Procesteknologi

Follow step-by-step explanations to understand mathematical models - algebraic and differential equations - of chemical reactors and how numerical models workin computer implementation. Learn the basics behind current user-friendly tools in numerical simulation and optimization of reactor systems (Python, Matlab, Julia and gPROMS). Discover how to select the right algorithm for specific reactor models from homogenous to multiphase systems and structured reactors in detailed discussions at the end of each chapter. In this second edition, 20 solved example simulations performed in MATLAB and Python are included for demonstration purposes.

Process Control details the core knowledge and practical skills that a successful process control practitioner needs. It explains the essential technologies that are in use in current industrial practice or which may be wanting for the future. The book focuses on practical considerations, not only on those that make a control solution work, but also on those that prevent it from failing, especially for complex control loops and plant-wide control solutions.After discussing the indispensable role of control in modern process industries, the authors concentrate on the skills required for process analysis, control design, and troubleshooting. One of the first books to provide a systematic approach and structured methodology for process analysis and control design, Process Control illustrates that methodology with many practical examples that cover process control, equipment control, and control calculations derived from real projects and applications. The book uses 229 drawings and 83 tables to make the concepts it presents more intuitive and its methodology easy to follow.Process Control will help the practising control engineer to benefit from a wealth of practical experience and good ideas on how to make control work in the real world and students training to take up roles in process control are shown the applied relevance of control theory in the efficient functioning of industrial plant and the considerations needed to make it work.Advances in Industrial Control reports and encourages the transfer of technology in control engineering. The rapid development of control technology has an impact on all areas of the control discipline. The series offers an opportunity for researchers to present an extended exposition of new work in all aspects of industrial control.

This book contains selected papers from the conference CASICAM'22, presenting the latest advancements and discoveries in Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology. The chapters cover a wide range of topics related to AM, including design for additive manufacturing, functionally graded additive manufacturing (FGAM), new and innovative materials for AM, AM parts/processes modeling and simulation, AM process optimization, monitoring, and qualification, 4D printing, AM post-processing operations, AM product metrology and quality control, AM standards and certification, health, safety, and environment challenges, education, training, and research strategy, and AM applications and challenges.

This book offers a thorough introduction to the basics and scientific and technological innovations involved in the modern study of reinforcement-learning-based feedback control. The authors address a wide variety of systems including work on nonlinear, networked, multi-agent and multi-player systems. A concise description of classical reinforcement learning (RL), the basics of optimal control with dynamic programming and network control architectures, and a brief introduction to typical algorithms build the foundation for the remainder of the book. Extensive research on data-driven robust control for nonlinear systems with unknown dynamics and multi-player systems follows. Data-driven optimal control of networked single- and multi-player systems leads readers into the development of novel RL algorithms with increased learning efficiency. The book concludes with a treatment of how these RL algorithms can achieve optimal synchronization policies for multi-agentsystems with unknown model parameters and how game RL can solve problems of optimal operation in various process industries. Illustrative numerical examples and complex process control applications emphasize the realistic usefulness of the algorithms discussed. The combination of practical algorithms, theoretical analysis and comprehensive examples presented in Reinforcement Learning will interest researchers and practitioners studying or using optimal and adaptive control, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and operations research, whether advancing the theory or applying it in mineral-process, chemical-process, power-supply or other industries.

This textbook discusses the development and analysis of polygeneration systems to generate electricity, fresh water, hot air, cold air, and hot water from a source of energy. Topics covered in this book are desalination with no pressure or vacuum components; combined use of refrigerator and heat pump with a vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) cycle; binary fluid polygeneration; compact units; and flexible operation. It covers four polygeneration configurations, viz. binary fluid polygeneration with single-stage HDH, binary fluid polygeneration with double-stage HDH, heat pump polygeneration with single-stage HDH, and heat pump polygeneration with double-stage polygeneration. End-of-chapter problems and solved examples aid in self learning of the students. The textbook is useful for graduate and advanced graduate students studying courses such as polygeneration, sustainable energy, power generation, and alike. This book is also a useful supplementary text for researchers influid dynamics, thermal engineering, and allied fields.

