Andre produktionsteknologier

"A Treatise on Adulterations of Food and Culinary Poisons" by Frederick Accum is a pioneering work that exposes the alarming practices of food adulteration in 19th-century society. Accum, a renowned chemist, meticulously investigates the deceptive and often hazardous substances added to food items for economic gain. Through detailed analyses and scientific scrutiny, the book unveils the extent of contamination in various food products, from spices to beverages. Accum's work serves as a rallying cry for food safety and public health, urging readers to be vigilant consumers. This seminal treatise not only contributed to legislative efforts to regulate food quality but also laid the groundwork for modern food safety standards. In an era where the purity of consumables was a growing concern, Accum's comprehensive examination of culinary adulterations remains a landmark text, offering valuable historical insights and emphasizing the importance of safeguarding the integrity of our food supply.

"Birds and Man" by W. H. Hudson is a captivating exploration of the profound and intricate relationships between humans and avian species. Hudson, with keen observation and literary finesse, delves into the cultural, historical, and symbolic connections between birds and humanity. From ancient folklore to contemporary interactions, the book weaves a rich tapestry of anecdotes and insights, revealing the multifaceted roles birds play in human societies. Hudson's narrative encompasses the symbolic significance of birds in art, literature, and religious symbolism, while also addressing the practical aspects of bird-human interactions, such as birdwatching and domestication. "Birds and Man" stands as a testament to Hudson's deep appreciation for the natural world and his ability to convey the enchantment of avian life to a diverse readership. This timeless work appeals to bird enthusiasts, naturalists, and those curious about the intricate bonds shared between humans and the winged creatures that populate our world.

"Coral Reefs" by Charles Darwin is a seminal work that unveils the mysteries of these vibrant underwater ecosystems. In this pioneering exploration, Darwin presents meticulous observations and profound insights into the formation and evolution of coral reefs. He investigates the intricate relationships between coral organisms, marine life, and the geological processes that shape these remarkable structures. Darwin's groundbreaking theories on the growth of coral reefs and the concept of subsidence have left an indelible mark on marine biology and geology. This book serves as a cornerstone in understanding the delicate balance and intricate beauty of coral ecosystems. With a compelling blend of scientific rigor and engaging prose, "Coral Reefs" remains a timeless resource for marine biologists, environmentalists, and anyone captivated by the wonders of the underwater world.

"Dynamite Stories and Some Interesting Facts about Explosives" by Hudson Maxim is an engaging and informative collection that delves into the fascinating world of explosives and their profound impact on history and technology. Maxim, a pioneering figure in the field of explosives, presents a captivating anthology of narratives and facts that span from the development of dynamite to its various applications. With a blend of storytelling and technical insight, Maxim explores explosive innovations, their roles in construction and demolition, and their historical significance in shaping industries and conflicts. This book not only appeals to enthusiasts of science and engineering but also captures the curiosity of a broader audience interested in the dynamic interplay between technology and society. "Dynamite Stories" is a riveting journey through the explosive landscape, offering readers a unique perspective on the powerful forces that have shaped the modern world.

"Basalmo, the Magician, or, The Memoirs of a Physician" by Alexander Dumas is a spellbinding tale of intrigue, magic, and mystery set in the backdrop of 18th-century France. Dumas weaves a captivating narrative following the enigmatic Basalmo, a charismatic magician and physician whose life unfolds through a series of enthralling memoirs. As the story unravels, readers are transported into a world where science and sorcery collide, as Basalmo navigates the complex webs of power, ambition, and forbidden knowledge. Amidst political upheaval and societal intrigue, Basalmo's journey intertwines with historical events and iconic figures, offering a mesmerizing blend of fact and fiction. Dumas' masterful storytelling and vivid prose create a rich tapestry of characters and events, immersing readers in a world where the boundaries between reality and the supernatural blur. "Basalmo, the Magician" is a timeless classic that continues to enchant readers with its spellbinding narrative and unforgettable characters, making it a must-read for lovers of historical fiction and tales of magic and intrigue.

"Darwin, And After Darwin" by George John Romanes is a thought-provoking exploration that extends and reflects upon Charles Darwin's groundbreaking theories of evolution. In this intellectual journey, Romanes builds upon Darwin's ideas, delving into the implications for science, philosophy, and theology in the post-Darwinian era. Romanes scrutinizes the broader consequences of evolutionary thought, examining its impact on the understanding of human nature, morality, and the relationship between science and religion. With scholarly depth, he navigates the evolving landscape of evolutionary theory, offering a nuanced perspective on its reception and assimilation into various intellectual domains. This work stands as a testament to Romanes' intellectual prowess and serves as a valuable companion for those seeking a comprehensive exploration of the enduring legacy and ongoing discourse spurred by Darwinian evolution.

