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Industriel kemi og produktionsteknologi

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  • af Eckhard Ignatowitz, Michael Fehrmann, Gerhard Lämmlin, mfl.
    84,95 kr.

  • af Ambrose Cooper
    197,95 kr.

    NEW PRINT WITH PROFESSIONAL TYPE-SET IN CONTRAST TO SCANNED PRINTS OFFERED BY OTHERSThe Complete Distiller: Containing, I. The Method Of Performing The Various Processes Of Distillation, With Descriptions Of The Several Instruments: The Whole Doctrine Of Fermentation: The Manner Of Drawing Spirits From Malt, Raisins, Molosses, Sugar, &C. And Of Rectifying Them: With Instructions For Imitating To The Greatest Perfection Both The Colour And Flavour Of French Brandies. Ii. The Manner Of Distilling All Kinds Of Simple Waters From Plants, Flowers, &C. Iii. The Method Of Making All The Compound Waters And Rich Cordials So Largely Imported From France And Italy; As Likewise All Those Now Made In Great Britain.This book is a result of an effort made by us towards making a contribution to the preservation and repair of original classic literature.In an attempt to preserve, improve and recreate the original content, we have worked towards:1. Type-setting & Reformatting: The complete work has been re-designed via professional layout, formatting and type-setting tools to re-create the same edition with rich typography, graphics, high quality images, and table elements, giving our readers the feel of holding a 'fresh and newly' reprinted and/or revised edition, as opposed to other scanned & printed (Optical Character Recognition - OCR) reproductions.2. Correction of imperfections: As the work was re-created from the scratch, therefore, it was vetted to rectify certain conventional norms with regard to typographical mistakes, hyphenations, punctuations, blurred images, missing content/pages, and/or other related subject matters, upon our consideration. Every attempt was made to rectify the imperfections related to omitted constructs in the original edition via other references. However, a few of such imperfections which could not be rectified due to intentional\unintentional omission of content in the original edition, were inherited and preserved from the original work to maintain the authenticity and construct, relevant to the work.We believe that this work holds historical, cultural and/or intellectual importance in the literary works community, therefore despite the oddities, we accounted the work for print as a part of our continuing effort towards preservation of literary work and our contribution towards the development of the society as a whole, driven by our beliefs. We are grateful to our readers for putting their faith in us and accepting our imperfections with regard to preservation of the historical content. HAPPY READING!

  • af James P Womack
    307,95 kr.

    Revised, updated, and more relevant than ever, the bestselling business classic by two internationally renowned management theorists shows how companies of all sizes can become the most efficient organizations possible. 20 charts.

  • af Devi Sridhar
    125,95 - 195,95 kr.

  • - The Chemistry of its Components
    af Tom Coultate
    367,95 - 472,95 kr.

    First published in 1984, and now in its 6th edition, this book has become the classic text on food chemistry around the world. The bulk components - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and water, and the trace components - colours, flavours, vitamins and preservatives, as well as food-borne toxins, allergens, pesticide residues and other undesirables all receive detailed consideration. Besides being extensively rewritten and updated a new chapter on enzymes has been included. At every stage attention is drawn to the links between the chemical components of food and their health and nutritional significance.Features include:"e;Special Topics"e; section at the end of each chapter for specialist readers and advanced students; an exhaustive index and the structural formulae of over 500 food components; comprehensive listings of recent, relevant review articles and recommended books for further reading; frequent references to wider issues eg the evolutionary significance of lactose intolerance, fava bean consumption in relation to malaria and the legislative status of food additives around the world.Food: The Chemistry of its Components will be of particular interest to students and teachers of food science, nutrition and applied chemistry in universities, colleges and schools. Its accessible style ensures that it will be invaluable to anyone with an interest in food issues.

  • - Tekstilindustriens kompleksitet og fremtid
    af Esben H. Licht & Markus Hatting
    247,95 kr.