This book focuses on selected methods of applied mathematics that are aimed at mathematical optimization, with an emphasis on their application in engineering practice. It delves into the current mathematical modeling of processes and systems, with a specific focus on the optimization modeling of technological processes. The authors discuss suitable linear, convex, and nonlinear optimization methods for solving problems in engineering practice. Real-world examples and data are used to numerically illustrate the implementation of these methods, utilizing the popular MATLAB software system and its extension to convex optimization. The book covers a wide range of topics, including mathematical modeling, linear programming, convex programming, and nonlinear programming, all with an engineering optimization perspective. It serves as a comprehensive guide for engineers, researchers, and students interested in the practical application of optimization methods in engineering.

This book explores the potential of hydrogen combustion in thermal engines and serves as a foundation for future research.Hydrogen, a well-established energy carrier, has been used in internal combustion engines for centuries, but despite progress and industry interest, hydrogen engines have yet to reach mass production. In light of recent efforts to combat climate change with clean energy and environmentally-friendly technologies, the use of hydrogen in thermal engines is gaining momentum.This book examines the unique challenges of hydrogen combustion due to its wide flammability limits, high auto-ignition temperature, and high diffusivity. It reviews current knowledge on the fundamental and practical aspects of hydrogen combustion and considers current developments and potential future advancement.

The ever-increasing population and the associated anthropogenic activities have imparted an adverse impact on the environment, resulting in an escalating pollution crisis and forcing the advancement of sustainable, green, and eco-friendly technologies. There is an expanding and flourishing activity in environmental research, specifically focusing on environmentally responsive approaches to combat xenobiotics, pollutants, and emerging contaminants discharged into the environment due to various anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation is an approach that can facilitate sustainable practices to mitigate various environmental pollutants. Alternative eco-friendly technologies involving the utilization of various industrial and agricultural residues could be sourced as economically viable sources for harnessing various tools and value-added products during their appliances in environmental remediation. This book focuses on the perception of the existing trends and recent developmentsin bioremediation and green technology usage in waste minimization, and pollution mitigation has been focused through research and review-type chapters. The encouraging conclusions of these research contributions could be incorporated for commercial-scale appliances on sustainable environmental solutions. This book appeals to scientists, academicians, and research scholars to gain inspiration and guidance for pursuing research on sustainable environmental applications.

In der Produktionsplanung ist es eine tägliche Herausforderung, die beste Maschinenbelegung im Hinblick auf das Unternehmensziel zu finden. Dabei gilt es zu entscheiden, welches Produkt zu welchem Zeitpunkt auf welcher Maschine produziert werden soll.Für anwendungsorientierte Szenarien müssen eine Reihe von Nebenbedingungen sowie stochastische Einflüsse beachtet werden. Um ein für die Praxis möglichst relevantes Problem zu adressieren, wurden folgende immanente Charakteristika realistischer Maschinenbelegungsprobleme einbezogen: Maschinenausfälle, Unsicherheit in Prozessparametern, geplante Wartungen sowie Schwankungen der Produktionsbedarfe. Mithilfe einer entwickelten Software wird die Gesamtbearbeitungszeit in der Produktion minimiert.Am Beispiel eines hybriden Flow Shops aus der Praxis wird die Kombination von Operations Research, Simulationsexperimenten, Vorhersagen und Unternehmensprozessen evaluiert.

The book contains a selection of peer-reviewed papers from the 2022 conferences, which took place at the Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Spanish Institute (UniKL MSI), Kedah, Malaysia. This book contains twenty-two papers written by researchers participating in the conferences. Topics covered in this book include composite materials, thermodynamics, vibration, dynamics of structures, manufacturing processes, computer-aided manufacturing, CFD analysis, design and optimization of devices, and procedures. The topics are commonly encountered in industries and become an interest in the academic world. The learning of engineering technology¿s curricular across universities is now an essential topic covered in various higher learning institutions. Therefore, it is hoped that this book serves as an excellent reference for researchers and graduate students working with/on multidisciplinary engineering technology.

Companies often struggle to turn successful research into viable commercial products, processes and systems. This book defines technology development and reveals methods to successfully evaluate, fund and commercialize a technology. Cases studies help the reader evaluate the connection between a technology and potential markets, set useful hypotheses, develop statistically valid conclusions, and apply those conclusions to business goals.

