International ret

This edited volume explores the principle of solidarity in international and EU law. Although the concept is regularly invoked in international and EU legal and policy debates alike, its meaning, nature and functions, as well as normative contours still remain nebulous.The contributions in this volume reflect on the legal trajectory of solidarity in international and EU law and offer unique insights into the evolution and status of the principle in different fields of international and EU law. By doing so, the book also serves as a springboard for answering broader questions pertaining to what the stage of development of this principle may imply for the two legal orders and their interaction.As the chapters of this book show, the debate on solidarity is premised on conflicting visions regarding the values underpinning the international legal order as well as the self-interest or community-oriented driving forces behind States' action at the international level. The regional (EU law) perspective offers a new lens through which to revisit classic questions pertaining to the nature of modern international law and to assess its continuing relevance in a world of regional organizations presenting different visions (and levels) of co-operation.This book, the second volume to appear in the Global Europe Series, will appeal to international and EU law researchers and policy-makers alike with an interest in the nature and function of the principle of solidarity in international and EU law.Eva Kassoti is Senior researcher in EU and International Law at the T.M.C. Asser Institute in The Hague, The Netherlands and the Academic Co-ordinator of CLEER.Narin Idriz is Researcher in EU Law at the T.M.C. Asser Institute in The Hague, The Netherlands.

This book restores to view a masterpiece of beauty and legal scholarship, which has been lost for almost two hundred years. Produced anonymously in 1838, The Tree of Legal Knowledge is an elaborate visualization in five large colored plates of the law as stated in Sir William Blackstone¿s Commentaries on the Laws of England. Intended as ¿an assistant for students in the study of law,¿ the study aid was not a simple diagram but a beautiful tree with each branch and twig labeled with legal terms and concepts from the Commentaries. Not for law students only, the original was also intended to be of use to the practicing attorney and educated gentleman ¿in consolidating his learning and forming an instructive and ornamental appendage to an office.¿Although Blackstone¿s Commentaries had been first published eighty years earlier, it remained the primary source for knowledge of English law and required reading for American law students. The Commentaries remain relevant today and are frequently cited by the U.S. Supreme Court as a source for the original understanding of legal rights and obligations at the time of American Independence. Despite its artistic beauty and academic significance, The Tree of Legal Knowledge had seemingly disappeared shortly after its publication. It is not included in the collection of any library, including the Library of Congress or in Yale University¿s Blackstone Collection, the largest in the world. It is not listed in the comprehensive Bibliographical Catalog of William Blackstone, edited by Ann Jordan Laeuchli, published for the Yale Law Library in 2015. The present volume reproduces the only extant copy of The Tree of Legal Knowledge. It includes an introduction by the editor that places The Tree in historical context and identifies the anonymous author, an otherwise unknown lawyer. In addition, it reprints the original author¿s introduction and ¿explanation of the branches,¿ both extensively annotated. This book restores this lost masterpiece to its proper place in legal history. The Tree is a beautiful¿and accurate¿depiction of English law as expounded in Blackstone¿s Commentaries, the single most important book in the history of the common law.

This book discusses the most recent developments in the WTO regime. Issues such as E-commerce, security exception clause, China's compliance with the WTO obligations, sustainability development, IP protection in FTZs, trade controls and etc., are at the forefront of WTO studies. These issues strongly influence people's understanding of the current role of WTO and provides possible way to revitalize the function of WTO. Meanwhile, as the world's second largest economy, the world's largest trading nation and the holder of the world's largest foreign exchange reserves, China is apparently a powerful figure in leading these issues. Therefore, this book explores extensively these issues from a Chinese perspective to see what China could do to reboost the world trade.