    De fleste af os er godt klar over, at hyppig udskiftning i garderoben kan være problematisk, og at farvning af tekstiler kan svine. Men hvorfor er det tilfældet? Og hvad får det helt konkret af konsekvenser for naturen og mennesker, der arbejder i industrien? Problemerne i tekstilindustrien er desværre meget komplekse, da der er virkelig mange aktører, der ud fra ganske forskellige dagsordener tilsammen udgør industrien. Det er endt med at give en lang række problemer, der ikke lader sig løse uden handling hos brands, forbrugere og lovgivere. Vi er ved at drukne i tekstiler, særligt dårligt producerede og ubæredygtige af slagsen. Men hvor skal vi begynde, og hvor skulle vi gerne nå hen, når vi skal ændre tekstilindustrien og få den i en ansvarlig og grøn retning? Vores tøj – verdens ressourcer er en fag- og debatbog om tekstilindustriens problemer, og hvordan vi kommer dem til livs. På baggrund af flere års faglig research giver tekstilentreprenørerne Markus Hatting og Esben Licht en let tilgængelig indsigt i den komplekse industri. Først gives et faktabaseret overblik over industrien. Derefter dykkes der ned i problemerne og de komplekse relationer mellem aktørerne, der forårsager dem, inden en række forslag til handling fremsættes. Til sidst i bogen er den en guide til, hvad du som forbruger kan gøre for at hjælpe tekstilindustrien i den rigtige retning.

  •  
    1.099,95 kr.

    5 Performance Criteria . 3 Establishment of Acceptance Criteria . 4 Application of Acceptance Criteria . 97 CHAPTER 5-ESTABLISHMENT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA FOR LOT ACCEPTANCE . , . , . 2 Purposes and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods . 4 Types of Microbiological Criteria . 5 Application of Microbiological Criteria .

  • - En verden af smag
    af Eliq Maranik & Örjan Westerlund
    87,95 kr.

    Hvad er det med chokolade? Et produkt, der ofte bliver forbundet med ord som glæde, kærlighed og lyst, og et produkt, der til alle tider har været elsket. Denne delikatesse findes nu i bogform.Her finder du alt, du behøver at vide om chokoladens populære spise: historie, fremstilling, kuriosa og meget mere. Det er bogens mål at give læseren så meget viden og inspiration om chokolade, at nydelsen når nye højder. Hertil er bogen udstyret med 36 fristende chokoladeopskrifter illustreret med forførende fotografier, der med sikkerhed vil inspirere såvel novicen som den erfarne hjemmebager til at bryde ud i kreativitet. Du vil blandt disse opskrifter finde klassikere som chokoladetrøfler og chokoladefondue, men også mere innovative kreationer som chilichokolademuffins og calvados-chokoladeparfait.Örjan Westerlund, forfatter til en række bøger om mad og drikke, heriblandt en tidligere bestseller om chokolade, bidrager med såvel generel som mere dybdegående viden om chokolade på en både humoristisk og informativ måde. Eliq Maranik har samlet sine favoritopskrifter, både klassikere og nyere påfund, og forsynet dem med fotografier, der vil få dine tænder til at løbe i vand. Velbekomme!

  • - patologanatomiska grunder
    af Henrik E. Jensen
    237,95 kr.

  • - Uses of Botanicals
    af Mohd Kafeel Ahmad Ansari
    1.614,95 - 1.893,95 kr.

    Plant-based medicines and aromatics are increasingly in demand in the healthcare sector all over the globe, where they are used, not only for the treatment of various diseases, but also for maintaining good human health. Plants as Medicine and Aromatics: Uses of Botanicals reviews modern uses of ancient botanicals as medicine and aromatics, including chapters on both traditional usage to modern drug discovery development, as well as clinical research and development in ancient medicinal herbs.FeaturesAssesses the status of aromatics and medicinal plants as well as their modern uses.Elucidates the uses of plants within traditional culture practices for the prevention and treatment of diseases.Examines contemporary approaches being used to explore medicinal botany.A volume in the Exploring Medicinal Plants series, Plants as Medicine and Aromatics: Uses of Botanicals presents a comprehensive understanding in terms of modern uses of botanicals of medicinal and aromatic plants. It is useful to researchers, teachers, cultivators, students, and for those interested in herbal medicine.

  • af Camila Pacelly Brandão de Araújo
    288,95 kr.

    In addition to hydrocarbons, which make up the majority of oil, impurities such as sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen and metals can be found in the composition of crude oils. To obtain the final products, oil is refined. In refining, impurities are removed by physical and chemical processes. Sulphur compounds can be removed through hydrotreating reactions. Catalysts for this stage are usually metal oxides or sulfides, but secondary stages of processing can use metals, sometimes precious ones. Carbides have been shown to have catalytic activity sometimes superior to that of noble metals, as well as lower poisoning rates. Obtaining carbides via a gas-solid reaction allows many of the difficulties of other processes to be overcome. In this work, the production of Mo2C is studied in two reaction systems: a fixed-bed reactor and a rotary reactor.

