Geovidenskab

Embark on an extraordinary journey into the depths of the ocean.Oceanographer Dawn Wright made history in 2022 when she became the first Black person to visit Challenger Deep, the deepest and most unexplored place on Earth--a trip that took her over 10,000 meters beneath the Pacific Ocean's surface. Remarkably, we know less about the ocean floor than we do about the surface of the moon. Barely one-fifth of the seabed has been mapped in high resolution to date. As an ocean scientist and explorer, Dawn has made it her mission to change that.Mapping the Deep takes you on an extraordinary adventure with an extraordinary woman into the depths of Challenger Deep, showcasing the perseverance and innovation needed for ocean exploration. With a focus on Dawn's historic dive, her personal journey, and the cutting-edge technology that made the expedition possible, this book highlights the crucial importance of mapping the ocean and its profound impact on our planet's future. From the fascinating history of the area and the incredible stories of its explorers to the diverse marine life that resides within, prepare to be inspired.Through a blend of history, fascinating facts, and beautiful images, Mapping the Deep offers a unique perspective on the challenges and triumphs of deep-sea exploration.As Chief Scientist of Esri(R), Dawn Wright aids in strengthening the scientific foundation for Esri software and services, while also representing Esri to the scientific community. A specialist in marine geology, with record-setting submersible dives in Alvin (to the East Pacific Rise), Pisces V, and the Limiting Factor (to Challenger Deep), she has also authored and contributed to some of the most definitive literature on marine GIS. Dawn is an elected member of both the US National Academy of Sciences and the US National Academy of Engineering, as well as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, The Oceanography Society, and the Geological Society of America. She holds lifetime achievement awards from the American Association of Geographers, the Geological Society of America, and WINGS World Quest Women of Discovery. Dawn is a professor of geography and oceanography at Oregon State University, where she was named Oregon Professor of the Year in 2007. She has coauthored several books for Esri Press, including Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions, and the GIS for Science series.

O nosso trabalho pode ser considerado como uma contribuição para o estudo geotécnico e mineralógico das argilas oxfordianas das regiões de Frenda e Takhemaret (wilaya de Tiaret), que fazem parte do noroeste da Argélia, dada a falta de informação e o facto de serem raros os estudos anteriores neste domínio e nesta região. As argilas têm uma grande importância económica e são exploradas como matéria-prima para as fábricas de tijolos (fábricas de tijolos de Frenda), sendo os sectores explorados os de Kef Lazreg (Frenda) e Oued el Abd (Takhemaret), O presente estudo centrar-se-á, em primeiro lugar, no trabalho de campo, que consiste na recolha de amostras, e, em seguida, no trabalho de laboratório, onde essas amostras serão submetidas a análises de difractometria de raios X (DRX) (mineralógicas) e a ensaios físico-químicos (geotécnicos).Este estudo poderá, posteriormente, ser o ponto de partida para outros estudos de caraterização mineralógica e geotécnica da grande formação argilosa em que se insere a nossa, o que ajudará, sem dúvida, a classificar as argilas desta formação com vista a uma possível exploração económica.

Il nostro lavoro può essere considerato un contributo allo studio geotecnico e mineralogico delle argille oxfordiane delle regioni di Frenda e Takhemaret (wilaya di Tiaret), che fanno parte dell'Algeria nord-occidentale, data la mancanza di informazioni e la rarità di studi precedenti in questo campo e in questa regione. Le argille rivestono una grande importanza economica e sono sfruttate come materia prima per le fabbriche di mattoni (Frenda brickworks); i settori sfruttati sono quelli di Kef Lazreg (Frenda) e Oued el Abd (Takhemaret), Il presente studio si concentrerà in primo luogo sul lavoro sul campo, che consiste nel prelevare campioni, e poi sul lavoro di laboratorio, dove questi campioni saranno sottoposti ad analisi di diffrattometria a raggi X (XRD) (mineralogiche) e a test fisico-chimici (geotecnici).Questo studio potrebbe in seguito essere il punto di partenza per altri studi di caratterizzazione mineralogica e geotecnica della grande formazione argillosa di cui la nostra fa parte, che contribuiranno senza dubbio a classificare le argille di questa formazione in vista di un possibile sfruttamento economico.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the geoenvironment, with concepts like "geosites", "geoparks", and "geodiversity" becoming integral to the local economic and cultural development of various areas. Globally recognized significant geosites benefit from exchanges of information, skills, experience, and personnel within the geopark community. Geotourism, a form of tourism focused on understanding the geological features of visited areas, plays a crucial role, encompassing both natural and human resources. The core of geoparks lies in geoeducation, as they serve as ideal locations for educational activities.This volume aims to compile a collection of papers highlighting the importance of geoeducation in promoting and preserving geological heritage and geoethical values. Beyond research articles covering various geological heritage approaches, this volume zooms in on new cases, emphasizes current challenges and knowledge gaps, and includes long-term review articles. This Special Issue addresses topics such as the following:Scientific studies of geoheritage sites, showcasing geosites across different geological and geomorphological contexts.Techniques for enhancing geoheritage.The significance of geoheritage in human life.Geosciences education for sustainability.Educational programs fostering geoeducation.Sustainable geotourism, shedding light on issues related to geological heritage management.The sustainable use of natural and cultural heritage and resources.The valorization of geoheritage for sustainable and innovative tourism development.