"Curious Creatures in Zoology" by John Ashton is an enthralling journey into the animal kingdom's quirks and marvels. Ashton, with a keen eye for the extraordinary, introduces readers to a menagerie of peculiar creatures that defy conventional expectations. Through captivating narratives and vivid descriptions, the book unveils the unique behaviors, adaptations, and anatomical peculiarities of various species. Ashton's storytelling prowess transforms zoological facts into a delightful tapestry of curiosities, catering to both casual readers and animal enthusiasts. From the bizarre to the astonishing, "Curious Creatures in Zoology" offers an engaging exploration of the diversity and wonders found in the natural world. This book is a captivating blend of scientific insight and storytelling, making it an ideal choice for anyone seeking an accessible and entertaining foray into the fascinating realm of zoology.

Professor Stokes, the great Irish clinician of the nineteenth century, to whom we owe so much of our knowledge of the diseases of the heart and lungs, and whose name is enshrined in terms commonly used in medicine in connection with these diseases, has told a striking story of his experiences in a Dublin hospital that illustrates this very well. An old Irishman, who had been a soldier in his younger years and had been wounded many times, was in the hospital ill and manifestly dying. Professor Stokes, after a careful investigation of his condition, declared that he could not live a week, though at the end of that time the old soldier was still hanging on to life, ever visibly sinking. Stokes assured the students who were making the rounds of his wards with him that the old man had at most a day or two more to live, and yet at the end of some days he was still there to greet them on their morning visits. After the way of medical students the world over, though without any of that hard-heartedness that would be supposed ordinarily to go with such a procedure, for they were interested in the case as a medical problem, the students began to bet how long the old man would live.

The growth of intelligence in the human race has its counterpart in that of the individual, especially in the earliest stages. Intellectual activity and the development of reasoning powers are in both cases based upon the accumulation of experiences, and on the comparison, classification, arrangement, and nomenclature of these experiences. During the infancy of each the succession of events can be watched, but there can be no à priorianticipations. Experience alone, in both cases, leads to the idea of cause and effect as a principle that seems to dominate our present universe, as a rule for predicting the course of events, and as a guide to the choice of a course of action. This idea of cause and effect is the most potent factor in developing the history of the human race, as of the individual. In no realm of nature is the principle of cause and effect more conspicuous than in astronomy; and we fall into the habit of thinking of its laws as not only being unchangeable in our universe, but necessary to the conception of any universe that might have been substituted in its place. The first inhabitants of the world were compelled to accommodate their acts to the daily and annual alternations of light and darkness and of heat and cold, as much as to the irregular changes of weather, attacks of disease, and the fortune of war. They soon came to regard the influence of the sun, in connection with light and heat, as a cause. This led to a search for other signs in the heavens. If the appearance of a comet was sometimes noted simultaneously with the death of a great ruler, or an eclipse with a scourge of plague, these might well be looked upon as causes in the same sense that the veering or backing of the wind is regarded as a cause of fine or foul weather.

"Geological Observations on South America" by Charles Darwin is a groundbreaking exploration into the geological wonders of the South American continent. In this seminal work, Darwin meticulously documents his observations and findings during his voyage on HMS Beagle. From the Andes' towering peaks to the intricacies of geological formations, Darwin's keen eye and scientific acumen provide a comprehensive study of South America's geological history. Through vivid descriptions and detailed analysis, Darwin unveils the earth's complex processes, contributing significantly to the understanding of geological evolution. This work not only showcases Darwin's pioneering contributions to earth science but also serves as an enduring resource for geologists and enthusiasts, offering a timeless exploration of the fascinating geological features that characterize South America.

When I had read Charles Darwin's book 'On the Origin of Species,' it seemed to me that there was one mode, and that perhaps the most certain, of testing the correctness of the views developed in it, namely, to attempt apply them as specially as possible to some particular group of animals. such an attempt to establish a genealogical tree, whether for the families of a class, the genera of a large family, or for the species of an extensive genus, and to produce pictures as complete and intelligible as possible of the common ancestors of the various smaller and larger circles, might furnish a result in three different ways. 1. In the first place, Darwin's suppositions when thus applied might lead to irreconcilable and contradictory conclusions, from which the erroneousness of the suppositions might be inferred. If Darwin's opinions are false, it was to be expected that contradictions would accompany their detailed application at every step, and that these, by their cumulative force, would entirely destroy the suppositions from which they proceeded, even though the deductions derived from each particular case might possess little of the unconditional nature of mathematical proof.

