Anden anvendt videnskab og teknologi

Wave Optics in Infrared Spectroscopy starts where conventional books about infrared spectroscopy end. Whereas the latter are based on the Bouguer-Beer-Lambert law, the cornerstones of this book are wave optics and dispersion theory. This gap between both levels of theory is bridged to allow a seamless transition from one to the other. Based on these foundations, the reader is able to choose which level of theory is adequate for the particular problem at hand. Advanced topics like 2D correlation analysis, chemometrics and strong coupling are introduced and viewed from a wave optics perspective. Spectral mixing rules are also considered to better understand spectra of heterogeneous samples. Finally, optical anisotropy is examined to allow a better understanding of spectral features due to orientation and orientational averaging. This discussion is based on a 4 x 4 matrix formalism, which is used not only to simulate and analyze complex materials, but also to understand vibrational circular dichroism from a (semi-) classical point of view. Wave Optics in Infrared Spectroscopy is written as a tool to reunite the fragmented field of infrared spectroscopy. It will appeal to chemists, physicists, and chemical/optical engineers.

This book is a useful source of knowledge for engineers and scientists in the field of mechanics of deformation and destruction of composite materials.In Chapter 1 three-dimensional equations of elasticity theory composed for the case of finite displacements and deformations of solids have been analyzed. It is found that the generally accepted simplifications known in the literature and carried out for the case of small deformations result in equations that are considered to be absolutely correct and consistent in all scientific and educational literature on mechanics of deformable solid bodies. However, this conclusion is not sufficiently well-founded as confirmed by formulation and solution of problems on the basis of generally accepted equations for determining both the stress-strain state (SSS) and the critical loads and buckling modes. In Chapter 2 the theoretical and experimental methods for determining the mechanical characteristics of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) based on tensile and compression tests of flat specimens with [0]s , [±90]s, and [±45]2s lay-ups are analyzed. For FRPs with [±45]2s lay-ups, relations are derived for determining the components of lamina strains and stresses in the orthotropy axes of FRP monolayer in terms of axial strains and Poisson ratios of specimens measured in experiments. In Chapter 3 the structure of a unidirectional fibre composite of two types ELUR-P carbon fibre based on KhT-118 cold-curing binder and HSE 180 REM prepreg based on hot-curing binder has been studied. The diameters of fibres and fibre bundles (filaments) of both types of composites have been measured. Based on the results of the analysis of the composite material structure, a refined formulation of the linearised problems of a refined statement of linearized problems on flat internal multiscale buckling modes of a rigid lamina with either fibers or a fiber bundle is presented taking into account their interaction with an epoxy matrix. In Chapter 4 for shells of a layered structure based on the Timoshenkös model, taking into account the transverse compression used for each layer, two versions of two-dimensional equations are constructed that describe geometrically nonlinear deformation with arbitrary displacements and small deformations. The formulation of a linear problem on the initial (subcritical) stress-strain state of a test specimen from a unidirectional fibrous composite with the [900]s structure during tension-compression tests with shear is given. A numerical method for solving the formulated problem is developed, which is based on the reduction of the original problem to a system of integro-algebraic equations and the search for their numerical solution by the finite sum method. In Chapter 5 conclusions were done and directions for further research have been identified.

This textbook is a multi-disciplinary compendium that includes several aspects of rotorcraft technology. It introduces the reader to the aerodynamic aspects of rotary wings and presents experimental techniques for aerodynamics. The chapters also cover rotorcraft engines and rotorcraft steady-state flight performance and stability. It explores several aspects of the tiltrotor configuration and lists challenges in their design, modelling and simulation. The reader will also find an introductory overview of flight control systems for rotorcraft, as well as the conceptual and preliminary design concepts for a conventional helicopter. This textbook contains video recordings of computer simulations that can be used alongside the main text.