  • af Walter J. Kleinlein
    144,95 kr.

    Rules and Practice for Adjusting Watches, is a classical and a rare book, that has been considered important throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we at Alpha Editions have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and redesigned. These books are not made of scanned copies of their original work, and hence their text is clear and readable. This remarkable book falls within the genres of Technology, Manufactures

  • af Camila Pacelly Brandão de Araújo
    416,95 kr.

    Outre les hydrocarbures, qui constituent la majeure partie du pétrole, des impuretés telles que le soufre, l'oxygène, l'azote et les métaux peuvent entrer dans la composition des pétroles bruts. Pour obtenir les produits finaux, le pétrole est raffiné. Lors du raffinage, les impuretés sont éliminées par des procédés physiques et chimiques. Les composés soufrés peuvent être éliminés par des réactions d'hydrotraitement. Les catalyseurs de cette étape sont généralement des oxydes ou des sulfures métalliques, mais les étapes de traitement secondaire peuvent utiliser des métaux, parfois précieux. Il a été démontré que les carbures ont une activité catalytique parfois supérieure à celle des métaux nobles, ainsi que des taux d'empoisonnement plus faibles. L'obtention de carbures par le biais d'une réaction gaz-solide permet de surmonter de nombreuses difficultés liées à d'autres procédés. Dans ce travail, la production de Mo2C est étudiée dans deux systèmes de réaction : un réacteur à lit fixe et un réacteur rotatif.

  • af Adam Charles Girard
    287,95 - 437,95 kr.

    This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

  • af Md Rezaur Rahman
    2.307,95 kr.

    Nanocarbon polymer biocomposites have gained increased attention from both researchers and manufacturers due to the significant improvement in their physico-mechanical, thermal and barrier properties when compared to conventional materials. Their dimensions, biodegradable character, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability are among the main drivers for increasing demand. However, it is difficult to achieve uniform dispersion between the carbon filler and matrix as it easily forms agglomerations. Production of nanocarbon polymer biocomposites with high mechanical and thermal properties is also limited, but there has been rapid progress in processing possibilities to produce nanocomposites based on various biodegradable fillers. Advanced Nanocarbon Polymer Biocomposites: Sustainability Towards Zero Biowaste collects all these novel scientific findings in one place. It discusses in detail their physical, chemical, and electrical properties and presents the latest research findings on nanocarbon polymer biocomposites with filler loadings and their improvement on compatibility. The book will be of great interest for those researchers who are concerned with the production and use of nanocarbon polymer biocomposites as a new innovative advanced material.

  • af Zoirov Sirojiddin Sakhomiddin Ugli
    469,95 kr.

    The agrochemical complex is considered the main component of our country's economy, and one of the important factors of its acceleration is chemicalization, first of all, the wide use and effective use of mineral fertilizers. The existence of a large-capacity industrial base for the production of mineral fertilizers, including phosphorus fertilizers, the decrease in the quality of the imported Korotag phosphorite raw material and the decrease in its reserves, as well as the constant interruption in the supply of local raw materials - put mastering of the material base among the urgent problems. To get out of this situation, several government decisions were made on the development of the local raw material base based on phosphorites of Central Kyzylkum (MK), which has no analogs among the phosphorites of the CIS countries and is a new industrial variety for production, located in the Navoi region. done. The monograph is intended for use by independent researchers, basic doctoral students, research interns, master's and bachelor's students, as well as professionals working in this field in training courses.

  • af Muzaffarova Nazokat Sharabovna
    469,95 kr.

    This monograph talks about the theoretical justification of increasing the fire ability and stability of textile materials to high temperatures, the detection of multifunctional properties of local raw material-based metal, phosphorus, and Nitrogen-Group oligomeric antipyrine, as well as additional areas of effective use, the physicochemical properties of new oligomeric antipyrine compositions and improvements in the protective mechanisms of exposure. Scientific research is carried out around the world to produce special clothing in the field of fire extinguishers, welders, household goods, furniture production, and other industries based on Fireproof textile materials. Of particular importance in this regard is the determination of the optimal composition and physical-chemical properties of water-soluble oligomer-antipyrine, the mechanism of interaction of natural textile materials with oligomer-antipyrine modifiers to increase the fire ability of natural textile materials. The monograph is designed for textile materials, fireproof materials, chemical, and Chemical Technology specialists, professors and teachers of higher educational institutions, and doctoral students.