Due to the increase in population worldwide, there is an urgent need to estimate natural hazards more efficiently. A crucial aspect of this challenging task is the mitigation of the risk of earthquakes. The occurrence of earthquakes is an inherently complex phenomenon that is manifested in the nonlinear dynamics that form the process of earthquake generation. Earthquakes interact over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales to generate new events; meanwhile, the coupling of stress interactions with other aseismic processes, such as fluid flow, poroelastic effects, and aseismic slip, may further reduce the frictional strength of faults, triggering more earthquakes. As such, earthquakes are considered a critical phenomenon, exhibiting nonlinearity, self-organized criticality, scaling, clustering, fractal/multifractal structures, and long-range interactions. The analysis of earthquake phenomena in the light of complexity theory is thus ubiquitous, and mathematical tools arising from statistical physics offer a consistent theoretical framework with which to better understand the occurrence of earthquakes. With the significant generation of new data in recent years, these modern tools may provide novel and substantial insights into the physics of earthquakes, with the ultimate aim being to mitigate the risk of earthquakes more effectively.

In a world dealing with the widespread impact of heavy metals on our environment, it is crucial to delve deep into the subject and develop effective strategies. Despite appearing in seemingly harmless concentrations, these metals, which do not break down easily and accumulate in living organisms, pose potential threats to various life forms, including humans. Understanding the intricate details of their presence, pathways, sources, and associated risks in our environment underscores the need for focused research.This reprint is expected to provide valuable insights that will lay the foundation for future research and policy efforts. The combined knowledge of the global scientific community shared in these pages will contribute to a more resilient and sustainable approach to tackling the complex challenges presented by heavy metal pollutants in our environment. Additionally, the reprint will serve as a handy reference for students, scholars, and budding researchers.

This collection presents papers from the 152nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

Nanotechnology has made enormous progress over the last few decades, and the current use of nanomaterials is rapidly increasing. As a result, the continuous release of nanomaterials into the air, water, and soil has raised concerns about possible adverse consequences for environmental and human health. This Special Issue pays close attention to the evaluation of nanomaterials' ecotoxicity associated with their occurrence, behavior, fate, and bioavailability. Such an evaluation would be critical for scientists, legislators, business leaders, and the public to understand and develop effective solutions to the potential impacts of nanomaterials.

This collection presents papers from the 153rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

The volume is part of World Geomorphological Landscapes series and shows characteristic landscapes and landforms of Poland. It consists of two parts, general and regional. The first part includes overviews of geological history, Quaternary, climate and its impact on landforms, geomorphological division of the country, geoheritage and geoconservation. The second part comprises more nearly 40 region-specific studies to show the diversity of landscapes, from high-mountain relief through medium-altitude forested ranges, limestone uplands and loess plateaus, lowland landscapes moulded by past ice sheets, rivers and aeolian processes, to coastal sceneries. Selected examples of anthropogenically modified landscapes are also considered. Each chapter is accompanied by photographs, maps and diagrams. The volume is intended primarily for geographers and Quaternary geologists, but will be also of interest to anyone interested in natural landscapes and their conservation.

The collection focuses on the advancements of characterization of minerals, metals, and materials and the applications of characterization results on the processing of these materials. Advanced characterization methods, techniques, and new instruments are emphasized. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to:· Extraction and processing of various types of minerals, process-structure-property relationship of metal alloys, glasses, ceramics, polymers, composites, semiconductors, and carbon using functional and structural materials.· Novel methods and techniques for characterizing materials across a spectrum of systems and processes. · Characterization of mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, dielectric, magnetic, physical, and other properties of materials. · Characterization of structural, morphological,and topographical natures of materials at micro- and nano- scales. · Characterization of extraction and processing including process development and analysis. · Advances in instrument developments for microstructure analysis and performance evaluation of materials, such as computer tomography (CT), X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron microscopy (SEM, FIB, TEM), and spectroscopy (EDS, WDS, EBSD) techniques. · 2D and 3D modelling for materials characterization.