إم إس شوز سلسلة خريف كتاب اثنين - تأمين العرض العام كان سخيفا هي قصة شركة لتدمير شركة قادمة ورجل أعمال. لقد رفض المكتتبون المطالبة وطعنوا فيها حتى عام 2022 ستظل المحكمة العليا في دلهي تصدر المراسيم . بما في ذلك ، كان الاكتتاب العام هو التأمين ، الذي فشل ورفض الدفع لأسباب واهية. ومع ذلك ، بعد عشر سنوات من التقاضي المضني ، عينت المحكمة العليا في دلهي محكمًا. تم تمرير الجائزة بعد خمس سنوات أقل من قانون التحكيم ، 1940 ، لصالح شركة إم إس شوز لمنح التعويضات.على الجانب الآخر ، استخدمت شركة جي أ بي إل و ك مادهافان ، المدير المشترك المتقاعد لمكتب التحقيقات المركزي ، منصبه السابق أمام السلطات الحكومية للتشهير العلني بسمعة إم إس شوز بافان ساتشديفا. لذا ، فإن سقوط شركة إم إس شوز ليس مكتوبًا في تاريخ الشركة. لا يزال ، غير معروف للجمهور. يكشف فيلم " تأمين العرض العام كان سخيفا " حقيقة أن بعض الأفراد يمكن أن يصعدوا للعب أقذر لعبة ، ويرفض الضامنون الدفع. تأمين العرض العام كان سخيفا. إم إس شوز سلسلة خريف هي قصة الشركة الحقيقية.

ام اس شوس سری سقوط کتاب دو - بیمه پیشنهاد عمومی پوچ بود یک داستان شرکتی از نابودی یک شرکت و یک کارآفرین آینده است. پذیره نویسان تا سال 2022 این ادعا را رد کرده و آن را به چالش کشیده اند دادگاه عالی دهلی همچنان این احکام را تصویب خواهد کرد . از جمله، موضوع عمومی پذیره نویسی بیمه بود که شکست خورد و به دلایل ضعیف از پرداخت آن خودداری کرد. با این حال، پس از ده سال دعوای شدید، دادگاه عالی دهلی داور را منصوب کرد. این جایزه پس از پنج سال از دست دادن به تصویب رسید قانون داوری ، 1940، به نفع ام اس شوس که خسارت را اعطا کرد.از طرف دیگر، شرکت گجرات آپار پلیمر محدود و ک مدهوان ، مدیر مشترک بازنشسته اداره مرکزی تحقیقات، از موقعیت قبلی خود قبل از اینکه مقامات دولتی آشکارا ام اس شوس پون ساچدوا را بدنام کنند، استفاده کردند. بنابراین، سقوط شرکتی ام اس شوس در تاریخ شرکت ثبت نشده است. هنوز برای مردم ناشناخته است. " بیمه پیشنهاد عمومی پوچ بود " این واقعیت را آشکار می کند که برخی از افراد می توانند برای بازی کثیف ترین بازی بروند و پذیره نویسان از پرداخت خودداری می کنند. بیمه پیشنهاد عمومی پوچ بود. ام اس شوس سری سقوط داستان واقعی واقعی شرکت است.

This book analyses how China has engaged in global IP governance and the implications of its engagement for global distributive justice. It investigates five cases on Chinäs IP engagement in geographical indications, the disclosure obligation, IP and standardisation, and its bilateral and multilateral IP engagement. It takes a regulation-oriented approach to examine substate and non-state actors involved in Chinäs global IP engagement, identifies principles that have guided or constrained its engagement, and discusses strategies actors have used in managing the principles. Its focus on engagement directs attention to processes instead of outcomes, which enables a more nuanced understanding of the role that China plays in global IP governance than the dichotomic categorisation of China either as a global IP rule-taker or rule-maker.This book identifies two groups of strategies that China has used in its global IP engagement: forum and agenda-related strategies and principle-related strategies. The first group concerns questions of where and how China has advanced its IP agenda, including multi-forum engagement, dissembling, and more cohesive responsive engagement. The second group consists of strategies to achieve a certain principle or manage contesting principles, including modelling and balancing. It shows that Chinäs deployment of engagement strategies makes its IP system similar to those of the EU and the US. Its balancing strategy has led to constructed inconsistency of its IP positions across forums. This book argues that China still has some way to go to influence global IP agenda-setting in a way matching its status as the second largest economy.

The State In Its Relation To Trade is a book written by Thomas Henry Farrer in 1902. The book explores the role of the state in regulating and promoting trade. Farrer argues that the state has a responsibility to ensure fair competition and protect consumers from harm. He also discusses the benefits of free trade and the potential drawbacks of protectionism. The book provides a historical perspective on the development of trade policy and examines the impact of government intervention on the economy. Farrer's analysis is based on his extensive experience as a civil servant and his knowledge of economic theory. The State In Its Relation To Trade is an important contribution to the debate on the role of the state in the economy and remains relevant today.This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the old original and may contain some imperfections such as library marks and notations. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions, that are true to their original work.

