts. Part One discusses human post-mortem brain preparations including single-cell isolation and use of specialized imaging. Part Two talks about neural cellular models using primary and human induced pluripotent stem cells to model aspects of the human brain. Part Three details nucleic acid analyses including transcriptomic and somatic genomic changes, and Part Four discusses lipid analyses via mass spectrometry. Lastly, Part Five covers protein analyses, particularly Aß and Tau. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and thorough, Alzheimer¿s Disease: Methods and Protocols is a valuable tool for all researchers who want to expand their knowledge and understanding of this disease and other related dementias.

Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to change through experience. It has several powerful applications such as learning new info, mastering a skill, quitting bad habits, overcoming obsessions and compulsions, and recovering from injuries.Everyone's brain has the capacity for neuroplasticity, but not everyone is maximizing it. This book will tell you what you need to do to benefit from your brain's natural capacity to heal and improve itself - even if you're a newbie to neuroplasticity. Here's just a tiny fraction of what you'll discover:A crash course on what exactly neuroplasticity is and why you need to be excited about this astounding discovery!Why the most popular brain games on the market are actually ineffective and what you should be playing insteadHow to change bad habits using neuroplasticity with 5 easy stepsThe simple yet effective 6-step process used by cognitive behavioral therapists to stimulate neuroplasticity in the brainWhy positive thinking may actually be hindering your progress and what you should be doing insteadThe brain is the most magnificent, powerful thing the universe have every created. It is responsible for consciousness, for our experience, and to our behavior. Brain scans have revealed that successful people have different brains than the brains of other, average people. And if that's not enough, recent studies have showed that our brain is constantly changing itself, according to our behavior! This outstanding revelation means that you are not a victim of who you are - you can change your brain and become the best version of yourself - if you only knew how to use neuroplasticity.

This book brings together a selection of papers by George Gerstein, representing his long-term endeavor of making neuroscience into a more rigorous science inspired by physics, where he had his roots. Professor Gerstein was many years ahead of the field, consistently striving for quantitative analyses, mechanistic models, and conceptual clarity.  In doing so, he pioneered Computational Neuroscience, many years before the term itself was born.  The overarching goal of George Gerstein's research was to understand the functional organization of neuronal networks in the brain. The editors of this book have compiled a selection of George Gerstein's many seminal contributions to neuroscience--be they experimental, theoretical or computational--into a single, comprehensive volume .The aim is to provide readers with a fresh introduction of these various concepts in the original literature.  The volume is organized  in a series of chapters by subject, ordered in time, each one containing one or more of George Gerstein's papers.

This book covers the tremendous progress in the current understanding of the molecular physiology of voltage-gated calcium channels. This book includes unparalleled insights into structural features of calcium channels due to X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM, which in turn yielded critical information into how these channels function under normal and pathophysiological conditions, and how they interact with calcium channel therapeutics. The chapters investigate how, with the advent of high throughput genome sequencing, numerous mutations in various calcium channel genes have been identified in patients with neurological, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric and other disorders. This is further complemented through a much larger in vivo toolkit such as knock-out and knock-in mice. The chapters further discuss the increased complexity of calcium channel physiology that arises from mRNA editing and splicing.  Finally, the book also provides an overview of the updated research on calcium channel inhibitors that can be used both in vivo and in vitro, and which may serve as a spring board for new calcium channel therapeutics for human disease. Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels is useful for academic researchers at all levels in neuroscience, biophysics, cell biology and drug discovery.

This book provides an overview of the development and status of neurofeedback in different parts of the world. Although how it was initially introduced, the pace and shape of its growth and the overall social and health-related context, are highly heterogeneous, a significant interest for neurofeedback has translated into an increased awareness of its therapeutic value and expanded clinical applications. In addition, in several chapters, clinical research is outlined, providing an essential resource for potential collaborative efforts. This first volume offers valuable insights from 13 different countries, and more will come in the next volume of this international series.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the role of exosomes in brain diseases, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and depression. It covers the basics of exosome biogenesis, composition, and synthesis, as well as the therapeutic potential of exosomes in brain disorders. The correlation between exosomes and neuroinflammation, the challenges of using exosomes as a novel carrier, and engineered exosomes to deliver therapeutic protein are covered well in this book. Use of radiolabelled exosomes as a diagnostic tool and the toxicity studies of exosomes with potential overcome approaches. It is an essential resource for researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals working in the field of exosome research, especially on its applications in brain disorders.

This book provides the basic concepts and latest findings on kokumi substances. It covers not only the topics related to food chemistry, but also the biochemical and physiological mechanisms of the perception of kokumi substances. Food palatability is determined by many factors, including taste, aroma, texture, color, physiological condition, and circumstances. The attribute called ¿kokü is used in Japan to express delicious foods. The definition of koku attribute was previously proposed to be caused by the sensation of richness, body, lingering (continuity), and mouthfulness in terms of taste, aroma, and texture. Kokumi substance is one of the taste-related koku enhancers and is defined as a substance that enhances complexity, richness (body), and lastingness (continuity), although it has no taste itself at the dose. The topics in this book cover physiological studies, including the receptor mechanism, taste nerve recording, and human brain responses using functional MRI. It also discusses the sensory characteristics of kokumi substances when added to foods and the effect of kokumi substances on the satiety. The intended readers are university students, researchers and technologists in food science, food chemistry, nutritional sciences, taste physiology, and neuroscience. Non-expert readers interested in food palatability and the deliciousness of foods may also find this book useful.