A captivating exploration of how underwater animals tap into sound to survive, and a clarion call for humans to address the ways we invade these critical soundscapes - from an award-winning science writer.For centuries humans ignored sound in the 'silent world' of the ocean, assuming that what we couldn't perceive, didn't exist. But we couldn't have been more wrong. Marine scientists now have the technology to record and study the complex interplay of the myriad sounds in the sea. Finally, we can trace how sounds travel with the currents, bounce from the seafloor and surface, bend with temperature, and even saltiness; how sounds help marine life survive; and how human noise can transform entire marine ecosystems.In Sing Like Fish, award-winning science journalist Amorina Kingdon synthesises historical discoveries with the latest research in a clear and compelling portrait of this sonic undersea world. From plainfin midshipman fish, whose swim-bladder drumming is so loud it keeps houseboat-dwellers awake, to the syntax of whalesong, from the deafening crackle of snapping shrimp, to underwater earthquakes and volcanoes, sound plays a vital role in feeding, mating, parenting, navigating, and warning. Meanwhile, our seas also echo with human-made sound, and we are only just learning how these pervasive noises can mask mating calls, chase animals from their food, and even wound creatures.Intimate and artful, Sing Like Fish tells a uniquely complete story of ocean animals' submerged sounds, envisions a quieter future, and offers a profound new understanding of the world below the surface.

The book is based on stochastic theory of sediment motion, particularly the theory of transition intensities.It provides a complete theory and equation system of non-equilibrium transport of non-uniform suspended load. The content proposed theory reports, for the first time in literature, the general boundary condition of diffusion equations of non-equilibrium transport with transition intensities. The book also introduces the theoretical expressions of size distribution of the carrying sediment capacity, efficient bed material grade, and saturation recovery coefficientThis book describes the application of non-equilibrium transport theory and provides solutions to some long-standing unsolved controversial problems related to sediment transport. It establishes a generic mathematic model of reservoir sedimentation and river channel evolution; illustrates the same transport regulars of wash load and bed material load; demonstrates the multi-valued nature of carrying-sediment capacity and its single-valued consideration; and describes the mechanism of bed material coarsening. This book is of interest to a wide audience including students, technicians, and academics, primarily working in the field of river hydra-dynamics. In addition, this book receives attention from the research community working in fields, such as hydrogeology, hydraulic engineering, river navigation, wastewater treatment, and environmental protection

Vertebrate Ichnology: Introduction, History, Methodology and Devonian-Neogene Tetrapod Tracks is a complete review and analysis of vertebrate trace fossils, including how vertebrate trace fossils inform our understanding of major evolutionary events. It covers all aspects of the vertebrate trace fossil record including tetrapod footprints, fish traces and other trails, burrows, nests and more. Each record is reviewed by prominent experts with extensive illustrations and can be used as a tool to solve problems of vertebrate biochronology and biogeography. Megabiases in the record are identified, and trace fossils applied to analysis and the understanding of major events in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. This is a useful daily reference for paleontologists and geologists; and teaching professors or other researchers working in trace fossils and related fields, including university and graduate students.

Artificial Intelligence in Future Mining explores the latest developments in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in mining and how it will impact the industry’s future. The application of data science and artificial intelligence in future mining involves using advanced technologies to optimize operations, improve decision-making, and enhance safety and sustainability in the industry. After a brief history of AI in mining, the book's editors look closely at different AI techniques used. Chapters explore ocean mining, brine mining, and urban mining. With an eye towards sustainability, the editors then review the future of wastewater mining and green mining.The book wraps up with chapters on safety and risk, resource planning, and a larger discussion of the opportunities and challenges of mining with AI in the future. This book is a must-have for researchers and professionals who find themselves at the intersection of mining, engineering, and data science.

Air Pollution, Air Quality, and Climate Change offers a review of the latest advances and developments in the study of air pollution and air quality in the face of continuing climate change. The editors begin with a detailed review of air pollution and its sources, effects, and impacts. In-depth chapters follow on atmospheric chemistry, air pollution meteorology, and take a look at indoor and urban air quality. The editors then explore the connection between air quality and climate change, the effects of CO2 on air quality, and use of carbon capture and storage. Finally, the book closes with a discussion of environmental policy making as well as future considerations for air pollution, air quality, and climate change. This text is a timely and valuable reference for anyone working towards solutions to reduce air pollution, improve air quality, and lessen the effects of climate change.

Evapotranspiration in Agro-Ecosystems and Forestry: Spatio-temporal Applications presents the progress and advances made in terms of science and application of evaporation, transpiration, and evapotranspiration for various vegetation surfaces, water bodies, and bare soil under different soil and crop management (including different irrigation and tillage management) conditions. Sections on forest and wetlands evapotranspiration and grassland evaporative losses are included, as are the fundamentals of original Penman, Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace and ASCE-EWRI and FAO56 Penman-Monteith equations and their derivatives. The book is an excellent resource to better understand the progression and applications and dynamics of most recent evapotranspiration, evaporation and transpiration measurement and modeling technologies. Case studies will be provided in terms of how different technologies are currently deployed, how data are used for providing information and management decisions to the users.

Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence for Earth Resource Management offers a detailed look at the different ways data analytics and artificial intelligence can help organizations make better-informed decisions, improve operations, and minimize the negative impacts of resource extraction on the environment. The book explains several different ways data analytics and artificial intelligence can improve and support earth resource management. Predictive modeling can help organizations understand the impacts of different management decisions on earth resources, such as water availability, land use, and biodiversity. Resource monitoring tracks the state of earth resources in real-time, identifying issues and opportunities for improvement. Providing managers with real-time data and analytics allows them to make more informed choices. Optimizing resource management decisions help to identify the most efficient and effective ways to allocate resources. Predictive maintenance allows organizations to anticipate when equipment might fail and take action to prevent it, reducing downtime and maintenance costs. Remote sensing with image processing and analysis can be used to extract information from satellite images and other remote sensing data, providing valuable information on land use, water resources, and other earth resources.

Beneath our feet lies a hidden world, teeming with life adapted to survive in the most extreme conditions imaginable. In the crushing darkness of subsurface oceans and the frozen grip of permafrost, microscopic organisms thrive in a realm beyond our everyday experience. This is the story of these extremophiles, the microbial pioneers of the deep Earth. Subsurface Oceans: A Cradle of Life in the Darkness Imagine a vast ocean, not of salty water under an open sky, but trapped within the Earth's crust. These subsurface oases, found kilometres beneath the surface, are remnants of ancient seawater or even primordial soup trapped during the planet's formation. Here, in perpetual darkness and under immense pressure, extremophiles adapted to a chemosynthetic existence. They harness the energy from chemical reactions of elements like hydrogen sulfide and methane, thriving in a world devoid of sunlight. Permafrost: Frozen in Time, Alive with Possibility The vast permafrost regions of the Arctic and Antarctic hold another secret realm: frozen pockets of liquid water and brines trapped within the icy grip. These microscopic oases, often mere drops or thin films, are home to a unique community of microorganisms adapted to survive in sub-zero temperatures. From bacteria that produce antifreeze proteins to archaea that thrive in high salt concentrations, permafrost microbes defy the limits of what we thought possible for life. A Window into the Origins of Life and BeyondStudying these extremophiles is not just about understanding life in the most challenging environments on Earth. It offers a glimpse into the potential for life beyond our planet. The conditions found in subsurface oceans and permafrost are similar to those suspected to exist on Mars, Europa, and other moons in our solar system. By understanding how extremophiles survive and thrive in these harsh environments, we gain valuable insights into the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The Hidden Realm: A story of resilience, adaptation, and the endless potential of life. As we delve deeper into these microbial frontiers, we rewrite our understanding of what it means to be alive and unlock the secrets of life's perseverance in the most unexpected corners of our planet and beyond.

Capturing the mechanical behaviour of engineered soils requires new constitutive models tailored for stabilising materials (biogenic, polymeric, etc.) and methods for their inclusion in soil. In this book and to accommodate such an integrated approach, a range of non-conventional materials are first discussed from physio-chemo-mechanical, circularity, and socioeconomic perspectives. Contributions continue with tailored methods for the determination of advanced mechanical properties and methods to capture the response of grand systems constituting such materials. The book concludes with contributions about how materials and methods should and are combined to develop new soil models. The integrated approach followed in this book makes it of interest to geotechnical researchers, as well as design engineers, policymakers, and planners¿hence the broad spectrum of built environment stakeholders.

This collection is focused on industrial energy sustainability and CO2 management, including processes that improve energy efficiency and reduce or eliminate industrial GHG emissions. Topics address technology areas such as clean energy technologies, innovative beneficiation, smelting technologies, process intensification, as well as CO2 capture and conversion for industrial applications. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to:· Decarbonizing Materials Processing· Use of low carbon fuels, feedstock, and renewable energy resources for materials processing.· Emerging processes and techniques for industrial CO2 capture, conversion/upgrade· CO2 and other GHG reduction metallurgy in ferrous, non-ferrous and reactive metals processing, including rare-earth metals.· Energy Efficiency & Industrial Electrification· Electrification of industrial process heat and electrified production of energy carriers (e.g., hydrogen, ammonia)· Energy efficiency improvements for materials processing and smart manufacturing for optimized process control· System integration and thermal integration of process heat, waste heat recovery, and other technologies for industrial energy efficiency· Sustainability Analysis· Techno-economic life-cycle, resource efficiency and circular economy modeling of energy-intensive processes and associated material supply chains· The role of energy education and regulation in energy and materials sustainability