The text discusses a normative field, albeit little studied, with a relevant practical dimension in contract law, competition law, as well as in the field of civil liability, namely standardisation. We will therefore analyse the main aspects of standardisation at its current stage, its objectives, the types of standards, the actors and agents, the problems and its evolution. In a liberalised economy, standardisation aims to make traded products and services compatible. The possibility of standardising healthcare services has provoked vehement protests from various healthcare professionals, especially in European countries with stronger economies.

This book explores multidisciplinary perspectives on critical issues in space from the viewpoints of New Zealand and other nations. It brings together the topics examined at the Otago Foreign Policy School 2022 by both domestic and international experts in the area of space, and includes the opening address on space policy delivered by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. This book takes a multidisciplinary approach to New Zealand¿s growing space sector in conjunction with other nations¿ perspectives on space. It encompasses space science, military and defence matters, space tourism and astronaut rescue, and international legal and policy frameworks, while taking into account future considerations. Readers such as academics, students, policy advisers, diplomats, government officials and others engaged in the field of space will find value in this book. It will appeal to think tanks and international institutions grappling with the complexities that are presented by the outer space domain.

MS SHOES ดร็อปซีรีส์ หนังสือ II - การทำประกันข้อเสนอสาธารณะนั้นไร้สาระ เป็นเรื่องราวขององค์กรที่ทำลายบริษัทที่กำลังจะเกิดขึ้นและผู้ประกอบการ ผู้จัดการการจัดจำหน่ายได้ปฏิเสธการอ้างสิทธิ์และโต้แย้งจนถึงปี 2565 ศาลสูงแห่งเดลีจะยังคงผ่านกฤษฎีกา . รวมถึงปัญหาสาธารณะในการรับประกันภัยคือการประกันภัยซึ่งล้มเหลวและปฏิเสธที่จะจ่ายเงินภายใต้เงื่อนไขที่บอบบาง อย่างไรก็ตาม หลังจากสิบปีของการฟ้องร้องที่หนักหน่วง ศาลสูงแห่งเดลีได้แต่งตั้งอนุญาโตตุลาการ รางวัลนี้ผ่านไปแล้วหลังจากผ่านไปห้าปี พระราชบัญญัติอนุญาโตตุลาการ พ.ศ. 2483 เห็นชอบให้ MS Shoes ชดใช้ค่าเสียหายในอีกด้านหนึ่ง บริษัท Gujarat Apar Polymers Limited (GAPL) และ K. Madhavan ผู้อำนวยการร่วมของสำนักงานสอบสวนกลางที่เกษียณแล้ว ใช้ตำแหน่งเดิมของเขาก่อนที่เจ้าหน้าที่ของรัฐจะกล่าวร้าย MS Shoes กับ Pavan Sachdeva อย่างเปิดเผย ดังนั้น การล่มสลายของบริษัทของ MS Shoes จึงไม่ได้ถูกบันทึกไว้ในประวัติของบริษัท ยังไม่เป็นที่รู้จักต่อสาธารณชน "การทำประกันข้อเสนอสาธารณะนั้นไร้สาระ" ตีแผ่ความจริงที่บุคคลบางคนสามารถขึ้นไปเล่นเกมที่สกปรกที่สุดได้ และ ผู้รับประกันภัย ปฏิเสธที่จะจ่ายเงิน การทำประกันข้อเสนอสาธารณะนั้นไร้สาระ MS SHOES ดร็อปซีรีส์ คือเรื่องราวขององค์กรอย่างแท้จริง