This book provides readers with the comprehensive insights of the recent research breakthroughs in additive, subtractive, and hybrid technologies. Further, the book examines incomparable design and manufacturing independences, as well as strategies to upgrade the product performance characteristics through collaborating additive and subtractive technologies. Indeed, the intrinsic benefits and limitations of both additive and subtractive manufacturing technologies could be merged to obtain appreciable hybridizations. The editorial team members and contributors to Additive, Subtractive, and Hybrid Technologies are highly motivated experts committed to and the advance of hybrid manufacturing technologies.

This book covers advanced manufacturing in biological, petroleum, and nanotechnology processing for the development of novel products and systems that incorporate enhanced pollution control and waste management for environmental remediation. The book is divided into three parts. The first section looks at the design and application of process systems, the second section focuses largely on pollution control and management, and the final section discusses areas related to process modeling and simulation. Coverage highlights the integration of smart tools and solutions and looks at current advances in monitoring industrial and environmental processes that can assist in making significant progress in process design for the effective control of pollution and waste management. 

This book provides a systematic and comprehensive introduction to the technical principles, materials, processes, and equipment of the electron beam wire deposition technology (EBWD), while focusing on the research results of the author's scientific research team engaged in this technology in China. It mainly introduces the conceptual connotation, principle, and characteristics of the EBWD technology, its position and function in the additive manufacturing technology system, the direction and trend of technological development at home and abroad, the fundamentals and application results of the EBWD technology, including technical principles, equipment technology, special materials, manufacturing technology, quality testing, and application practices. So this book can serve as a reference book for teachers, students, and scientific researchers in scientific research institutions who are engaged in relevant studies.

This book reports on innovative concepts and practical solutions at the intersection between engineering design, production and industrial management. It covers cutting-edge design, modeling and control of dynamic and multiphysics systems, knowledge management systems in industry 4.0, cyber-physical production systems, additive and sustainable manufacturing and many other related topics. It also highlights important collaborative works between different countries and between industry and universities. Gathering the proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Integrated Design and Production, CPI 2022, held on May 10-12, 2022, at École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (ENSAM), in Rabat, Morocco, this book gathers carefully peer-reviewed chapters, with extensive information for researchers and professionals in the broad area of engineering design, production and management.

This text provides a clear understanding of the fundamental principles of thermal and fluid sciences in a concise manner in a rigorous yet easy to follow language and presentation. Elucidation of the principles is further reinforced by examples and practice problems with detailed solutions. Firmly grounded in the fundamentals, the book maximizes readers¿ capacity to take on new problems and challenges in the field of fluid and thermal sciences with confidence and conviction. Standing also as a ready reference and review of the essential theories and their applications in fluid and thermal sciences, the book is applicable for undergraduate mechanical and chemical engineering students, students in engineering technology programs, as well as practicing engineers preparing for the engineering license exams (FE and PE) in USA and abroad.Explains the concepts and theory with a practical approach that readers can easily absorb;Provides the just the rightamount of theoretical and mathematical background needed, making it less intimidating for the reader;Covers fluid and thermal sciences in a straight-forward yet comprehensive manner facilitating a good understanding of the subject matter;Includes a wide spectrum and variety of problems along with numerous illustrative solved examples and many practice problems with solutions.

The book provides research scientists and engineers in industry information and data on the materials processing, characterization, and determination of materials¿ physical-chemical properties. The book highlights optical and chemical properties obtained on novel materials using a range of deposition methods by two different spectroscopic techniques: SE and UV-VIS-NIR. Emphasizing applications from across a number of domains including Healthcare, Opto-Electronic, and Defense, the book is ideal for academic researchers, graduate/undergraduate students, and practicing engineers concerned with optical coating technologies.

