Plastik og polymerer

Plasticitetsteori - tværsnit, bjælker, rammer og plader omhandler den grundlæggende plasticitets-teori og dens anvendelse på snitkraftoptagelse, plane plastiske bjælker og rammer og plastiske plader. Flydebetingelser og flydelov behandles for stift plastiske materialer. Diskontinuitetslinier (også kaldet glidelinier og flydelinier) gennemgås og ligeså det indre arbejde for diskontinuitetslinier i forskellige materialer, og der vises eksempler på deres anvendelse. Ekstremalprincipperne, det vil sige principperne for at finde nedre- og øvreværdier for bæreevner, forklares, og principperne anvendes til beregning af bæreevner for tværsnit med forskel-lige snitkræfter og kombinationer heraf. Plane, plastiske bjælker og rammer beregnes ligeledes med nedre- og øvreværdier, og det samme gøres for plader. For pladers vedkommende er der vednedreværdierne specielt lagt vægt på strimmel-metoden. Her opdeles plader i strimler - ofte krydsende strimler - og beregnes ved at se bort fra vridningsmomenter, hvorved beregningerne bliver analoge til bjælkeberegninger. Der er også angivet nedreværdimetoder for rektangulære plader, hvor vridningsmomenter er medregnet, og endelig er også øvreværdimetoden, der er identisk med den klassiske brudlinieteori, medtaget. Bogen er skrevet let tilgængelig og med mange eksempler og opgaver. I samme serie findes: Betonkonstruktioner efter DS 411 Stålkonstruktioner efter DS 412 Bygningsberegninger efter DS 409 og DS 410

"Sustainable Packaging Materials" provides a concise introduction to the principles and practices of packaging sustainability. It addresses the important issues that concern packaging professionals, decision makers, managers, CTOs, legislators, researchers, and students, including the viability and future of recycling, bio- and oxo-degradable materials, and plastics alternatives such as paper, glass, and metal. Also covered are new regulations such as the extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, their consequences as to what materials are likely to be banned, and whether microplastics should be a concern for packaging companies.Written by an experienced professor, educator, author, inventor, and entrepreneur, this book offers uniquely clear answers to these challenges, helping readers to identify packaging materials that are likely to be phased out to meet new regulations, and to find alternatives to benefit their research and businesses. They will also be equipped to follow guidelines on the use of various packaging materials to stay ahead of the demands of the industry, and to make informed choices about packaging materials by considering sustainability, performance, and cost. Furthermore, they will be informed of the emerging packaging trends in both academia and industry, and understand the issues associated with microplastic pollution, and the actions recommended to mitigate these challenges.

Polysaccharides offer unique and valuable functional properties, persisting in technological importance and poised to grow more important due to sustainability demands and emerging applications in medical and life sciences.

The text presents the latest research and development, technical challenges, and future directions in the field of hybrid metal additive manufacturing. It further discusses the modeling of hybrid additive manufacturing processes for metals, hybrid additive manufacturing of composite materials.

This book provides an overview of the development and selection of functional polymer and nanomaterials for membrane development and their applications. It covers the definition, classification, and preparation of various functional polymers and nanocomposites and highlights potential applications in membrane technology.

Restorative biomaterials in dentistry are designed to restore the shape and the function of the teeth. Their applicability is related to restorative procedures such as dental restorations, dentures, dental implants and endodontic materials. This book will review the current state of the art for restorative biomaterials as well as discuss the near-future trends in this field. It will examine the biomaterials utilized in restorative dental applications, bonding, composities, cements, and ceramics) and assess the design for these materials and role of nanotechnology.

Advances in Biocomposites and their Applications presents a detailed review of the latest progress in this important research field. The book covers various types of reinforcing agents that are used for fabricating biocomposites. Processing and fabrication methods are then discussed, along with their important mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological properties. The book goes on to discuss various mechanisms used to improve these properties as well as various fields of application, including those in automotive, aerospace, marine, building materials, biomaterials, electrical, and electronic engineering sectors. The economic impact, safety, toxicity, and future directions for these materials are also discussed in detail.The book will be a valuable reference resource for academic and industrial researchers, materials scientists, engineers, and all those working in the fields of polymer science, composite materials, and biocomposites.