  • af Chidambaram Thamaraiselvan
    2.060,95 kr.

    Nanocomposites for Environmental, Energy and Agricultural Applications presents a comprehensive overview of recent developments and prospects for nanocomposites in sustainable/green energy production, water/wastewater treatment as well as crop production. Each chapter introduces the fundamental principles as well as the design and characterization of nanocomposites for various applications. This includes detailed discussions of nanocomposites technology, including mixed matrix membranes for water and gas separation, nanohybrid catalysts for organic pollutants degradation and sustainable energy production as well as advanced nanocomposites of different structural dimensions (0D, 1D, 2D and 3D) for agricultural utilization. The book also discusses the challenges of lab-based research towards industrial implementation and related case studies based on pilot and full-scale processes. At the end of each chapter, future opportunities for improvement will be provided to offer researchers a new research direction. The book will be a practical guide for researchers and scientists working in the fields of nanotechnology and nanomaterials science and technology.

  • af Nathaniel Parker Willis
    193,95 kr.

    "The Poems, Sacred, Passionate, and Humorous" by Nathaniel Parker Willis is a captivating anthology that showcases the diverse facets of this 19th-century American poet and essayist. In this collection, Willis's poetic talent unfolds through a spectrum of emotions and themes.The "Sacred" poems in the collection delve into spiritual contemplation and reverence, offering readers a glimpse into Willis's reflections on faith and the transcendent. These verses are imbued with a sense of awe and reverence, inviting readers to explore the spiritual dimensions of life.The "Passionate" poems capture the intensity of human emotions and relationships. Willis's exploration of love, desire, and the complexities of the heart resonates through verses that are both tender and fervent. His ability to convey the nuances of passion adds a depth of emotion to this section of the anthology.In the "Humorous" poems, Willis showcases his wit and playful spirit. Through clever wordplay and satirical observations, he infuses humor into his verses, providing readers with moments of levity and amusement.This collection is a testament to Nathaniel Parker Willis's versatility as a poet, offering a literary feast that spans the sacred and the humorous, the passionate and the contemplative. Immerse yourself in the poetic world of Willis, where each line is a brushstroke painting a vivid portrait of the human experience.

  • af Oliver Wendell Holmes
    244,95 kr.

    "The Poetical Works of Oliver Wendell Holmes" invites readers into the delightful world of one of America's most versatile literary figures. Oliver Wendell Holmes, a physician, essayist, and poet, showcases his poetic prowess in this comprehensive collection. Known for his wit, humor, and keen observations, Holmes crafts verses that span a diverse range of themes.In works like "The Chambered Nautilus," Holmes contemplates the progression of life and personal growth, drawing inspiration from the metaphor of the nautilus shell. "Old Ironsides" passionately defends the USS Constitution, blending patriotism with poetic flair, while "The Deacon's Masterpiece" offers a whimsical narrative about a one-horse shay.Holmes's poetry is characterized by a charming blend of sentiment and intellect, often exploring the intersections of science, philosophy, and everyday experiences. His humorous and satirical pieces, such as "The Wonderful 'One-Hoss Shay'" and "The Height of the Ridiculous," showcase his ability to infuse levity into his reflections on life."The Poetical Works" is a testament to Holmes's ability to engage readers with both serious contemplation and lighthearted amusement. Whether exploring the complexities of existence or celebrating the beauty of the mundane, Holmes's verses continue to captivate audiences with their timeless charm and enduring relevance. Immerse yourself in the poetic tapestry of Oliver Wendell Holmes, where wit and wisdom coalesce to create a literary legacy.

  • af Sarfaraz K Niazi
    1.307,95 kr.

    This volume covers the regulatory processes involved in producing a GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) biopharmaceutical product for commercial distribution, including areas of current GMP, registration, and legal and ethical considerations. Emerging trends in the technology and regulatory compliance are also discussed, with advice on establishing efficient manufacturing facilities. Intended for practitioners in the commercial biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry, the text is an ideal resource for practitioners looking to develop their ability to manufacture biopharmaceutical products at a large scale.