Die Herstellungsprozesse in der Fernsehproduktion sind von einer unüberschaubaren Anzahl unterschiedlicher Varianten geprägt. Verschiedene Produktionsformen, wie beispielsweise die Aktualität, Live-Events oder Fiktionales Programm, erfordern ein vielfältiges Zusammenspiel der Funktionsbereiche eines Fernsehproduktionsunternehmens. Für die Optimierung der Herstellungsprozesse müssen redaktionell steuernde, administrativ begleitende und technisch ausführende Prozesse in übergreifend vernetzten, integrierten Produktionssystemen eng miteinander verknüpft werden. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Komplexität bedarf es einer Gesamtsicht auf alle an der Produktion beteiligten Funktionsbereiche und deren Einbindung in den Herstellungsprozess. Es wird ein umfassendes Modellierungsverfahren vorgestellt, das in der Lage ist, sowohl die Gesamtbetrachtung zu fördern als auch Detailbetrachtungen vorzunehmen. Darüber hinaus wird die Anwendung der Methodik anhand von Praxisbeispielen erläutert. Es ist einVorschlag, den wissenschaftlichen Ansatz des Systems Engineering im Hinblick auf Problemstellungen in der Fernsehproduktion zu operationalisieren und den kontinuierlichen Optimierungsprozess zu unterstützen.

The separation of a mixture into its individual components is one of the most fundamental procedures in analytical and industrial chemistry. This classic book in analytical chemistry provides a comprehensive yet systematic outline of all known separation methods. Through its detailed treatment of the basic principles of separation possibilities, it not only covers what is currently known, but also represents a treasure trove of methods that are still awaiting further development. It is clearly structured and contains interesting examples, further reading and a detailed index. An indispensable book for advanced students of natural sciences (chemistry, biochemistry, food chemistry, pharmacy, clinical chemistry, environmental sciences) and technology (chemical engineering, chemical-physical measurement & biotechnology), as well as teachers of these disciplines.