Aging and Durability of FRP Composites and Nanocomposites focuses on the latest developments in durability and long-term aging studies of composite materials, especially those used in civil and structural engineering applications. The book will be a valuable reference resource for materials scientists and engineers who want to learn more about the long-term service life and durability behavior of composites under different environmental conditions. The usage of composites is a broad and growing area of scientific research, especially in developed and developing countries. These materials are used in a broad range of applications in both structural and civil engineering sectors. In many of these applications, FRPs are exposed to one or more environmental influences, so they need to be designed to meet durability requirements to withstand even the harshest of environments.

Technical Organic and Inorganic Fibres from Natural Resources focuses on recent advances in the synthesis, processing, characterization, and application of non-textile fibers. The book provides a general introduction to the uses of natural fibers in technical textile applications while also reviewing the latest technical methods for producing these high-performance materials. As the textile industry is focused on finding alternative green fibers with the aim of providing high quality products which are fully recyclable and biodegradable, natural fibers from renewable sources play an increasingly important role in the industry due to their unique properties and functionality.

Lignin, found in the cell walls of trees and plants, is the second-most naturally abundant biopolymer. It is composed of alkyl-aromatic polymer units. This book describes the composition and structure of lignin, strategies for its chemical modification, and studies of biopolymer lignin. It also discusses the synthesis and characterization of lignin, methods for degradation, applications in various materials, and prospects for further development. Other topics covered include the role of lignin in thermosetting and thermoplastic materials and its technical and economic potential for generating green biofuel as an energy source for industrial plants and in the manufacture of fine chemicals.

Materials Processing: A Unified Approach to Processing of Metals, Ceramics and Polymers: Second Edition is the first textbook to bring the fundamental concepts of materials processing together in a unified approach that highlights the overlap in scientific and engineering principles. The book teaches students key principles involved in the processing of engineering materials, specifically metals, ceramics, and polymers, from starting or raw materials through to the final functional forms. The book's self-contained approach is based on the state of matter most central to the shaping of the material: melt, solid, powder, dispersion and solution, and vapor. This fully updated edition includes expanded coverage on additive manufacturing, as well as adding a new section on machining. The organization has been modified and a greater emphasis has been placed on the fundamentals of processing and manufacturing methods.

Polymer Nanocomposite Films and Coatings: Processes, Fundamental Properties and Applications presents a comprehensive review on the fundamental chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering aspects of polymer nanocomposite films and coatings. The content of the book covers design configuration, synthesis and processing methods, structure, fundamental properties, and a wide range of applications in diverse research fields. Various unresolved issues and new technical challenges regarding regulatory affairs, safety considerations and environmental and health impact are also discussed in detail. This book will be a valuable reference resource for scientists, engineers, postgraduate students, and those working in the field of polymer composites and nanocomposites, helping them to find solutions to both fundamental and applied problems associated with this important research field.

Shape Memory Polymer derived Nanocomposites: Metals, Properties, and Applications summarizes fundamentals and applications of shape memory polymer derived nanocomposites. The book presents a state-of-the-art assessment, including updates on their flexibility, durability, heat stability, shape deformability, and the shape memory features of these polymers. Essential categories of the stimuli-responsive polymer-based nanocomposites are discussed in terms of recent scientific literature, and subsequent sections of the book are dedicated to the potential of shape memory polymer-based nanocomposite in various technical fields.

This applications-oriented book describes the construction of an injection mold from the ground up. Included are explanations of the individual types of molds, components, and technical terms; design procedures; techniques, tips, and tricks in the construction of an injection mold; and pros and cons of various solutions.Based on a plastic part ("bowl with lid") specially developed for this book, easily understandable text and many illustrative pictures and drawings provide the necessary knowledge for practical implementation. Step by step, the plastic part is modified and enhanced. The technologies and designs that are additionally needed for an injection mold are described by engineering drawings. Maintenance and repair, and essential manufacturing techniques are also discussed.With full-color illustrations, this third edition builds on the success of the previous ones, with significantly expanded coverage of molding simulation, including many new figures, and updates and small corrections throughout the book.

