Materialeprøvning

This book reports a study of a class of Dion-Jacobson-type layered perovskite oxides in which high oxide-ion conductivities in phases were discovered for the first time in the world. The oxide-ion conductors are important in various energy conversion devices and environmental protection applications such as solid-oxide fuel cells, oxygen gas sensors, oxygen separation membranes, and oxygen-based catalysts. The discoveries are based on a new screening method, called the bond valence method, combined with an original design concept. The present finding of high oxide-ion conductivity reported in the thesis suggested the potential of Dion-Jacobson phases as a platform to identify superior oxide-ion conductors.To understand what causes such high oxide-ion conductivities in these layered perovskite oxides, the author analyzed their crystal structures at high temperature and described the relationship between oxide-ion conductivities and their crystal structures. A deep understanding of the mechanisms of oxide-ion diffusivity at an atomic level in the Dion-Jacobson phases is clarified.The discovery of these materials, the new screening method, and the original design concept make possible the realization of many environment-friendly technologies. The findings in this thesis facilitate the possibilities for many novel applications that will help lead to a sustainable future.

This book provides the reader with an updated comprehensive view of the rapidly developing and fascinating field of fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. In recent years, fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy have experienced rapid technological development, which has enabled the detection and monitoring of single molecules with high spatial and temporal resolution. Thanks to these developments, fluorescence has become an even more popular method in physical, biological and related fields. This book guides the reader through both basic and advanced fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy approaches with a focus on their applications in membrane and protein biophysics. Each of the four parts: A - Fluorescence Spectroscopy, B - Fluorescence Microscopy, C - Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Microscopy to biological membranes and D - Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy to protein studies are written by experts within the field. The book isintended for both complete beginners who want to quickly orient themselves in the large number of existing fluorescent methods, as well as for advanced readers who are interested in particular methods and their proper use.Chapter ¿Dynamics and Hydration of Proteins Viewed by Fluorescence Methods: Investigations for Protein Engineering and Synthetic Biology¿ is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This second edition details new and updated chapters on key methodologies and breakthroughs in the mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) field. Chapters guide readers through nano-Desorption Electrospray Ionisation (nDESI), Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation-2 (MALDI-2), Laser Ablation - Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) ,Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) with a variety of diverse samples including eye tissue, crop analysis, 3D cell culture models, and counterfeit goods analysis. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Imaging Mass Spectrometry: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to be a useful and practical guide to new researchersand experts looking to expand their knowledge.

This volume looks at the latest methods used to study imaging techniques, metabolic tracing, and deep muscle phenotyping. The chapters in this book cover topics such as imaging skeletal muscle mass using MRI, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, CT, and ultrasound; measures of neuromuscular function such as power/strength/force; microscopy and immunohistochemistry; and ex vivo fibre function and isolation. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory. Comprehensive and thorough, Neuromuscular Assessments of Form and Function is a valuable resource for researchers interested in multiple methods used to study skeletal muscle neurophysiology.

This thesis presents research on novel laboratory-scale synchrotron X-ray sources based on inverse Compton scattering and applications of their X-ray radiation using the Munich Compact Light Source (MuCLS) as an example. It provides an introduction to the theory of this laser-electron interaction, laser resonators and X-ray interactions with matter. On this basis, upgrades to the laser system including the development of a new laser optic, X-ray beam stabilisation and two techniques for fast X-ray energy switching of inverse Compton sources are presented. On the application side, the beamline, designed and developed for the inverse Compton X-ray source at the MuCLS, is described before various techniques and applications are demonstrated at this laboratory-scale synchrotron X-ray facility. Among them are K-edge subtraction imaging, X-ray phase contrast imaging and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Additionally, a new X-ray microscopy technique, called full-field structured-illuminationsuper-resolution X-ray transmission microscopy, is presented.Apart from research conducted at the MuCLS, this thesis contains an in-depth overview on the state of the art of the various types of inverse Compton X-ray sources that have been realised so far. Accordingly, this thesis may serve as a guide and reference work for researchers working with inverse Compton X-ray sources as well as future users of such devices.

The book provides research scientists and engineers in industry information and data on the materials processing, characterization, and determination of materials¿ physical-chemical properties. The book highlights optical and chemical properties obtained on novel materials using a range of deposition methods by two different spectroscopic techniques: SE and UV-VIS-NIR. Emphasizing applications from across a number of domains including Healthcare, Opto-Electronic, and Defense, the book is ideal for academic researchers, graduate/undergraduate students, and practicing engineers concerned with optical coating technologies.

Recently, surface-engineered and modified nanomaterials have been developed as corrosion inhibitors for different metals alloys in coating and solution phases. This book covers current emerging trends and applications in nanomaterials and nanotechnologies and their applications in corrosion prevention. It offers synthesis, surface modification for enhanced dispersibility and protection, composite formation and their anticorrosive applications.

This book provides a foundational understanding of polymer dielectrics based on percolative composites. It covers the microstructure and physical properties, such as dielectric, electrical, magnetic, and rheological properties, of polymer composites, as well as how these properties can be explained using various theoretical models and spectroscopy techniques, such as dielectric spectroscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and conductivity spectroscopy. The book also discusses non-percolative polymer composites and the suitability of polymer dielectrics for electrical energy storage in various devices. It is intended for graduate students and professionals in fields such as condensed matter physics, applied physics, statistical physics, materials science, polymer science and technology, chemistry, and engineering. It will be particularly useful for physicists, materials scientists, polymer scientists, chemists, engineers, and others interested in the physics and applications of percolativecomposites based on polymer matrix.

