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This book covers emerging areas in novel design and their hydrodynamic properties relevant to bioreactors, environmental system, electrochemical systems, food processing and biomedical engineering. This book uses an interdisciplinary approach to provide a comprehensive prospective simulation modeling and hydrodynamic study in advanced biotechnological process and includes reviews of the most recent state of art in modeling and simulation of flows in biological process, such as CFD. Written by internationally recognized researchers in the field, each chapter provides a strong introductory section that is useful to both readers currently in the field and readers interested in learning more about these areas.

Advances of Energy from Waste: Transformation Methods, Applications and Limitations Under Sustainability provides advanced, systematic information on the environmental transformation of waste and pollutants of various origins into useful products, contributing to the development of the local economy and increasing the sustainability of the energy sector. In addition, remarkable competences in design, performance, efficiency, and implementation of diverse systems utilized for waste energy recovery are evaluated. The book also includes recent advances in biomass-derived green catalysts for various catalytic applications, along with the challenges of controlled synthesis and the impact of morphological, physical, and chemical properties on their adsorption or desorption capability.

Microplastics: Transport, Impacts, Monitoring and Mitigation provides a critical analysis of our current understanding of microplastic science, the methods by which microplastic are observed in the environment, and our options for mitigation and remediation. The book is intended for those studying or working in the fields of environmental science and waste management (as well as associated areas), and provides the holistic context needed to evaluate and interpret the outputs associated with the interlinked problems of plastic and microplastics. In this manner, the reader will be invited to explore the ongoing challenges which have thus far prevented the development of a thorough understanding of the risk posed by plastic and microplastic pollution to be able to discuss the implications of ongoing uncertainty to effective plastic management and evaluate the current strategies to control the ongoing proliferation of plastic pollution.

This Ph.D. book develops nanowire-assisted electroporation disinfection technology based on the flow-through porous electrode. The author presents pioneering results on theoretical modeling, experimental realization, and selected applications, showing the novel disinfection mechanism of electroporation guarantees an exceedingly low level of energy consumption. In this regard, three classes of novel dynamic behavior are investigated: (i) The developed nanowire-assisted flow-through electroporation disinfection technology enables great microbial disinfection performance with extremely low voltage (1V), which significantly reduce the formation potential of harmful disinfection by-products during the treatment process. (ii) The nanowire-assisted flow-through electroporation disinfection technology ensures no reactivation/regrowth of inactivated bacteria and meanwhile promotes the gradual death of damaged bacteria during the storage process. (iii) The application of high-frequency AC power supply (106 Hz) ensures the high microbial disinfection efficiency while suppressing the occurrence of electrochemical reactions and extending the electrode lifetime effectively.

This book analyzes the latest development trend of international medical waste disposal technology, combines the current situation of medical waste management and disposal in China and the requirements of the international community for medical waste, and comprehensively and systematically summarizes the relevant contents of medical waste treatment and disposal technology and management practices. It is suitable for source classification, technology screening, engineering construction, facility operation, supervision and management, and environmental monitoring/inspection in the field of medical waste treatment and disposal, technical training and vocational skills upgrading of operators, and can also be used as a reference for teaching and scientific research by relevant personnel in universities and colleges, government departments, research institutions working in the field of medical waste disposal for environmental protection.The present version has been revised technically and linguistically by the authors in collaboration with a professional translator.

"Sustainable Packaging Materials" provides a concise introduction to the principles and practices of packaging sustainability. It addresses the important issues that concern packaging professionals, decision makers, managers, CTOs, legislators, researchers, and students, including the viability and future of recycling, bio- and oxo-degradable materials, and plastics alternatives such as paper, glass, and metal. Also covered are new regulations such as the extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, their consequences as to what materials are likely to be banned, and whether microplastics should be a concern for packaging companies.Written by an experienced professor, educator, author, inventor, and entrepreneur, this book offers uniquely clear answers to these challenges, helping readers to identify packaging materials that are likely to be phased out to meet new regulations, and to find alternatives to benefit their research and businesses. They will also be equipped to follow guidelines on the use of various packaging materials to stay ahead of the demands of the industry, and to make informed choices about packaging materials by considering sustainability, performance, and cost. Furthermore, they will be informed of the emerging packaging trends in both academia and industry, and understand the issues associated with microplastic pollution, and the actions recommended to mitigate these challenges.