MS Shoes 没落 シリーズ ブック二 - 公募の保証はばかげていた』は、新進気鋭の企業と起業家を破滅させる企業物語である。アンダーライターは2022年まで請求を拒否し、争ってきた。デリー高等法院はそれでも判決を下すだろう。それを含めて、引受公社は保険に失敗し、薄弱な理由で支払いを拒否した。しかし、10年にわたる激しい訴訟の末、デリー高等裁判所は仲裁人を任命した。1940年の仲裁法に基づき、5年の歳月を経て、MS Shoes 社に損害賠償を認める裁定が下された。もう一方では、グジャラート・アパール・ポリマーズ社（GAPL）と、中央捜査局を退職したK.マダヴァンが、MS Shoes のパヴァン・サクデーヴァを公然と中傷した。そのため、MS Shoes の没落は企業史に記されていない。しかし、世間にはまだ知られていない。「引受公募債（公募の保証はばかげていた）」は、一部の個人が最も汚いゲームに興じることができ、引受人は支払いを拒否するという現実を暴露している。公募の保証はばかげていた。MS Shoes 没落 シリーズ は、真の企業物語である。

MS SHOES ОСЕННЯЯ СЕРИЯ КНИГА II - СТРАХОВАНИЕ ПУБЛИЧНОЙ ОФЕРТЫ БЫЛО АБСУРДНЫМ Страховщики отказывались от иска и оспаривали его до 2022 года. Решения Высокого суда Дели будут приниматься и сейчас. В том числе, андеррайтинг публичным вопросом было страхование, которое не удалось и отказалось платить по надуманным основаниям. Однако после десяти лет напряженных судебных разбирательств Высокий суд Дели назначил арбитра. Арбитражное решение было принято через пять лет в соответствии с Законом об арбитраже 1940 года в пользу компании MS Shoes. С другой стороны, компания Gujarat Apar Polymers Limited (GAPL) и К. Мадхаван, бывший содиректор Центрального бюро расследований, использовали свое предыдущее положение перед правительственными властями, открыто дискредитировав Павана Сачдеву. Таким образом, корпоративное падение MS Shoes не вписывается в историю компании. Тем не менее, неизвестен общественности. СТРАХОВАНИЕ ПУБЛИЧНОЙ ОФЕРТЫ БЫЛО АБСУРДНЫМ " раскрывает реальность того, что некоторые люди могут подняться, чтобы сыграть в самую грязную игру, а андеррайтеры отказываются платить. Страхование публичной оферты было абсурдным. MS SHOES ОСЕННЯЯ СЕРИЯ - это настоящая корпоративная история.

MS SHOES낙하 시리즈 책 II - 공개 제안이 터무니없는 보장 는 다가오는 회사와 기업가를 파괴하는 기업 이야기입니다.보험업자들은 2022년까지 청구를 거부하고 이의를 제기해 왔습니다.델리 고등 법원은 여전히 법령을 통과시킬 것입니다.예를 들어, 인수 공적 문제는 보험이었는데, 보험은 어설픈 이유로 지불을 거부하고 실패했습니다.그러나 10 년간의 격렬한 소송 끝에 델리 고등 법원은 중재자를 임명했습니다.이 판정은 1940년 중재법에 따라 5년 만에 통과되었으며 MS Shoes가 손해 배상을 승인했습니다.한편, 구자라트 아파르 폴리머스 리미티드 (GAPL) 와 은퇴한 중앙수사국 공동 책임자인 K. 마드하반은 정부 당국이 MS Shoes 파반 사치데바 의 명예를 공개적으로 훼손하기 전에 직위를 이용했다.따라서 MS Shoes의 기업 몰락은 기업 역사에 기록되지 않습니다.그래도 대중에게 알려지지 않았습니다." 공개 제안이 터무니없는 보장"는 일부 개인은 가장 더러운 게임을 플레이하기 위해 올라갈 수 있지만 보험업자는 지불을 거부한다는 현실을 폭로합니다. 공개 제안이 터무니없는 보장. MS SHOES낙하 시리즈 진정한 기업 이야기입니다.

This book provides a critical introduction to the complex relationship between law and peace.