This book focuses on advanced optical spectroscopy techniques for the characterization of cutting-edge semiconductor materials. It covers a wide range of techniques such as Raman, infrared, photoluminescence, and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy, including an introduction to their physical fundamentals and best operating principles. Aimed at professionals working in the research and development of semiconductors and semiconductor materials, this book looks at a broad class of materials such as silicon and silicon dioxide, nano-diamond thin films, quantum dots, and gallium oxide. In addition to the spectroscopic techniques covered, this book features a chapter devoted to the use of a scanning electron transmission microscope as an excitation source for CL spectroscopy. Written by a practicing industry expert in the field, this book is an ideal source of reference and best-practices guide for physicists, as well as materials scientists and engineers involved in the area of spectroscopy of semiconductor materials. Further, this book introduces the cutting-edge spectroscopy such as optical photothermal IR and Raman spectroscopy or terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) etc.

This book comprises the proceedings of the conference ¿Future Automotive Production 2022¿, which took place in Wolfsburg. The conference focused on hybrid lightweight design, which is characterized by the combination of different materials with the aim of improving properties and reducing weight. In particular, production technologies for hybrid lightweight design were discussed, new evaluation methods for the ecological assessment of hybrid components were presented and future-oriented approaches motivated by nature for the development of components, assemblies and systems were introduced.Lightweight design is a key technology for the development of sustainable and resource-efficient mobility concepts. Vehicle manufacturers operate in an area of conflict between customer requirements, competition and legislation. Material hybrid structures, which combine the advantages of different materials, have a high potential for reducing weight, while simultaneously expanding component functionality. The future, efficient use of function-integrated hybrid structures in vehicle design requires innovations and constant developments in vehicle and production technology. There is a great demand, especially with regard to new methods and technologies, for "affordable" lightweight construction in large-scale production, taking into account the increasing requirements with regard to variant diversity, safety and quality.

This award-winning textbook delivers an earnest and comprehensive treatment of the rapidly evolving field of Materials Chemistry. It addresses inorganic-, organic-, and nano-based materials from a structure vs. property treatment, providing a suitable breadth and depth coverage of the field¿in a concise and accessible format.The updated 4th edition features significant updates to glasses and ceramics, solid-state impurities, nanomaterial toxicity, as well as materials used in energy storage, photovoltaic, and electronics applications. Advanced fabrication techniques such as additive manufacturing (3-D printing) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) characterization of suspended nanoparticles are now also included. This new edition also expands the coverage of sustainability and life cycle analysis, of increasing importance for a world plagued with the effects of climate change.Recognized by a 2008 Textbook Excellence Award from the Text and Academic Authors Association (TAA), Fahlman¿s Materials Chemistry is ideal for upper-level undergraduate students, as well as first-year graduate students in chemistry, physics, or engineering fields, and may also serve as a valuable reference to industrial researchers. Each chapter concludes with a section that describes important materials applications and an updated list of thought-provoking questions.

This book focuses on the matrix cracking behavior in ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs), including first matrix cracking behavior, matrix cracking evolution behavior, matrix crack opening and closure behavior considering temperature and oxidation. The micro-damage mechanisms are analyzed, and the micromechanical damage models are developed to characterize the cracking behavior. Experimental matrix cracking behavior of different CMCs at room and elevated temperatures is predicted. The book can help the material scientists and engineering designers to better understand the cracking behavior in CMCs.

This book presents recent advances in nanostructured biomaterials. It covers the structures and applications of advanced nanostructured biomaterials. The topics covered include overview on biological activities of thiazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, pyrazole derivatives, tetrazole derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, oxazole, isoxazoles, etc. The book also covers the topic of nanocarriers as drug delivery vectors. Given the contents, the book will be useful for students, researchers and professionals working in the area of biomaterials and nanomaterials.

This collection brings together engineers, scientists, scholars, and entrepreneurs to present their novel and innovative contributions in the domain specific to metal-matrix composites and on aspects specific to processing, characterization, mechanical behavior, measurements, failure behavior, and kinetics governing microstructural influences on failure by fracture. Topics include but are not limited to: Metals and metal-matrix composites Nano-metal based composites Intermetallic-based compositesContributions in the above topics connect to applications in industry-relevant areas: automotive; nuclear and clean energy; aerospace; failure analysis; biomedical and healthcare; and heavy equipment, machinery, and goods.

This book offers a didactic introduction to light¿matter interactions at both the classical and semi-classical levels. Pursuing an approach that describes the essential physics behind the functionality of any optical element, it acquaints students with the broad areas of optics and photonics. Its rigorous, bottom-up approach to the subject, using model systems ranging from individual atoms and simple molecules to crystalline and amorphous solids, gradually builds up the reader¿s familiarity and confidence with the subject matter. Throughout the book, the detailed mathematical treatment and examples of practical applications are accompanied by problems with worked-out solutions. In short, the book provides the most essential information for any graduate or advanced undergraduate student wishing to begin their course of study in the field of photonics, or to brush up on important concepts prior to an examination.

This collection presents papers from the 151st Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

This volume provides both experienced and new microscopists with methods and protocols to perform fluorescence microscopy-based experiments. The book is divided into four parts detailing basic fluorescent microscopy, quantitative methods, imaging living animals, human tissue samples, approaches for imaging at a near-molecular level, and approaches to image analysis. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Fluorescent Microscopy aims to be a useful practical guide to researches to help further their study in this field.

This collection presents papers from the 152nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.