This book offers an up-to-date, platform-independent introduction to injection molding simulation, which plays a very important role in the design of molds and molded parts as well as process development and optimization. The content is structured and conveyed within an engineering framework. Complicated mathematical derivations are avoided as far as possible.The necessary environment of the injection molding simulation is illuminated alongside, so that the creation of a suitable simulation model, the knowledge of the model-specific limits, and the interpretation of the results are possible. Guidance is also provided regarding the interpretation of results so that they can be better evaluated quantitatively.The book is designed as a textbook and thus is suitable to accompany courses covering injection molding simulation. The content is largely independent of any particular software package; however, introductory practice examples for Autodesk Moldflow Insight and Moldex3D are included as step-by-step instructions.

Materials Nanoarchitectonics: From Integrated Molecular Systems to Advanced Devices provides the latest information on the design and molecular manipulation of self-organized hierarchically structured systems using tailor-made nanoscale materials as structural and functional units. The book is organized into three main sections that focus on molecular design of building blocks and hybrid materials, formation of nanostructures, and applications and devices. Bringing together emerging materials, synthetic aspects, nanostructure strategies, and applications, the book aims to support further progress, by offering different perspectives and a strong interdisciplinary approach to this rapidly growing area of innovation. This is an extremely valuable resource for researchers, advanced students, and scientists in industry, with an interest in nanoarchitectonics, nanostructures, and nanomaterials, or across the areas of nanotechnology, chemistry, surface science, polymer science, electrical engineering, physics, chemical engineering, and materials science.

Metal-Chalcogenide Nanocomposites: Fundamentals, Properties, and Industrial Applications focuses on metal chalcogenide nanomaterials for environmental remediation and corrosion applications. The book's chapters focus on cost-effective and facile fabrication approaches, their growth mechanisms, optical, electrical, and other important properties, and their applications in a broad range of diverse fields such as photocatalysis, photovoltaics, hydrogen production, lithium batteries, energy storage, anticorrosion, and sensor devices. The book will be an important information source for both material scientists and engineers who want to create the next generation of products and devices for energy and environmental applications.

Cyclodextrins (CDs) have attracted great interest from the research community as well as industries in an array of sectors because of their unique structural features. This book provides a comprehensive overview of CDs, beginning with their historical background. Chapters address such topics as the structure and physiochemical properties of CDs, advancements in the field, and potential applications of these materials in fields such as drug delivery and sensing. This book reveals new frontiers in the CD world and is a useful resource for organic, analytical, and supramolecular chemists as well as scientists engaged in biological and material sciences.

New Polymeric Products: Fundamentals, Forming Methods and Applications introduces applications of polymer materials in different fields, including new products and processing methods. This book is rich in content and creativity and introduces the development, history, characteristics and existing processing methods of polymer materials in a comprehensive and systematic manner. Sections include the latest achievements from future travel, energy problems, special environment, lens materials and biomedicine, which are the most concerning areas of human society today. The book also introduces forming principles, methods, achievements and development prospects from shallow to profound. It will benefit researchers and new academic participants and broaden their vision. Sections cover the development history and prospect of polymer materials, introduce polymer materials, including new materials, characteristics, synthesis, naming and functionality, and delve into new processing and forming methods which are introduced in three parts: plastic, rubber and fiber according to different product types.

Bioresorbable Polymers and their Composites: Characterization and Fundamental Processing for Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Development provides a holistic view of these unique materials and their usage in a range of biomedical applications. The book is evenly divided between fundamentals, processing methods and modeling approaches, and includes detailed coverage of a variety of applications, such as drug delivery, medical devices and wound healing. Key aspects including biocompatibility, biodegradability and toxicology are also thoroughly covered, enabling the reader to be fully informed when fabricating and utilizing their selected bioresorbable polymer. This book is an interdisciplinary and important reference for researchers in the fields of materials science, biomedical engineering, pharmaceutical science and regenerative medicine, as well as R&D groups in the development of medical devices.