The contrast between Individual Psychology and Social or Group Psychology, which at a first glance may seem to be full of significance, loses a great deal of its sharpness when it is examined more closely. It is true that Individual Psychology is concerned with the individual man and explores the paths by which he seeks to find satisfaction for his instincts; but only rarely and under certain exceptional conditions is Individual Psychology in a position to disregard the relations of this individual to others. In the individual's mental life someone else is invariably involved, as a model, as an object, as a helper, as an opponent, and so from the very first Individual Psychology is at the same time Social Psychology as well¿in this extended but entirely justifiable sense of the words. The relations of an individual to his parents and to his brothers and sisters, to the object of his love, and to his physician¿in fact all the relations which have hitherto been the chief subject of psycho-analytic research¿may claim to be considered as social phenomena; and in this respect they may be contrasted with certain other processes, described by us as 'narcissistic', in which the satisfaction of the instincts is partially or totally withdrawn from the influence of other people. The contrast between social and narcissistic¿Bleuler would perhaps call them 'autistic'¿mental acts therefore falls wholly within the domain of Individual Psychology, and is not well calculated to differentiate it from a Social or Group Psychology.

"Over fifty thousand people heard Elsie Lincoln Benedict at the City Auditorium during her six weeks lecture engagement in Milwaukee."¿Milwaukee Leader, April 2, 1921."Elsie Lincoln Benedict has a brilliant record. She is like a fresh breath of Colorado ozone. Her ideas are as stimulating as the health-giving breezes of the Rockies."¿New York Evening Mail, April 16, 1914."Several hundred people were turned away from the Masonic Temple last night where Elsie Lincoln Benedict, famous human analyst, spoke on 'How to Analyze People on Sight.' Asked how she could draw and hold a crowd of 3,000 for a lecture, she said: 'Because I talk on the one subject on earth in which every individual is most interested¿himself.'"¿Seattle Times, June 2, 1920."Elsie Lincoln Benedict is a woman who has studied deeply under genuine scientists and is demonstrating to thousands at the Auditorium each evening that she knows the connection between an individual's external characteristics and his inner traits."¿Minneapolis News, November 7, 1920."Elsie Lincoln Benedict is known nationally, having conducted lecture courses in many of the large Eastern cities. Her work is based upon the practical methods of modern science as worked out in the world's leading laboratories where exhaustive tests are applied to determine individual types, talents, vocational bents and possibilities."¿San Francisco Bulletin, January 25, 1919.

Every tissue is composed of two parts: the cellular elements and the intercellular substance. These are called cells and stroma. Upon the first of these depends the vitality and function of the part, while its density, shape and general physical properties are determined by the second. Likewise along the same lines of reason, all of our organs have two separate areas of tissue: theparenchymatous and the interstitial. The first contains the functioning and the second the supporting elements. The physical conditions of the interstitial tissue or the intercellular substance vary greatly in density. Blood is a tissue, the intercellular constituent of which is fluid, and as we consider more dense tissues, we encounter all degrees of density of the framework or intercellular substance, until with the additional presence of calcareous elements, we conceive the hardness of bone and dentine. Tissues as a whole, however, are not solid; there are spaces in the supporting structure to admit of the passage of arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatics. Abnormal conditions arise in the various parts of the tissues. Certain diseases affect the parenchymatous tissue in an organ more than the interstitial tissue and again others affect the blood vessels particularly.

Pre-Darwinian Evolutionists¿Causes which led to the speedy triumph of the theory of Natural Selection¿Nature of the opposition which Darwin had to overcome¿Post-Darwinian biology¿Usually accepted classification of present-day biologists as Neo-Lamarckians and Neo-Darwinians is faulty¿Biologists fall into three classes rather than twöNeo-Lamarckism: its defects¿Wallaceism: its defects¿Neo-Darwinism distinguished from Neo-Lamarckism and Wallaceism¿Neo-Darwinism realises the strength and weakness of the theory of Natural Selection, recognises the complexity of the problems which biologists are endeavouring to solve. Darwinism and evolution are not interchangeable terms. On this fact it is impossible to lay too much emphasis. Charles Darwin was not the originator of the theory of evolution, nor even the first to advocate it in modern times. The idea that all existing things have been produced by natural causes from some primordial material is as old as Aristotle. It was lost sight of in the mental stagnation of the Middle Ages. In that dark period zoological science was completely submerged. It was not until men shook off the mental lethargy that had held them for many generations that serious attention was paid to biology. From the moment when men began to apply scientific methods to that branch of knowledge the idea of evolution found supporters.

