Instrumenter og instrumentering

This book describes modern focused ion beam microscopes and techniques and how they can be used to aid materials metrology and as tools for the fabrication of devices that in turn are used in many other aspects of fundamental metrology.

Every bit of information that circulates the internet across the globe is a pulse of light, that at some point will need to be converted to an electric signal in order to be processed by the electronic circuitry in our data centers, computers, and cell phones. Photodetectors (PD's) perform this conversion with ultra high speed and efficiency, in addition to being ubiquitously present in many other devices ranging from the mundane TV remote controls, to ultra high resolution instrumentation used in Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) that reach the edge of the universe and measure gravitational waves. The second edition of "Photodetectors" fully updates the popular first edition with updated information covering the state-of-the-art in modern photodetectors. The 2nd edition starts with basic metrology of photodetectors and common figures-of-merit to compare various devices. It follows with chapters that discuss single-photon detection with Avalanche Photodiodes; organic photodetectors that can be inkjet printed; and silicon-germanium PDs popular in burgeoning field of Silicon Photonics. Internationally recognized experts contribute chapters on one-dimensional, nanowire, PDs as well as high speed zero-dimensional, quantum dot, versions that increase the spectral span as well as speed and sensitivity of PDs and can be produced on various substrates. Solar-blind PDs that operate in harsh environments such as deep space, or rocket engines, are reviewed and new devices in GaN technology . Novel Plasmonic PDs, as well as devices which employ micro-plasma of confined charge in order to make devices that overcome speed limitation of transfer of electronic charge, are covered in other chapters. Using different, novel technologies, CMOS compatible devices are described in two chapters, and ultra high speed PDs that use low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) to detect fast THz signals are reviewed in another chapter. Photodetectors used in application areas of Silicon-Photonics and Microwave-Photonics are reviewed in final chapters of this book. All chapters are of a review nature, providing a perspective of the field before concentrating on particular advancements. As such, the book should appeal to a wide audience that ranges from those with general interest in the topic, to practitioners, graduate students and experts who are interested in the state-of-the-art in photodetection.

Messen Was ist Messen? Beispiel ((als "running example" durch das Buch)) Unvollkommenheit von Messungen, unvollständige Kenntnisse über Größen und Parameter Messsystem und Modell des Messens Messgröße, Einflussgrößen, Messsignal Messsysteme Messverfahren, Messprinzipe, Messmethoden Funktionale Einheiten und Modelle (Ursache-Wirkungs-Modelle, Modellstrukturen) Messen als inverses Problem Modell der (Auswertung der) Messung Systematische Modellbildung für die MU-Analyse (schrittweises Vorgehen) Unvollkommenheit der Kenntnisse beim Messen Ziel: Ermittlung bester Schätzwert und Messunsicherheit (als Güteparameter) Vorhandene und begrenzte Kenntnisse Messgeräte, Datenblätter Diskretisierung von Messsignalen, digitale Anzeige, digitale Messwertver- arbeitung Wiederholte Beobachtungen (Messreihen, Stichprobenanalyse) Temperatur- und andere Parameteränderungen Messung und Kalibrierung ---------------------------------- Behandlung von Messunsicherheiten Probabilistischer Ansatz Wiederholte Beobachtungen Sonstige Kenntnisse Ermittlung des besten Schätzwerts Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit Unsicherheitsfortpflanzung (Addition der Varianzen) Messunsicherheitsbeiträge und deren Wichtung (Empfindlichkeitskoeffizienten) Korrelierte Größen Gesamtmessunsicherheit Messunsicherheitsbudget Erweiterte Messunsicherheit Systematisches Vorgehen nach GUM: 6 Schritte Beispiele (DVM, Kalibration Thermometer, Einzelthermometer, Taupunktspiegel (NL Modell)) Rechnergestützte Messunsicherheitsbestimmung ((GUM-Workbench)) Numerische Messunsicherheitsbestimmung (Monte-Carlo-Verfahren nach GUM-Supplement) Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit aus Ringversuchen und Eignungstests Multivariate Ergebnisgrößen, z. B. komplexe Messgrößen Darstellung: Jeweils: - linke Seite: allgemeines, Theorie - rechte Seite: konkret am Beispiel

Thermografie ist eine spannende und sehr interessante Technik, die in den letzten Jahren quasi für jeden interessierten nutzbar wurde.Lernen Sie anhand kleiner praktischer Beispiele die wichtigsten Grundlagen und Zusammenhänge kennen, um Thermografie bestmöglich zu nutzen!Begleiten Sie mich auf einer spannenden Reise und lernen Sie das beste aus Ihrer Wärmebildkamera herauszuholen und Wärmebilder richtig zu interpretieren.

Dieses Buch erlautert Aufbau, Funktionsweise und Auslegung elektrischer Antriebe. Schwerpunkte sind die permanenterregte Synchronmaschine mit den erforderlichen Sensoren und zugehorigen Regelverfahren sowie die Anbindung uber Kommunikationssysteme an die ubergeordnete Steuerung.