Finally, we, as humanity, have severed the chains of gravity that bound us to Earth. At long last, we have emerged from our cradle and embarked on the journey to explore and inhabit the near-infinite universe that surrounds us. This monumental achievement is the culmination of 4.5 billion years of evolution. We have come to realize that we no longer venture into the cosmos as individual humans; instead, we traverse the great expanse as "The Human" - a single, unified race known as the Human Race. Therefore, whenever a human launches from any corner of Earth, they deserve equal recognition and gratitude.Please understand that what you are about to read is not a work of fiction; it is more exhilarating than that. It delves into the realm of what is real and everlasting, something that will continue to captivate our collective aspirations and passions far into the future.Throughout this incredible journey, individuals from all walks of life have stepped forward, competing for the limited seats aboard spacecraft, undergoing rigorous training, and ultimately, venturing into the cosmos. An Astronaut or Cosmonaut, much like any individual on Earth, may carry multiple identities based on nationality, race, gender, ethnic origin, language, beliefs, wealth, body size, type, and capabilities. Yet, irrespective of these attributes, two unwavering requirements persist: the ability to cooperate and an unwavering determination to succeed."SPACE-Ever Further, Ever Faster-Now!" is a captivating account of Humanity's Greatest Adventure, penned by yours truly, an astronaut who played a pivotal role in our early space endeavors. I had the privilege of embarking on a mission with two exceptional crewmates aboard Skylab III, setting world and American records, and I have remained deeply involved in space programs for many years since.In the United States, our foray into space was driven not only by the realization of the monumental leap we were taking but also by the practical necessity of outpacing international competition spurred by the Soviet Sputnik, which passed directly overhead. Our proactive response began with the Mercury and Gemini Projects, culminating in numerous Moon landings, the Skylab mission, the Space Shuttle program, and the International Space Station. Currently, we stand on the threshold of human exploration of Mars and exoplanets beyond our Solar System, ventures that have recently commenced via remote exploration.Our ambitions extend far into the future, but our achievements thus far have been small steps in the grand scheme of things. Indeed, we have dipped our toes into the waters, but as we strive to wade a little deeper, we gaze upward, beholding the endless ocean of space before us - a boundless realm brimming with excitement, opportunities, challenges, and rewards that beckon to us all.The time has come. Let us forge ahead with unwavering determination!

Are you aware of the pressing issue of space debris and its potential risks to human spaceflight? Whether you're a curious mind, a space enthusiast, or an aspiring space traffic manager, this handbook is an essential companion for the mind journey in the vast expanse of space.The handbook provides a historical overview of our journey beyond the Earth, allowing you to gain insights into the origins of space debris and its consequences. You'll also learn about the vulnerabilities of satellites and the importance of space acronyms like LEO (Low Earth Orbit), MEO (Medium Earth Orbit), and GEO (Geostationary Orbit).As you explore the evolution of space traffic management and the international landscape of space governance, you'll gain clarity on new policies and regulations surrounding space debris. Ultimately, this handbook prompts reflection on our cosmic legacy and the consequences of the Wild West approach to space matters.Don't miss out on the opportunity to understand the intricacies of space sustainability - you don't need to be a rocket scientist to do so!

This volume presents the conference proceedings from FinDrones 2023. The book highlights recent drone technology developments by experts and academicians for applications in agriculture, forestry, and other industries. This iteration of FinDrones presents research using autonomous drones in various fields from environmental monitoring to farm robotics and from photogrammetry to search and rescue missions. Emphasis is placed on contextualizing the conference presentations and content to Finland and the unique challenges typical to the region. The work will interest academicians, entrepreneurs, and professionals involved in remote sensing applications of unmanned aerial vehicles and enthusiasts of drone technological developments.

Rummet er et vildt og lovløst sted, der er vitalt for kommunikation, økonomi, militærstrategi og internationale relationer. Og de magtkampe, der udspiller sig på jordoverfladen, vil i stigende grad finde sted i rummet, efterhånden som kampen om rumterritorier, satellitbaner og ressourcer intensiveres.Hvem vil drage nytte af rummets ressourcer? Kan kommercielle virksomheder spille en rolle? Og hvordan vil en rumkrig kunne udspille sig? Tag med Tim Marshall på rejse til geopolitikkens nye slagmark.

There are trillions of planets in our galaxy--billions with a formula for life. To think mankind is the only intelligent lifeform to evolve would be egotistical and absurd. Extraterrestrials not only exist, they pluck us from our beds and cars--anytime and everywhere--to study, teach, and prepare us for the inevitable. Robert Hunt knows this beyond a shadow of a doubt. He's been abducted by aliens since the night of his seventh birthday. This book is a true account of his sixty-three years as a human being who has experienced the unexplained, the unfathomable, the impossible--and lived to talk about it.

This book unveils the most advanced techniques and innovative applications in the natural language processing (NLP) field. It uncovers the secrets to enhancing language understanding, and presents practical solutions to different NLP tasks, as text augmentation, paraphrase generation, and restoring spaces and punctuation in multiple languages. It unlocks the potential of hierarchical multi-task learning for cross-lingual phoneme recognition, and allows readers to explore more real-world applications such as error correction, aggregating industrial security findings as well as predicting music emotion values from social media conversations. "Practical Solutions for Diverse Real-World NLP Applications" is the suitable guidebook for researchers, students, and practitioners as it paves the way for them by delivering invaluable insights and knowledge.