Kapitel 1 Allgemeine EinführungDefinition von Emulsionen und die Rolle des Emulgators. Klassifizierung aufgrund der Art des Emulgators. Klassifizierung auf der Grundlage der Struktur des Systems. Allgemeine Instabilitätsprobleme bei Emulsionen: Kremierung/Sedimentation, Ausflockung, Ostwald-Reifung, Koaleszenz und Phasenumkehr. Bedeutung von Emulsionen in verschiedenen industriellen Anwendungen.Kapitel 2 Thermodynamik der Emulsionsbildung und -zersetzungAnwendung des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik auf die Emulsionsbildung: Gleichgewicht von Energie und Entropie und nicht-spontane Bildung von Emulsionen. Zersetzung der Emulsion durch Ausflockung und Koaleszenz in Abwesenheit eines Emulgators. Die Rolle des Emulgators bei der Verhinderung von Ausflockung und Koaleszenz durch die Schaffung einer Energiebarriere, die sich aus den Abstoßungsenergien zwischen den Tröpfchen ergibt.Kapitel 3 Wechselwirkungskräfte zwischen EmulsionströpfchenVan-der-Waals-Anziehung und ihre Abhängigkeit von der Tröpfchengröße, der Hamaker-Konstante und dem Abstand zwischen den Tröpfchen. Elektrostatische Abstoßung aufgrund des Vorhandenseins elektrischer Doppelschichten und ihre Abhängigkeit vom Oberflächenpotential (oder Zeta-Potential) und der Konzentration und Wertigkeit des Elektrolyten. Kombination der van-der-Waals-Anziehung mit der Doppelschichtabstoßung und der Theorie der Kolloidstabilität. Sterische Abstoßung aufgrund der Anwesenheit adsorbierter nichtionischer Tenside und Polymere. Kombination der van-der-Waals-Attraktion mit der sterischen Abstoßung und die Theorie der sterischen Stabilisierung.Kapitel 4 Adsorption von Tensiden an der Öl/Wasser-GrenzflächeThermodynamische Analyse der Adsorption von Tensiden und die Gibbs'sche Adsorptionsisotherme. Berechnung der Menge der Tensidadsorption und der Fläche pro Tensidmolekül an der Grenzfläche. Experimentelle Techniken zur Messung der Grenzflächenspannung.Kapitel 5 Mechanismus der Emulgierung und die Rolle des EmulgatorsBeschreibung der Faktoren, die für die Verformung der Tröpfchen und ihr Auseinanderbrechen verantwortlich sind. Rolle des Tensids bei der Verhinderung der Koaleszenz während der Emulgierung. Definition der Gibbs'schen Dilatationselastizität und des Marangoni-Effekts bei der Verhinderung der Koaleszenz.Kapitel 6 Methoden der EmulgierungRohrströmung, statische Mischer und Hochgeschwindigkeitsrührer (Rotor-Stator-Mischer). Laminare und turbulente Strömung. Emulgieren mit Membranen. Hochdruckhomogenisatoren und Ultraschallverfahren.Kapitel 7 Auswahl der EmulgatorenDas Hydrophil-Lipophil-Gleichgewicht (HLB) und seine Anwendung bei der Auswahl von Tensiden. Berechnung der HLB-Zahlen und die Auswirkungen der Art der Ölphase. Die Methode der Phaseninversionstemperatur (PIT) zur Auswahl von Emulgatoren. Die Methode des Kohäsionsenergieverhältnisses für die Emulgatorauswahl.Kapitel 8 Aufrahmung/Sedimentation von Emulsionen und ihre VerhinderungTriebkraft für die Cremation/Sedimentation: Einfluss der Schwerkraft, der Tröpfchengröße und des Dichteunterschieds zwischen Öl und kontinuierlicher Phase. Berechnung der Cremierungs-/Sedimentierungsrate in verdünnten Emulsionen. Einfluss der Erhöhung des Volumenanteils der dispersen Phase auf die Kremierungs-/Sedimentationsrate. Verminderung der Kremierung/Sedimentation: Gleichgewicht der Dichte der beiden Phasen, Verringerung der Tröpfchengröße und Wirkung der Zugabe von "Verdickungsmitteln".Kapitel 9 Ausflockung von Emulsionen und ihre VerhinderungFaktoren, die die Ausflockung beeinflussen. Berechnung der schnellen und langsamen Ausflockungsrate. Definition des Stabilitätsverhältnisses und seine Abhängigkeit von der Elektrolytkonzentration und der Wertigkeit. Definition der kritischen Koagulationskonzentration und ihre Abhängigkeit von der Elektrolytauflösung. Verringerung der Ausflockung durch Verstärkung der Abstoßungskräfte.Kapitel 10 Ostwald-Reifung und ihre VerringerungFaktoren, die für die Ostwald-Reifung verantwortlich sind: Unterschiedliche Löslichkeit zwischen kleinen und großen Tropfen und die Kelvin-Gleichung. Berechnung der Rate der Ostwald-Reifung. Verringerung der Ostwald-Reifung durch Zugabe einer kleinen Menge hochunlöslichen Öls. Verringerung der Ostwald-Reifung durch die Verwendung von stark adsorbierten polymeren Tensiden und Erhöhung der Gibbs-Elastizität. Kapitel 11 Emulsionskoaleszenz und ihre Verhinderung der Emulsionskoaleszenz: Verdünnung und Unterbrechung des Flüssigkeitsfilms zwischen den Tröpfchen. Das Konzept des Trennungsdrucks zur Verhinderung der Koaleszenz. Methoden zur Verringerung oder Beseitigung der Koaleszenz: Verwendung von gemischten Tensidfilmen, Verwendung von lamellaren flüssigkristallinen Phasen und Verwendung von polymeren Tensiden.Kapitel 12 Phaseninversion und ihre VerhinderungUnterscheidung zwischen katastrophaler und transienter Phaseninversion. Einfluss des dispersen Volumenanteils und der HLB-Zahl des Tensids. Erläuterung der für die Phaseninversion verantwortlichen Faktoren.Kapitel 13 Charakterisierung von EmulsionenMessung der Tröpfchengrößenverteilung : Optische Mikroskopie und Bildanalyse. Phasenkontrast- und PolarisationsmikroskopieBeugungsmethoden. Konfokale Lasermikroskopie. RückstreuungsmethodenKapitel 14 Industrielle Anwendung von Emulsionen14.1 Anwendung in der Pharmazie14.2 Anwendung in der Kosmetik14.3 Anwendung in der Agrochemie14.4 Anwendung in der Farbenindustrie14.5 Anwendung in der Ölindustrie

In the field of waste disposal, recovery, and recycling, industrial residues from ceramic and mining activities are just an assemblage of minerals. So is municipal waste, after removing the organic part in incinerators or after long-time disposal. In almost every case, a natural counterpart is present. Applying what is known from natural systems on waste assemblages is the key to predicting their fate, at a short and long time, and suggesting the best for high-temperature recycling.This book aims to bring the Earth Science community to the edge of waste management, offering background information, the basics of high and low-temperature geochemistry involved, and an overview of waste investigation connected to minerals. This book also addresses mineral tailings, incinerator bottom, fly ashes, metal slags, ceramic industry residue, and eventually sanitary issues.The primary readership will be graduate students and professionals in geological and environmental fields.