The starting point of this book is the generally shared observation that in violence-torn areas of limited statehood, the civilian population is often subject to deliberate attacks. This violence often escalates to core crimes such as war crimes, crimes against humanity and even genocide. The International Criminal Court (ICC) could potentially deter such crimes. In order to do so, it largely depends on the cooperation of the states on the territory of which alleged core criminals operate. Since such states are often unwilling or unable to cooperate, the book explores whether the ICC could instead seek assistance from international forces such as UN peace support operations, UN-mandated missions, and belligerent occupants.The book covers, on the one hand, the law and practice of the UN Security Council with regard to mandating international forces to arrest and transfer alleged offenders to the ICC or to other international courts. On the other, it addresses to what extent international forces may or must hand alleged offenders over to the ICC, regardless of such mandates. More precisely, the book examines whether the duties to prosecute genocide, torture, enforced disappearance, grave breaches and other war crimes apply extraterritorially and ¿ if so ¿ whether international forces can discharge these duties by transferring suspects to the ICC.At the same time, the book addresses the limitations to such extraterritorial action: firstly, to what extent the prohibition of the use of force and the principle of territorial sovereignty restrict extraterritorial deprivations of liberty and transfer to the ICC. Secondly, it explores the restrictions and permissions that the law of occupation and other norms of international humanitarian law impose on such apprehensions and transfers. Finally, it discusses how international forces can uphold the right to liberty and security as well as the principle of non-refoulement when they extraterritorially apprehend ICC suspects. This also reflects the book¿s relevance with regard to the more general debate on the extraterritorial application of human rights.

This book focuses on OLAF, the European Union¿s anti-fraud office, and examines the role of and challenges concerning fundamental rights in OLAF¿s composite enforcement procedure. The mission of OLAF (Office Européen de Lutte Antifraude) is to fight fraud, corruption and any other illegal activities that affect the financial interests of the European Union. To this end, OLAF carries out administrative investigations, in which it gathers evidence itself, and coordination cases, in which it coordinates the Member States¿ investigations. OLAF¿s investigation and coordination efforts are conceived of as mere derivatives of other more traditional forms of law enforcement cooperation in which authorities enter into obligations to cooperate with one another, but in which each acts to fulfill these obligations within its own separately identifiable legal order and on the basis of its own law. This system, in its most conventional form, is founded on the notion of territorial sovereignty.If we extend the logic of this approach from enforcement (the ¿sword¿) to fundamental rights (the ¿shield¿), issues in relation to the latter ¿ and the accompanying responsibility to prevent and/or remedy them ¿ can arise only in individual (sovereign) legal orders. The way in which we view OLAF, as an evolved cognate of traditional forms of law enforcement cooperation, therefore directly dictates which fundamental rights issues enter into the equation, and in which manner.This book proposes an innovative way of looking at OLAF, which we refer to as ¿composite enforcement procedures.¿ In this type of procedure, responsibilities for the entirety of enforcement are attributed to inextricably interlinked European Union and Member State legal orders. If we observe OLAF through this new lens, fundamental rights issues that would otherwise go unnoticed come to the forefront. These are issues that arise not in individual legal orders, but rather between or among theEuropean Union and the Member States. This book addresses these fundamental rights challenges and makes concrete recommendations on how they can be addressed and resolved.

This book evaluates how the legal, institutional and policy frameworks for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the United States, South Africa and Kenya have addressed the current needs and challenges involved in these systems¿ operation and integration into regulatory frameworks for civil aviation. It shows how the three states have developed their own constitutional frameworks, legislation, regulations, policies and strategic plans to address the challenges that emanate from integrating UAS into the civil aviation airspace.The book details the three countries¿ integration experiences, investigating the extent to which existing international regulatory frameworks address the various concerns, and identifies the common thread that runs through UAS regulation, as well as each country¿s unique issues and path to integration. Recognizing that the approach for integration of UAS into civil aviation needs to be gradual and pragmatic, the book recommends scaling up institutional capacity, coordination and funding, and intensifying regional efforts to redefine and support UAS integration.

This book showcases Nigerian and South African experiences on space politics, policy and strategy vis-à-vis their development and security aspirations, while contributing to the broader African and the Global-South perspectives on the subject. Space policy in developing countries such as Nigeria and South Africa is motivated by utilitarian promises that space and the attendant technologies have the potential to advance development and security interests of the affected nations. However, several decades into the orbital journey of these countries, little is known of their space politics, policies, strategies, capacities and capabilities, and realisation of desired objectives. Beyond pure and applied sciences reductionism, this book offers social science perspectives on space studies in Africa, as it examines the intricate relationships of historical, geographical, social, demographic, economic, political, administrative, and strategic factors, nationally, regionally and globally thathave shaped research and development of space science and technologies, and their benefits, in Nigeria and South Africa.