From everyday applications to the rise of automation, devices have become ubiquitous. Specific materials are employed in specific devices because of their particular properties, including electrical, thermal, magnetic, mechanical, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric. Materials for Devices discusses materials selection for optimal application and highlights current materials developments in gas sensors, optical devices, mechanoelectrical devices, and medical and biological devices.Explains how to select the right material for the right deviceIncludes 2D materials, thin films, smart piezoelectric films, and morePresents details on organic solar cellsDescribes thin films in sensors, actuators, and LEDsCovers thin films and elastic polymers in biomedical devicesDiscusses growth and characterization of intrinsic magnetic topological insulatorsThis work is aimed at researchers, technologists, and advanced students in materials and electrical engineering and related fields who are interested in developing sensors or devices.

In the modern era of scientific and technological development, the role of measurements and metrology in scientific research is becoming more and more important due to the increase in the testing of various products. Moreover, requirements for the accuracy and reliability of measurement results are increasing significantly and their ranges are expanding. Improving measurement accuracy allows us to identify the shortcomings of certain technological processes and either eliminate them or reduce their influence. This leads to better-quality products and contributes to saving energy and other resources, as well as raw materials and materials. This book discusses relevant aspects of practical metrological activity to establish traceability of measurements while increasing their accuracy and reliability. It also presents procedures for the calibration and testing of measuring instruments.

¿Sensors and measurement systems is an introduction to microsensors for engineering students in the final undergraduate or early graduate level, technicians who wants to know more about the systems they are using, and anybody curious enough to know what microsystems and microsensors can do. The book discusses five families of sensors: - Thermal sensors - Force and pressure sensors- Inertial sensors - Magnetic field sensors- Flow sensorsFor each sensor, theoretical, technology and application aspects are examined. The sensor function is modelled to understand sensitivity, resolution and noise. We ask ourselves: What do we want to measure? What are possible applications? How are the sensor chips made in the cleanroom? How are they mounted and integrated in a system?After reading this book, you should be able to:- Understand important thermal, mechanical, inertial and magnetic sensors- Work with characterization parameters for sensors- Choose sensors for a given application and apply them- Understand micromachining technologies for sensors

Measurement uncertainty is an important component of modern materials analysis: it indicates the boundaries within which the test results can be trusted. Such results are necessary for understanding of, for example, material and product tolerances and lifetimes, vital for plastic product reliability and safety.Determination of measurement uncertainty is normally quite laborious, but this book shows how the available interlaboratory test data for plastics can be used to calculate measurement uncertainty much more simply. It contains many interlaboratory test results in the fields of thermoanalysis, molar mass determination, and quantitative analysis of the composition of material, presented in tables and graphical charts, discussed in the text, and elaborated by practical examples.In addition to the evaluation by means of the presented data (top-down approach), the relationship to the bottom-up approach specified in the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) is explained based on an example. Further sections deal with sampling, and the issue of whether or not the difference between analytical results is significant.

This handbook comprehensively covers the cutting-edge trends and techniques essential for the integration of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) into the changing face of the modern industrial landscape. In particular, it delves into the marriage of NDE with new techniques in e.g. data mining, cloud computing and autonomous operation, highlighting the potential for cyber-physical controlled production and discussing the myriad possible applications across many different industries.The Handbook of NDE 4.0 centers around the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0 ¿ the next generation of industrial production encompassing all aspects of networking across all industrial areas. It discusses the adaptation of existing NDE techniques to emerging new technological areas, such as 3D printing, via the introduction of cyber systems into the inspection and maintenance processes. In addition, the handbook covers topics such as the management and processing of big data with respect to real-time monitoring of structural integrity and reliable inspection of individual components. Remote NDE to include competence not available on-site will be a potential technique to increase reliability of NDE inspections by integrating additional specialist inputs into the decision process by methods such as telepresence, thereby better leveraging the scarce resources of senior inspectors into industrial inspections at multiple sites.The handbook houses a wealth of essential information to help academics, industry professionals and entrepreneurs navigate through this burgeoning new field. The material in this handbook is presented with the intention of ultimately improving human safety through reliable inspections and dependable maintenance of critical infrastructure, while also enhancing business value through reduced downtime, affordable maintenance, and talent optimization.

The first edition of the book "IO-Link. Intelligent devices need simple interfaces" already gave a basic introduction to the topic. It compared existing solutions and looked upon the continuously changing market demands.This translation of the second, latest and fully revised edition builds seamlessly on the previous edition and its topics. Apart from these pivotal topics, this edition gives a detailed and elaborate outline of the diverse applicationsof IO-Link.The topical introduction provides a primary guidance before technical details and sample applications show the wide spectrum of possibilities of this standard.This book is meant primarily, but not solely for developers and programmers, users and deciders, who want to achieve a valid basic knowledge on IO-Link by way of the profound explanations in this book, but which cannot be found in the specifications as such.