Our dependency on groundwater resources and overuse thereof has led to a decline in water table so that in the last couple of decades the focus has shifted back to the traditional practices of rainwater harvesting, and ways and means have been sought to promote Rainwater harvesting in Urban areas to recharge the stressed groundwater systems. This book discusses in brief the classifications of Rainwater harvesting, and the various rainwater harvesting systems that are currently applied. The most important aspect for achieving any groundwater recharge is the availability of source water, this can be evaluated by analyzing the monsoon rainfall pattern, its frequency, number of rainy days, and maximum rainfall in a day and its variation in space and time.The Deccan basalts are one of the most enigmatic rocks in India and pose a very difficult task when it comes to ground water exploration and groundwater recharge, especially in the urban areas where due to constraint of space one needs to resort to borewells for recharge purpose. It is important for any such undertaking to understand the applicability and sustainability aspects of Rainwater harvesting as it is being practiced.This book tries to differentiate the Basaltic Aquifers from the other hard-rock Aquifers, and highlights the difficulties in trying to implement rainwater harvesting by groundwater recharge with the basaltic terrain. It also deals with the issue of long term sustainability of roof top Rainwater to meet the growing demands of fresh water. It also highlights some of the shortcomings in the methodologies used and the requirements for being considered in the various categories of green building rating agencies.It furthermore clarifies the possibility and limitations of dependence of roof top harvesting in addressing the question of water shortages, which is of common occurrence within most urban centres of India. It also helps in clarifying major misconceptions that are currently prevailing regarding Roof top Rainwater harvesting especially within the low capacity aquifers within the hard rock terrain of the Deccan basalts.

This book provides an authoritative overview of emerging pollutants in sewage sludge and soils. It traces the latest research and new trends on the characterization, removal and treatment of such pollutants in urban and industrial sewage sludge and soils. The book covers topics such as antibiotic resistance, fate and environmental impact of contaminants of emerging concern, environmental transmission of human pathogenic viruses and their effect on soil, and the repercussion of various emerging pollutants on biodiversity. It also offers a case study of the epidemiology-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and sludge.The book appeals not only to researchers and professionals working with emerging contaminants, but also to policy makers and a broader audience interested in learning more about the effects of these contaminants in human and environmental health.

This handbook discusses the latest developments in biorefinery technologies for waste-to-energy conversion. The growing global population and the accompanying increase in consumption and waste production make it urgent to find the best possible use of our resources. A sustainable waste management under the biorefinery concept has great potential to support a sustainable circular economy and green energy production.This handbook is divided into four parts. First, the reader is introduced to the fundamentals and recent trends of waste-to-energy technologies. The second part describes in detail the current status, challenges, and potential of the different feedstocks used for waste-to-energy conversion. Here, municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, oils and greases generated during food preparation, industrial wastewaters, and agricultural wastes, to name a few, are introduced.  In the third part, numerous waste-to-energy technologies are discussed in detail, including anaerobic digestion, composting, gasification, plasma technology, thermal cracking, and others. Advantages and optimization potentials of these technologies for efficient residue management, quality and yield are highlighted.Finally, the handbook discusses social, environmental and economic aspects of waste-to-energy biorefinery technologies. Readers will learn more about the major bottlenecks and solutions in bioenergy commercialization, the logistics of biomass supply and the carbon footprint of waste biorefineries. The ideas and technologies presented in this book contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of "e;Affordable and Clean Energy"e;.This book is a useful reference for postgraduate students and researchers interested in biorefinery and biofuel technologies, both in academia- and commercial laboratories. Early career scientists can use it to fast track into the field. Advanced scientists will find it helpful in gaining a broader overview of the field beyond their area of specialization.

This book mainly investigates the adsorption of anionic diclofenac sodium on natural clay minerals, the adsorption of anionic chloramphenicol on natural clay minerals and the behavior of surface and interface modification or adsorption on clay minerals. It has significant guidance for learning the transfer and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the soil. It develops an efficient, low-cost adsorbent material and provides theoretical basis and valuable reference for the effective prevention of groundwater contamination of PPCPs in the field of environmental engineering.