In all the foregoing chapters we have been considering only the muscular engines of the human machine, counting them over and comparing their construction and their mechanism with those of the internal-combustion engine of a motor cycle. But of the levers or crankpins through which muscular engines exert their power we have said nothing hitherto. Nor shall we get any help by now spending time on the levers of a motor cycle. We have already confessed that they are arranged in a way which is quite different from that which we find in the human machine. In the motor cycle all the levers are of that complex kind which are called wheels, and the joints at which these levers work are also circular, for the joints of a motor cycle are the surfaces between the axle and the bushes, which have to be kept constantly oiled. No, we freely admit that the systems of levers in the human machine are quite unlike those of a motor cycle. They are more simple, and it is easy to find in our bodies examples of all the three orders of levers. The joints at which bony levers meet and move on each other are very different from those we find in motor cycles. Indeed, I must confess they are not nearly so simple. And, lastly, I must not forget to mention another difference. These levers we are going to study are living¿at least, are so densely inhabited by myriads of minute bone builders that we must speak of them as living. I want to lay emphasis on that fact because I did not insist enough on the living nature of muscular engines.

Fibre hybridisation is a well-established methodology to enhance the failure strains of ¿bre reinforced composites. In a hybrid ¿bre composite, the matrix is reinforced by two or more types of ¿bres, with typically a large sti¿ness contrast. When exactly two types of ¿bres are used for reinforcement, the ¿bres with greater sti¿ness are conventionally called the low extension (LE) ¿bres, while those with greater compliance are called high extension (HE) ¿bres. Hybrid ¿bre composites are typically divided into three cate- gories. If layers of LE and HE ¿bres are stacked over one other, an interlayer or layer-by-layer con¿guration is obtained. If yarns of LE and HE ¿bres are co-woven to form a hybrid ¿bre composite, an intralayer or yarn-by-yarn con¿guration is obtained. Finally, if the LE and HE ¿bres are randomly mixed together, the intrayarn or ¿bre-by-¿bre con¿guration is obtained. From a manufacturing perspec- tive, it is most di¿cult to produce intrayarn composites, and easiest to produce interlayer composites. Hybridisation seeks to combine the advantages of both ¿bre types and alleviate some of the disadvantages. As an example, carbon ¿bre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites exhibit good strength to weight ratio, but undergo brittle failure leading to low fracture toughness. On the other hand, glass ¿bre reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites exhibit ductile failure, but süer from a relatively higher density than CFRPs, resulting in a lower strength to weight ratio. By combining the carbon ¿bres and glass ¿bres at a microscopic level, intermediate properties can be achieved.

Certain organic compounds, among them albumen, are neither soluble, despite their great affinity for water, nor are they fusible, and hence are produced in the micellar form. These compounds are formed in water, where the molecules that arise immediately adjoining each other arrange themselves into incipient crystals, or micellæ. Only such of the molecules as are formed subsequently and come in contact with a micella contribute to its increase in size, while the others, on account of their insolubility, produce new micellæ. For this reason the micellæ remain so small that they are invisible, even with the microscope. On account of their great affinity for water the micellæ surround themselves with a thick film of it. The attraction of these micellæ for matter of their own kind is felt outside this film. Hence the micellæ with their films unite themselves into solid masses permeated with water, unless other forces overcome attraction and re-establish a micellar solution (as in albumen, glue, gum), where the slightly moving micellæ show a tendency to cling together in chain-like and other aggregations. Very often there are found, especially in albumen, half liquid modifications intermediate in fluidity between the solid masses and the micellar solution.

The progressive development of man is vitally dependent on invention. It is the most important product of his creative brain. Its ultimate purpose is the complete mastery of mind over the material world, the harnessing of the forces of nature to human needs. This is the difficult task of the inventor who is often misunderstood and unrewarded. But he finds ample compensation in the pleasing exercises of his powers and in the knowledge of being one of that exceptionally privileged class without whom the race would have long ago perished in the bitter struggle against pitiless elements. Speaking for myself, I have already had more than my full measure of this exquisite enjoyment, so much that for many years my life was little short of continuous rapture. I am credited with being one of the hardest workers and perhaps I am, if thought is the equivalent of labor, for I have devoted to it almost all of my waking hours. But if work is interpreted to be a definite performance in a specified time according to a rigid rule, then I may be the worst of idlers. Every effort under compulsion demands a sacrifice of life-energy. I never paid such a price. On the contrary, I have thrived on my thoughts.