Das Buch vermittelt die Grundlagen für den Einsatz von Industrial Ethernet und Kommunikationsbussen in der Industrieautomatisierung. Es beginnt mit einer Einführung in verschiedene Feldbussysteme, in Ethernet mit seinen unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen sowie den Aufbau und die Protokollarchitektur von TCP/IP. Es folgen Abschnitte zu Wireless-Netzwerken und zu Protokollen zur Steigerung der Netzwerkverfügbarkeit sowie eine grundlegende Einführung in PROFINET. Praxisbeispiele zeigen die Konfiguration von PROFINET-IO-Netzwerken, MRP-Ringen, Shared Devices und I-Devices mit STEP 7 V5.6 und TIA Portal V15. Im Kapitel zu Industrial Security erläutert das Buch Angriffstechniken und Maßnahmen, Konzepte und Architekturen zur Netzwerksicherheit. Firewall-Beispielkonfigurationen mit dem TIA Portal V15 und SCALANCE S geben eine Hilfestellung für eigene Projekte. Das folgende Kapitel zeigt, wie ein industrielles Netzwerk in der Praxis strukturiert ist und welche Komponenten man dabei nutzen kann. Ein Ausblick zu Digital Connectivity und dem industriellen Internet der Dinge (IIoT) rundet das Buch ab.InhaltEinführung in Kommunikationsnetze: PROFIBUS, AS-Interface, CAN-Bus, Ethernet, TCP/IP, WLAN, NetzwerkverfügbarkeitPROFINET: Funktionsprinzip, Real-Time-Konzept, Konfiguration, MRP, Shared Device, I-Device, Beispielkonfigurationen mit STEP 7 und TIA PortalIndustrial Security: Angriffstechniken und Täterprofile, Anlagensicherheit, Netzwerksicherheit, Systemintegrität, Security-Beispielkonfigurationen mit dem TIA Portal V15 und SCALANCEKomponenten und Netzwerke:SCALANCE, Aufbau und Struktur industrieller NetzwerkeAusblick: Auf dem Weg zur Digital Connectivity

Der Untertitel macht die Zielsetzung des Buches deutlich. Als Grundlagen werden die klassischen Elemente Messen, Steuern, Regeln inhaltlich behandelt, um danach deren Zusammenspiel als 'Zulieferer' der Automatisierungstechnik zu zeigen. In der Messtechnik werden neben der Vorstellung der Messmittel fur verschiedene physikalische Groen die Besonderheiten in der Automatisierungstechnik behandelt. Die Steuerungstechnik behandelt sowohl die Verknupfungs- als auch die Ablaufsteuerung und die Steuerung mittels SPS. In der Regelungstechnik werden nach der Vorstellung der verschiedenen Strecken und Regler Beschreibungsmethoden fur das Zusammenwirken der Einzelkomponenten erlautert. Das abschlieende Kapitel uber Automatisierungstechnik vereint in der Darstellung der Informationsverarbeitung, der Handhabungstechnik und der Transporttechnik die Ergebnisse der vorherigen Kapitel. Aus didaktischer Sicht uberzeugt das Buch durch ein durchgangiges, kapitelubergreifendes Projekt 'Flexibles-Montage-System' als verbindendes Glied.

Måleteknik er et opslagsværk til brug i industrien og til undervisningen på mellemlange og videregående uddannelser. Bogen dykker ned i metrologi og statistik og behandler blandt andet geometriske produktspecifikationer, udførelse af målinger samt analyse af målesystemer og måledata. Desuden gennemgår den statistisk processtyring (SPC) og stikprøveplaner efter de nyeste ISO-standarder. Endelig behandles måleinstrumenter til mekaniske, elektriske og kemiske målinger samt måling af flow og masse udførligt, ligesom koordinatmålemaskinen (CMM) beskrives.Tilegnelsen af det teoretiske stof understøttes af eksempler på måletekniske beregninger.Dette er bind 2 af Kvalitetsstyring og Måleteknik. Bøgerne er skrevet af Valter Loll og Jørgen Meinertz.

The slide rule, with its many variations, has been vital to mathematics and engineering since its invention in the 17th century. Interest in this field has grown dramatically and collectors can still find much material at affordable prices. Unfortunately there has been little information available except for manufacturers manuals and catalogs, making this reprint of Cajori''s classic particularly valuable. Also included with this reprint of the 1910 edition is Cajori''s extensive article On the History of Gunter''s Scale and the Slide Rule during the 17th Century, published by the University of California in 1920, which sets forth his subsequent findings. There is also a helpful explanatory introduction by Dr. Robert K. Otnes, editor of the Journal of the Oughtred Society