This book comprises of papers from the International Conference on Advances and Innovations in Recycling Engineering (AIR-2021). It highlights indispensable issues, challenges and recommended solutions related to solid waste management and sustainability. The contents deal with recommended solutions and the gap between environmental laws related to recycling of waste and environment threat. Weighing the global economy loss via compromises on industrial growth versus environment provide another dimension to the study and press on the need for alternative practices. Impact on biodiversity conservation and natural resources pollutants is also highlighted. This book is a useful guide for academics, researchers, and policymakers.

This book presents information on the origin and distribution of microplastics, evaluates the methods of their detection, documents their interactions with natural systems, and analyzes the current understanding of their management. Owing to the size, varied compositions, pathways of transport, accumulation and myriad processes of interactions with ecosystems, the microplastics pose severe threats to ecosystem services and natural environmental systems. Therefore, the environmental challenges that microplastics present and the strategies to mitigate their harmful impacts are of great importance to the scientific community, and only a few publications exist that collate this information in a single resource. The book aims to be a comprehensive resource for students, professionals and practitioners of environmental studies on microplastics and how to better understand the threats they pose and the practices to manage them. 

This book presents the coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) processes in fractured rocks at varying scales from single fractures to fracture networks. It also discussed the implication and potential application of the advanced understanding of coupled THMC processes in fractured rocks for geotechnical and geo-energy engineering.

Wastewater treatment aims at reducing pollutants by using different treatment methods. To achieve desired performance, it is important to ensure the proper operation and maintenance of the water treatment plant. A number of factors determine the wastewater reuse and include potential revenues, operating costs, resource value and public acceptance of wastewater resources. Membrane filtration, automated variable filtration (AVF) technology, new urban sanitation technology, and urine separating process are some of the advanced technologies used for wastewater treatment. The new urban sanitation technology integrates electro flocculation (Elflox) and anaerobic digestion technologies for treating wastewater. Natural treatment systems are helpful in removing several contaminants such as nutrients, pathogens, micro-constituents, and endocrine disrupting chemicals. This treatment process is extremely effective for water reclamation (or water reuse). This book provides a detailed explanation of the wastewater treatment and reuse technologies. It aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in the area of wastewater treatment and management.

Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from the wastewater in order to convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Some common wastewater treatment technologies include advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), nanotechnology, membrane filtration technology, and automatic variable filtration (AVF) technology. There are various researches being performed in the field of nanotechnology for developing advanced treatments that can decompose toxic substances. The upcoming technologies for wastewater treatment and reuse include fabrication of nanomaterial membranes, using catalysts for decomposing noxious compounds, and using mixed oxides, bimetallic nanoparticles, carbon compounds, metals and zeolites. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to wastewater treatment and reuse technologies. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancements in this field have been examined in detail. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference to graduate and postgraduate students.

The authors and editors of this volume state that with the intensive growth of global industrialization and urbanization, the consumption of various resources and materials, such as energy, minerals, and even water, is increasing at an amazing speed, which poses great pressure on material resources. In addition, the massive utilization of materials has led to low efficiency, resulting in great wastes of resources as well as serious environmental pollutions and degradation, which has severely hindered the sustainable development of economy and society. In order to transit to sustainable development, it is necessary to improved resource efficiency, and circular economy and waste valorization are the best alternative ways for achieving this goal.   This book aims to provide an in-depth description of circular economy and waste valorization, make assessments for circular economy and waste valorization in different regions and countries and determine the technological pathways and roadmap for achieving circular economy and waste valorization. More specifically:   (1) Conceptions and Theories: Concepts and definitions of circular economy and waste valorization and their nexus and contributions to sustainable development.   (2) Policy and Practice: Measurement and assessment of performance or sustainability for implementing circular economy and waste valorization.   (3) Pathways and Prospects: Identification and prioritization of the barriers, strategies, technologies, and pathways for achieving circular economy and waste valorization.   The book systematically and comprehensively introduces the definitions, concepts, framework and nexus of circular economy and waste valorization, analyzes and measures their performance and sustainability and provides the methods for investigating and prioritizing the barriers and strategies and determining the pathways and roadmap for their development.