Written partly in response to Social Darwinism and in particular to Thomas H. Huxley's nineteenth-century essay, "The Struggle for Existence," Kropotkin's book drew on his experiences in scientific expeditions in Siberia to illustrate the phenomenon of cooperation. After examining the evidence of cooperation in nonhuman animals, pre-feudal societies, in medieval cities, and in modern times, he concludes that cooperation and mutual aid are the most important factors in the evolution of the species and the ability to survive.

"Old-Time Makers of Medicine" is a book written by James J. Walsh. James Joseph Walsh (1865¿1942) was an American physician, historian, and author known for his works in the history of medicine and science.Published in 1911, "Old-Time Makers of Medicine" likely explores the lives and contributions of influential figures in the history of medicine. The book could feature biographical sketches and narratives about notable physicians, surgeons, and medical thinkers from earlier periods.If you have an interest in the history of medicine and want to learn about the individuals who played significant roles in shaping the field, "Old-Time Makers of Medicine" by James J. Walsh might provide valuable insights into the lives and contributions of key figures in the development of medical knowledge and practices.

"Mr. Spaceship" is a science fiction short story by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published in Imagination in January 1953, and later in The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick. The story is set in the distant future, where humanity is at war with "Yuks", an alien life form which does not use mechanical spaceships nor constructions but instead relies on life forms to power their technology. The war has been going on for a long time and humanity has not been able to come up with a solution against the life-form based ships and mines that the Yuks use. One day a team of researchers led by Philip Kramer decide to build a spaceship which is powered by a human brain and they find the ideal candidate in Kramer's old professor, a dying man who volunteers to donate his brain to the project.

"Memory: How to Develop, Train and Use It" is a book written by William Walker Atkinson. William Walker Atkinson (1862¿1932) was an American author, editor, and attorney who wrote extensively on New Thought and self-help topics. The book focuses on memory improvement and techniques for developing and utilizing memory effectively.Published in the early 20th century, "Memory: How to Develop, Train and Use It" is a self-help guide that likely provides practical advice, exercises, and strategies for enhancing one's memory. Atkinson may have drawn on psychological principles and memory training methods available during his time.While the specific techniques may reflect the understanding of memory from the early 1900s, the book could still contain valuable insights and methods for those interested in memory improvement. If you're interested in the history of self-help literature or exploring different approaches to memory enhancement, Atkinson's work might be of interest.

/9791041985265MToxicology (¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ poison, and ¿¿¿¿¿ discourse,) is that branch of medical science which treats of the nature, properties, and effects of poisons. It appears scarcely possible to give any definition of a poison which will bear a critical examination; insomuch that some have preferred to deal with the evil effects of any substance, that is poisoning, rather than with the substance itself, the so-called poison. Most medicines are poisonous in improper doses; and even common salt (chloride of sodium) has caused death. Dr. Guy defines a poison to be any substance which, when applied to the body externally, or in any way introduced into the system, without acting mechanically, but by its own inherent qualities, is capable of destroying life. A cherrystone may cause death by becoming arrested in the vermiform appendix, and thus producing peritonitis; boiling water may cause death also; but neither are poisons: the one acting mechanically, the other by its heat merely.

"Medieval Medicine" is a book written by James J. Walsh. James Joseph Walsh (1865¿1942) was an American physician, historian, and author, known for his works in the history of medicine and science. "Medieval Medicine" likely explores the practices, beliefs, and advancements in the field of medicine during the medieval period.Published in 1920, the book may provide insights into how medical knowledge and practices evolved during the Middle Ages, covering aspects such as medical treatments, surgical techniques, and the prevailing beliefs about health and illness during that time.If you are interested in the history of medicine, particularly during medieval times, James J. Walsh's "Medieval Medicine" could offer a valuable perspective on the state of medical science in that historical period.

"Lone Star Planet" is a science fiction novel written by H. Beam Piper. The book, also known by its alternate title "A Planet for Texans," was first published in 1957. H. Beam Piper was an American science fiction author known for his contributions to the genre during the mid-20th century."Lone Star Planet" is a satirical and humorous science fiction novel set on a distant planet called New Texas. The story revolves around the protagonist, Stephen Silk, who is assigned as the ambassador to New Texas. The planet is populated by rugged and eccentric individuals who are fiercely independent and uphold their own brand of justice.The novel blends elements of science fiction with political satire, exploring themes of governance, individualism, and the clash of cultures. H. Beam Piper's wit and storytelling style make "Lone Star Planet" an entertaining read for fans of classic science fiction.