The Handbook of Natural Polymers Volume Three : Versatile Applications explores advanced and emerging applications of polymers from natural sources. The book introduces the state-of-the-art, along with opportunities in natural polymers with advanced applications before presenting coverage of natural polymers applied to specific cutting-edge applications. Areas covered include biosensing, drug carriers, cosmetics, tissue engineering, textiles, adhesives and coatings, food, super adsorbents, automotive and construction, 3D printing, paper, nanoelectronics, energy storage, military, smart devices, water purification, dentistry, agriculture, and packaging. In each case, a methodical approach enables readers to understand natural polymer sources, preparation, properties, appropriate applications, emerging materials and new avenues. The final two chapters consider end-of-life themes, including environmental remediation of natural polymers and their transformation to biofuels. As part of a Three-volume handbook offering comprehensive coverage of natural polymers, this book will be of interest to all those looking to gain a broad knowledge of natural polymers, including academic researchers, scientists, advanced students, engineers and R&D professionals from a range of disciplines and industries.

Vegetable Oil Based Polymers and Their Surface Applications presents detailed coverage of principles, preparation methods and novel surface uses of vegetable oil based polymers. This comprehensive, state-of-the-art book follows the journey of vegetable oils from seeds to surfaces in a range of advanced applications. Opening chapters discuss theory, principles and characterization techniques while other sections present concepts on the preparation of different polymer types based on vegetable oil. The final section of the book provides extensive coverage of applications, enabling the preparation of vegetable oil based polymers for a range of products and industries. This is a valuable resource for researchers, scientists, and advanced students in polymer chemistry, surfaces and coatings, natural polymers, materials chemistry, chemical engineering and plastics engineering. In an industrial setting, this book supports R&D professionals, scientists, and engineers interested in developing innovative biobased materials for a range of applications, including automotive and aerospace, packaging, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biomedicine and consumer goods.

This book focusses on nanotechnology for the preparation of metal oxide-based carbon nanocomposite materials for environmental remediation. It analyses the use of nanomaterials for water, soil, and air solutions, with respect to emphasizing environmental risks of pollution including case studies.

Compression Textiles for Medical, Sports, and Allied Applications provides an overview of compression devices and products. It includes testing methods to measure properties of materials, design considerations based on dynamic body measurements and a model for predicting pressure and challenges in application.

Compression Textiles for Medical, Sports, and Allied Applications provides an overview of compression devices and products. It includes testing methods to measure properties of materials, design considerations based on dynamic body measurements and a model for predicting pressure and challenges in application.

The aim of this book is to provide an overview of the situation regarding the biodegradable polymer along the value chain, identify and analyse existing practices for biodegradable plastics, assess the relevant legal, regulatory, economic and practical reasons for the importance of proper use and proper recycling of biodegradable plastics.

Focuses on polymers, their characterization, and their various applications, such as drug delivery applications, electromagnetic shielding, ferroelectric applications, and many more. The book covers synthesis, characterization, and property studies of some of these polymers including their morphology, structure, and dynamics.

Machine Learning Aided Analysis, Design, and Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Porous Composite Structures presents a state-of-the-art review of the latest advances and cutting-edge technologies in this important research field. Sections provide an introduction to functionally graded porous structures and detail the effects of graded porosities on bending, buckling, and vibration behaviors within the framework of Timoshenko beam theory and first-order shear deformable plate theory. Other sections cover the usage of machine learning techniques for smart structural analysis of porous components as an evolution from traditional engineering and methods and focus on additive manufacturing of structures with graded porosities for end-user applications. The book follows a clear path from design and analysis to fabrication and applications. Readers will find extensive knowledge and examples of functionally graded porous structures that are suitable for innovative research and market needs, with applications relevant to a diverse range of industrial fields, including mechanical, structural, aerospace, energy, and biomedical engineering.

Natural Biopolymers for Drug Delivery thoroughly details the properties, benefits and challenges of using these biomaterials in drug delivery, with a strong focus on biocompatibility and reduction of unwanted interactions. An extensive range of natural biopolymers are explored, such as cellulose, chitosan, casein, gelatin, cashew gum, and many more. Biocompatibility, toxicity and regulatory considerations are also thoroughly discussed, ensuring the reader is fully equipped for efficient biomaterials selection and utilization in drug delivery applications. This is a must-have reference for those working in the fields of materials science, biomedical engineering, pharmaceutical science and pharmacology, chemical engineering and clinical science.

This book brings chemistry, biology, pharmaceutical science and medicine, to introduce readers to a number of classes of transition metal-containing dendrimers.