This book provides researchers and policy-makers with legal avenues to enable a just transition to decarbonisation. The focus is on the United Nations themes of loss and damage, transport, nature and youth - across Australia and other economies - to significantly reduce CO2 emissions by 2030 and beyond. The four themes scaffold discussions about a just transition beyond the UN Climate Change Conference COP28 in Dubai with the specific issues addressed in this book serving as a starting point for future discussions.

This book assesses the EU legal framework applicable to dairy products obtained through precision fermentation. It maps the authorisation and labelling requirements for these products to be placed on the EU market. It compares these provisions to those governing the food markets in the USA and Singapore, which are considered to be more innovation-friendly. At the time of writing, the precision-fermented dairy sector is still in the developmental phase, with only a few precision-fermented dairy alternatives available on the market, none of which are present in the EU. Regulatory uncertainty has been cited as significant obstacle for food business operators seeking to introduce alternative protein products in the EU. The book confirms these reports, as the current EU regulatory framework presents several legal uncertainties that are challenging for food business operators to overcome. Broadly speaking, there are two authorisation frameworks applicable to dairy products obtained through precision fermentation in the EU. The choice between these frameworks depends on the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or residues thereof in the final product. If such GMOs or residues are present, the pre-market authorisation procedure is governed by the Genetically Modified Food and Feed Regulation (GMFR). If the final product does not contain any GMOs or residues, it falls under the scope of the Novel Food Regulation (NFR), and the pre-market authorisation procedure is governed accordingly. Both of these authorisation pathways entail high regulatory requirements, which can pose challenges for the development of the precision fermentation sector. Despite the difficulty in accurately classifying products, it is crucial for food business operators to comprehend the applicable legal framework early in the product development process, given that the authorisation paths differ in their standards. In addition to pre-market authorisation requirements, companies must address labelling issues. Food labelling shall provide a basis for consumers to make informed choices in relation to the foods they consume. The primary objective of EU food labelling law is to prevent consumer deception , making it crucial for dairy products and their animal-free alternatives, to adhere to a stringent naming law as stipulated in the Common Market Organisation and specific accompanying legislation. Moreover, it is imperative to consider regulations regarding the use of health and nutrition claims, as well as labels such as ¿vegan¿ or ¿organic¿, etc. Furthermore, the labelling of novel foods and genetically modified foods may necessitate mandatory information specified in the authorisation process. The book serves as a comprehensive guideline for food business operators involved in the production of precision-fermented dairy alternatives, aiding them in navigating the intricate European regulatory landscape.

This book focuses on enhanced educator awareness of issues involving the status of the right to education as guaranteed by various legal systems throughout the world, in light of the growing interest in comparative and international studies, including the law. Consequently, this interdisciplinary, comparative book, which includes original chapters by leading academicians with expertise in law and education, is designed to serve as a resource for researchers in education and law as well as policymakers and students. To this end, the book provides readers with an enhanced awareness of the nature of legal systems impacting education throughout the world.Education is the driving force of the world development as well as the basic way to realize human rights and values. At the same time, law plays an important role in the protection, evaluation, guidance, and promotion in the process of the development of education. The book thus has interdisciplinary appeal. Various audiences will find this highly accessible book informative and valuable, including scholars with an interest in Education Law, university faculty and classes (whether involved in teacher preparation or educational leadership), legal practitioners, and university libraries.

This book provides an in-depth discussion of the theoretical and practical issues of criminal imputation for negligence crime involving artificial intelligence. Accordingly, this study combines the imputation challenges brought about by AI with traditional criminal imputation theory and analyses imputation for negligence crime involving AI from three aspects: the basic principles, structure, and results of imputation for negligence crime involving AI. The traditional theory of imputation is discussed in detail. The readership is a group of people interested in this topic, including, in particular, interested laymen, undergraduate students and postgraduate researchers. The highlights of this book are it identifies the imputation challenges bought about by AI, reveals the theoretical and practical gap in the criminal imputation of negligent crimes involving AI, and provides an in-depth and creative ideas of criminal imputation for the negligent crimes involving AI.