  • af Algernon Charles Swinburne
    114,95 kr.

    I WILL that if I say a heavy thingYour tongues forgive me; seeing ye know that springHas flecks and fits of pain to keep her sweet,And walks somewhile with winter-bitten feet.Moreover it sounds often well to letOne string, when ye play music, keep at fretThe whole song through; one petal that is deadConfirms the roses, be they white or red;Dead sorrow is not sorrowful to hearAs the thick noise that breaks mid weeping were;The sick sound aching in a lifted throatTurns to sharp silver of a perfect note;And though the rain falls often, and with rainLate autumn falls on the old red leaves like pain,I deem that God is not disquieted.Also while men are fed with wine and bread,They shall be fed with sorrow at his hand. There grew a rose-garden in Florence landMore fair than many; all red summers throughThe leaves smelt sweet and sharp of rain, and blewSideways with tender wind; and therein fellSweet sound wherewith the green waxed audible,As a bird¿s will to sing disturbed his throatAnd set the sharp wings forward like a boatPushed through soft water, moving his brown sideSmooth-shapen as a maid¿s, and shook with prideHis deep warm bosom, till the heavy sun¿sSet face of heat stopped all the songs at once.The ways were clean to walk and delicate;And when the windy white of March grew late,Before the trees took heart to face the sunWith ravelled raiment of lean winter on,The roots were thick and hot with hollow grass.

  •  
    656,95 kr.

    The rapid development of polymer science has brought convenience to people's lives. At the same time, more and more waste is produced from the use of polymer products, which causes harm to the environment. In order to protect the living environment, scholars have researched and developed the recycling technology of waste plastics. On the other hand, many contemporary medicines contain polymers as a component, so a detailed study of the decay of such polymers, at least to their exit from the body, is required.

  • af Murray Carpenter
    257,95 kr.

    "You'll never think the same way about your morning cup of coffee."-Mark McClusky, editor in chief of Wired.com and author of Faster, Higher, Stronger Journalist Murray Carpenter has been under the influence of a drug for nearly three decades. And he's in good company, because chances are you're hooked, too. Humans have used caffeine for thousands of years. A bitter white powder in its most essential form, a tablespoon of it would kill even the most habituated user. This addictive, largely unregulated substance is everywhere-in places you'd expect (like coffee and chocolate) and places you wouldn't (like chewing gum and fruit juice), and Carpenter reveals its impact on soldiers, athletes, and even children. It can make you stronger, faster, and more alert, but it's not perfect, and its role in health concerns like obesity and anxiety will surprise you.Making stops at the coffee farms of central Guatemala, a synthetic caffeine factory in China, and an energy shot bottler in New Jersey, among numerous other locales around the globe, Caffeinated exposes the high-stakes but murky world of caffeine, drawing on cutting-edge science and larger-than-life characters to offer an unprecedented understanding of America's favorite drug.

  • af Liviu Ghiuzan
    666,95 kr.