This problem book is a companion volume to the 2nd edition of the book "Building Physics: From Physical Principles to International Standards". The primary book offers a comprehensive presentation of the most important phenomena in building physics: heat transfer, moisture/humidity, sound/acoustics and illumination. The problem book includes both problems and solutions. Most of the problems are as practical as possible, while remaining conceptual and avoiding overreach. Many of the solutions presented do not simply end upon determination of the correct answer, but include further explanations for a deeper understanding of the theory and/or connections to other everyday phenomena. These explanations can be of great value to lecturers who use the primary book for their courses. All solutions are cross-referenced to the formulas or explanations in the primary book. This establishes the connection between theory and practice and contributes to a more thorough understanding of the subject. The book is primarily intended for lecturers and students of all subjects related to building physics.

This book provides an analysis of acoustic features of polysemous strings and an implementation of a speech disambiguation program based on the phonetic information. Throughout the book, the term ¿polysemous string¿ refers to idioms with plausible literal interpretations, restrictive and non¿restrictive relative clauses, and the same expressions used as quotations and appearing in a non¿quotational context. The author explains how, typically, context is sufficient to determine the intended meaning. But there is enough evidence in psycholinguistic and phonetic literature to suspect that these superficially identical strings exhibit different acoustic features. In the experiment presented in the book, the participants were asked to read short excerpts containing corresponding elements of polysemous strings placed in the same intonational position. The acoustic analyses of ditropic pairs and subsequent statistical tests revealed that there is almost no difference in the duration, pitch, or intensity in literal and figurative interpretations. However, the analysis of relative clauses and quotations demonstrated that speakers are more likely to use acoustic cues to differentiate between the two possible readings. The book argues that the acoustic analysis of polysemous phrases could be successfully implemented in designing automatic speech recognition systems in order to improve their performance in disambiguating polysemous phrases.Analyzes acoustic features of polysemous strings and an implementation of a speech disambiguation programIncludes evidence that superficially identical strings exhibit different acoustic featuresArgues that acoustic analysis of polysemous phrases can be successfully implemented in automatic speech recognition

Dive into the heart of wartime innovation and manufacturing through this groundbreaking book, unveiling a riveting narrative of technological mastery and organizational ingenuity. This meticulously researched work challenges conventional views of wartime production, offering a fresh perspective on the incredible efforts that drove the Allies to victory.Young's insightful analyses illuminate the strategic collaboration between the aerospace and automotive industries, showcasing their collective adaptation that created the engines powering victory. Spanning continents, Young examines the transformation of aircraft engine manufacturing during World War II. Unearthing the operations of key players such as the Bristol Aeroplane Company, Pratt & Whitney, and Wright Aeronautical, he sheds light on the monumental shift from traditional batch production to revolutionary quantity production.Readers will witness the birth of new factories, the development of advanced machine tools, and the innovation required to produce engines of unparalleled complexity and precision. Through Young's fresh perspective, the book unveils the intricate interplay of crisis techno-politics, engineering resilience, and the pivotal role of innovation in shaping the tides of history.This book is not just a study of the past; it is a critical foundation for understanding the dynamics of wartime production that continue to influence our world today.

Ce livre s'adresse à des étudiants ingénieurs et des industriels qui étudient, manipulent ou fabriquent des poudres afin d'optimiser leurs mises en ouvre

In this enthralling history, internationally bestselling author Max Hastings recounts the odds-defying Operation Biting, a 1942 parachute commando raid on Northern France to steal vital components of German intelligence--one of the most thrilling British commando raids of World War II, and one of the most successful. In February 1942, RAF intelligence was baffled by a newly identified radar network on the coast of Nazi-occupied Europe, codenamed Würzburg. British intelligence proposed an assault to capture key components. Incredibly brave agents of the French Resistance risked their lives to probe the German defenses on the Normandy coast. Then a company of Airborne forces were dropped into France in the dead of night amid heavy snow. Launching their attack, the allied soldiers dismantled the German's radar, and after three nail-biting hours and a fierce battle with Wehrmacht defenders, escaped in the nick of time using landing-craft that carried them back across the stormy seas to Portsmouth.Operation Biting retells this dramatic operation through a gallery of amazing characters from Winston Churchill, who promoted the raid, to Lord Mountbatten, who commanded Combined Operations, to the brave unsung commandos who fought their way through enemy territory.A cliffhanger of a story that ratchets the suspense to the last page, Operation Biting sheds new light on an exciting and little-known chapter of the Second World War.