This book is useful to flow assurance engineers, students, and industries who wish to be flow assurance authorities in the twenty-first-century oil and gas industry.The use of digital or artificial intelligence methods in flow assurance has increased recently to achieve fast results without any thorough training effectively. Generally, flow assurance covers all risks associated with maintaining the flow of oil and gas during any stage in the petroleum industry. Flow assurance in the oil and gas industry covers the anticipation, limitation, and/or prevention of hydrates, wax, asphaltenes, scale, and corrosion during operation. Flow assurance challenges mostly lead to stoppage of production or plugs, damage to pipelines or production facilities, economic losses, and in severe cases blowouts and loss of human lives. A combination of several chemical and non-chemical techniques is mostly used to prevent flow assurance issues in the industry. However, the use of models to anticipate, limit, and/or prevent flow assurance problems is recommended as the best and most suitable practice. The existing proposed flow assurance models on hydrates, wax, asphaltenes, scale, and corrosion management are challenged with accuracy and precision. They are not also limited by several parametric assumptions. Recently, machine learning methods have gained much attention as best practices for predicting flow assurance issues. Examples of these machine learning models include conventional approaches such as artificial neural network, support vector machine (SVM), least square support vector machine (LSSVM), random forest (RF), and hybrid models. The use of machine learning in flow assurance is growing, and thus, relevant knowledge and guidelines on their application methods and effectiveness are needed for academic, industrial, and research purposes.In this book, the authors focus on the use and abilities of various machine learning methods in flow assurance. Initially, basic definitions and use of machine learning in flow assurance are discussed in a broader scope within the oil and gas industry. The rest of the chapters discuss the use of machine learning in various flow assurance areas such as hydrates, wax, asphaltenes, scale, and corrosion. Also, the use of machine learning in practical field applications is discussed to understand the practical use of machine learning in flow assurance.

In dem Buch werden die Grundlagen der thermischen Trennverfahren beschrieben, um sie auslegen zu können.In den Grundlagen werden die Unterschiede zwischen thermischen und mechanischen Trennverfahren sowie rein thermischen und physikalisch-chemischen Trennverfahren erläutert.Das 2. Kapitel beschreibt die in diesem Buch behandelten thermischen Trennverfahren. Anhand einfacher Beispiele wird die Verfahrensweise der unterschiedlichen thermischen Trennverfahren anschaulich erläutert. Nach der Vorstellung der verwendeten Konzentrationsmaße werden die Phasengleichgewichte diskutiert. Da das Phasengleichgewicht unabhängig von den verwendeten Stoffaustauschapparaten ist, wird im nächsten Kapitel auf die Aufgaben, Betriebsweisen und Bauformen von Stoffaustauschapparaten eingegangen. Die Ermittlung der Bilanzlinie wird ausführlich diskutiert bevor die Höhe des Stoffaustauschapparats mit der Theorie der theoretischen Trennstufe sowie dem HTU/NTU-Modell berechnet wird. Das vorletzte Kapitel befasst sich mit der Fluiddynamik in Stoffaustauschapparaten. Bestimmt werden der Druckverlust sowie der Flutpunkt, um den erforderlichen Durchmesser des Stoffaustauschapparats zu bestimmen. Die Möglichkeiten zur Regeneration des beladenen Absorbens, Adsorbens sowie Extraktionsmittels runden das Buch ab.

The automotive industry is facing the challenge of reducing its environmental impact to comply with stricter fleet emission regulations. Still, an OEM¿s contribution to the targets of the Paris Agreement must consider the entire life cycle of a vehicle, surpassing the targets of the current legislations which focusses on the use stage only. This work presents a concept that identifies the ideal configuration of a modular product system like a vehicle to meet a limited environmental impact at the lowest life cycle costs along the entire life cycle. This optimization is based on the ideal combination of modular product components which are selected by an algorithm based on graph theory.