    "Manufacturing Excellence and Quality Management in Sustainable Fashion Apparel: Strategies for Lean Production and Environmental Responsibility" provides a comprehensive roadmap for optimizing apparel manufacturing processes while prioritizing quality, sustainability, and efficiency, with a specific focus on cut and sew garments. From design conception to the final product, the book offers practical insights into integrating lean manufacturing principles, quality control measures, and sustainable practices throughout the apparel production cycle.The book highlights the integration of lean manufacturing principles to optimize operational efficiency and resource utilization, including manufacturing setup and layout. By eliminating waste and non-value-added activities, and by carefully planning the layout of manufacturing facilities, manufacturers can streamline workflows, reduce production costs, and minimize environmental impact. Sustainable practices, such as eco-friendly materials and ethical sourcing, are seamlessly integrated into lean manufacturing strategies, aligning with consumer demand for ethically-produced fashion. Through a combination of lean principles and sustainable initiatives, the book provides a holistic approach to apparel manufacturing, empowering businesses to thrive in a competitive market while contributing to a more environmentally conscious industry.Beginning with product development and design, the book emphasizes the importance of creativity and innovation in aligning with sustainability goals. It guides manufacturers through the stages of conceptualization, prototyping, and sampling, emphasizing collaboration between design and production teams to ensure garments meet both aesthetic and sustainable criteria. Leveraging advancements in sewing equipment and technology, manufacturers can streamline design iterations, reducing lead times and optimizing resources.Throughout the manufacturing process, comprehensive quality control measures play a pivotal role in maintaining product integrity and consistency. From material sourcing to final inspection, meticulous attention to detail ensures adherence to quality standards and sustainability objectives. By implementing robust quality management systems, manufacturers can identify and address issues proactively, minimizing defects and rework while enhancing customer satisfaction and brand reputation.In summary, 'Manufacturing Excellence and Quality Management in Sustainable Fashion Apparel' offers actionable strategies for achieving operational excellence, quality management, and sustainability in apparel manufacturing. By combining innovative design, rigorous quality control, lean manufacturing principles, and sustainable practices, the book provides invaluable guidance for professionals across the fashion business spectrum, from seasoned industry veterans to aspiring entrepreneurs and enthusiasts alike. With its comprehensive approach to integrating sustainability, quality, and efficiency into every aspect of apparel production, this book serves as an indispensable resource. Furthermore, readers benefit from a rich array of case studies, blending fictionalized scenarios with real-world examples, providing practical insights and inspiration for navigating the complexities of the fashion industry while driving positive change.

  • af Anon
    117,95 kr.

    This vintage book contains some concise but useful facts about leather, boots, and shoes. Although old, much of the information contained within this volume is timeless and will be of considerable utility to modern readers. From the manufacturing of leather to things to consider when buying leather boots, this volume contains information that will benefit those with an interest in leather footwear. Contents include: "Hide Dealers", "Leather Manufacturers", "Character of Leather", "Shoddy", "Effect of Oil on Leather", "Description of Cuts", "Cost of Making goods", "A 'Good Fit' Desirable", "What Boots to Buy", "We Sell to Jobbers Only", and "One Hundred Dollars Reward". Many vintage books such as this are increasingly scarce and expensive. We are republishing this volume now in an affordable, modern edition complete with a specially commissioned new introduction on leather crafting. First published in 1872.

  • af Maulin P Shah
    1.812,95 kr.

    Role of Environmental Microbiology in Industrial Wastewater Research focuses on environmental bioremediation concepts providing a comprehensive view of recent trends and emerging technologies in environmental bioremediation, addressing the current limitations and challenges pertaining to generally accepted and applied bioremediation strategies, and discussing corrective strategies for the removal of pollutants from the environment. Describing the broader role of environmental microbiology specifically in the treatment of industrial wastewater research Includes the recovery of resources from wastewater this book will be of interest to environmental microbiologists, biotechnologists, environmental engineers, chemical engineers and those working in the bioremediation field.

  • af Praveen J
    325,95 kr.

    Additive Manufacturing refers to technologies that produce end products without any dies or tooling. This provides AM technologies with design freedom to manufacture any shapes without constraints. Compared to conventional manufacturing methodologies, AM processes combine materials layer by layer based on the CAD model. AM favours on-demand manufacturing as it does not require specific tooling, thus eliminating longer lead times. AM can achieve zero-waste manufacturing because of its weight-saving tendency compared to conventional manufacturing processes. Due to the design and manufacturing feasibility of producing functional and complex intricate structures by AM, the need to assemble multiple parts is eliminated. Also, AM technologies have proven to be sustainable manufacturing practices with the potential to reduce 525.5 metric tonnes of carbon footprint by 2025. Further, the product development cost and time to market the products are significantly reduced by 70 and 90%, respectively, compared to conventional manufacturing processes. This makes AM global market valued at 23 billion USD by 2023, along with a 22% compound growth rate. All these qualities propel AM technologies essential for Industry 4.0. In spite of the promise shown, AM technologies face several challenges. Primarily, AM is focused on producing a low volume of customized products, which makes it challenging to match the economic scales of bulk-quantity products produced by conventional manufacturing. Polymers are macromolecules fundamentally made of repeating units bonded through a covalent bond. Polymers are classified based on thermomechanical properties into thermoplastics and thermosets. AM technologies use polymers and their composites to fabricate products with enhanced biological, corrosion, mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties. Smart structures which respond to external stimuli such as light, temperature, moisture, stress, electric and magnetic fields can also be produced by AM.

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