In Night Vision Pippa Goldschmidt writes about outer space and explores its multiple meanings as a place of awe and wonder to a more materialistic site in which scientific ideas are formulated and tested. This book explores space as a location of potential capital where commerce is being developed, leading to a new threatened 'enclosure of the commons'. Goldschmidt posits that outer space is not just a backdrop to our human lives, it connects us to each other through space-time, its ability to generate myths and stories, and our reliance on it to transmit information.How we view and use space is narrated through the lens of Pippa Goldschmidt's own interactions with it: a child reading a guide to the night sky, an astrophysicist doing research on the most distant objects known in the Universe, a regulator of outer space using international and British legislation, and finally a writer. Night Vision argues that we need to understand the importance of outer space in all its various manifestations so that we can protect it, and ourselves, from exploitation. Just as we have destroyed natural habitats on our own planet, we are now at risk of doing the same to other planets.

A fascinating new history of America, told through the stories of a diverse cast of ten extraordinary--and often overlooked--adventurers, from Sacagawea to Matthew Henson to Sally Ride, who pushed the boundaries of discovery and determined our national destiny.The archetype of the American explorer, a rugged white man, has dominated our popular culture since the late eighteenth century, when Daniel Boone's autobiography captivated readers with tales of treacherous journeys. But our commonly held ideas about American exploration do not tell the whole story--far from it.The Explorers rediscovers a diverse group of Americans who went to the western frontier and beyond, traversing the farthest reaches of the globe and even penetrating outer space in their endeavor to find the unknown. Many escaped from lives circumscribed by racism, sexism, poverty, and discrimination as they took on great risk in unfamiliar territory. Born into slavery, James Beckwourth found freedom as a mountain man and became one of the great entrepreneurs of Gold Rush California. Matthew Henson, the son of African American sharecroppers, left rural Maryland behind to seek the North Pole. Women like Harriet Chalmers Adams ascended Peruvian mountains to gain geographic knowledge while Amelia Earhart and Sally Ride shattered glass ceilings by pushing the limits of flight.In The Explorers, readers will travel across the vast Great Plains and into the heights of the Sierra Nevada mountains; they will traverse the frozen Arctic Ocean and descend into the jungles of South America; they will journey by canoe and horseback, train and dogsled, airplane and space shuttle. Readers will experience the exhilarating history of American exploration alongside the men and women who shared a deep drive to discover the unknown.Across two centuries and many thousands of miles of terrain, Amanda Bellows offers an ode to our country's most intrepid adventurers--and reveals the history of America in the process.

The book explores Ireland's seasonal festivals and customs from New Year through Christmas, such as St Brighid's cross-making, marriage divinations, and the unique celebration of Lunasa, offering a rich insight into Irish folk tradition.

Astronomers agree the universe has more stars in it then there are grains of sand on Earth. Recently astronomers have stated that there may be more than one billion earth-size planets in habitable zones just within our own galaxy. Even though most astronomers might agree that there might be intelligent life out there, most would argue that the distances are too great for even a highly advanced life form to travel the light years that separate most stars. These astronomers base their reasoning on the chemical rockets and have not considered alternative propulsion methods such as gravitational field propulsion. Sixty years ago, humans ventured into space for the first time by using chemical rockets. What capabilities could intelligent beings have who are a few million (or even just a few thousand) years more advanced. There is strong evidence that the Earth has been and is being visited by intelligent beings. For example, during World War II, both sides reported Foo Fighters (bright orbs of light) following their aircraft. Today they are the most common type of UFO reported. Recently released films from Navy gun cameras show flight capabilities of UFOs that are beyond our capabilities. Credible witnesses have reported UFOs doing amazing things such as 100g accelerations, right angle turns, cloaking, freezing shallow ponds, and supersonic flight without creating shock waves. This is not magic! Using science that most people have in high school, this book will explain how all of this is done, and more. Topics covered in the book include the UFO Crash at Kingman, Arizona; A Brief History of Sightings; The Truth Embargo; The Search for ETs; The Sumerian Knowledge; The Deluge; The Great Pyramid of Giza; Contact with ETs; The Amazing Things UFOs Do; Time Travel and How ETs Travel Great Distances; The theory and practice of generating gravitational fields by manipulating electro-magnetic fields; Why UFOs Crash; and what the ETs Are Up To. Are the amazing bodies recently discovered near Nazca, Peru, alien bodies? An extensive bibliography is presented at the back of the book.