Kemi

This book combines discursive chapters that present the latest progress in molecular biology, drug discovery, organ-tissue engineering, and related fields, with a number of descriptive chapters on methods, protocols, and case studies. Structured into four parts, this volume walks the reader through the latest in cellular biology, with discussions on novel medicinal plant metabolites, nanotechnology in precision medicine, nucleic acid-based therapeutics and vaccines, genetic engineering, computational aid, bioinformatics, synthetic organs for transplantation, and organ-tissue engineering. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detail and expert implementation advice that ensures quality results in the lab. Authoritative and informative, Gene, Drug, and Tissue Engineering serves as an ideal guide for undergraduate students, postgraduate researchers, and senior researchers working in biomedicine and its underlying technologies, stimulating both computational and experimental development and fostering the exchange of new ideas.

Extraordinary color illustrations make biochemistry concepts easy to understand and retainProviding a powerful visual overview of the entire spectrum of human biochemistry, the third edition of the popular Color Atlas of Biochemistry is an ideal reference and study aid. It utilizes the signature "Flexibook" format, consisting of double-page spreads with clear explanatory text on the left-hand page and exquisitely detailed full-color graphics on the right. These "bite-sized" learning capsules ensure that your review of any given topic is quick, efficient, and comprehensive, allowing you to target the exact information you need for classroom and exam success.New features of this bestselling review book:- Increased focus on pathobiochemical aspects and clinical correlations, especially useful for exam preparation in the clinical sciences- New and expanded sections on the immune and digestive systems, motor proteins, transport processes, blood clotting and fibrinolysis, biochemistry of fatty tissue, metabolic integration, neurotransmitters and their receptors, signal transduction, and much more!- Symbols for atoms, biomolecules, coenzymes, biochemical processes, and chemical reactions are color-coded to promote quick comprehension- Computer graphics that provide simulated 3D representations of important molecules, making complex subject matter tangible- Convenient color thumb index that guides you quickly through the book This superb didactic atlas has been used by medical and health science students worldwide since its first publication in German in 1994 and has since been translated into fifteen languages. Its unrivalled illustrations, concise text, and focused presentation all combine to create an excellent, high-yield study guide.

This book reviews the development of cell-free production platforms and offers an authoritative perspective of the latest advances and methodologies in cell-free production systems. Readers will discover the biomanufacturing potential of in vitro biotransformation (ivBT) employing purified cascade multi-enzymes, the development of hydrogel-based multi-enzymatic systems for biosynthesis, and novel insights into the optimization of biocatalytic processes. Additionally, the book explores the cell-free production and regeneration of cofactors, shedding light on strategies to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of cellular processes.In this book, particular attention is given to the progress of cell-free in vitro evolution techniques for optimizing enzyme performance, and the book also presents the integration of rapid and finely-tuned expression systems for deployable sensing applications, revolutionizing the field of biosensing. The synthesis and electrophysiological analysis of multipass voltage-gated ion channels tethered in microsomal membranes are explored, providing a deep understanding of cellular function at the molecular level. Lastly, the book covers compartmentalized cell-free expression systems for building synthetic cells, showcasing the potential for constructing artificial cellular systems with unique functionalities.Given its breadth, this book appeals to academics, researchers, and professionals interested in the forefront of biotechnology, and together with the companion volume ¿Cell-free Macromolecular Synthesis¿, both books highlight the research progresses on the basic and applied research of cell-free production systems in the last few years, being invaluable resources in the field.Chapter ¿Cell-free synthesis and electrophysiological analysis of multipass voltage-gated ion channels tethered in microsomal membranes¿ is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This handbook presents a compilation of plant histopathology laboratory practices and microscopy techniques for study plant tissues under biotic stress. It will serve as an easy-to-reference material for professors, undergraduate and graduate students and researchers from different areas who work with the interaction between plants and pathogens, whether they are fungi, viruses or bacteria. Besides, it will also help unveil the structural, ultrastructural and histochemical changes induced by plants when challenged by plant pathogens.

Micro and nano devices are an integral part of modern technology. To address the requirements of the state-of-the-art technology, topics are selected from both chip-based and flexible electronics. A wide range of carbon materials including graphene, carbon nanotube, glass-like carbon, porous carbon, carbon black, graphite, carbon nanofiber, laser-patterned carbon and heteroatom containing carbon are covered. This goal is to elucidate fundamental carbon material science along with compatible micro- and nanofabrication techniques. Real-life example of sensors, energy storage and generation devices, MEMS, NEMS and implantable bioelectronics enable visualization of the outcome of described processes. Students will also benefit from the attractive aspects of carbon science explained in simple terms. Hybridization, allotrope classification and microstructural models are presented with a whole new outlook. Discussions on less-studied, hypothetical and undiscovered carbon forms render the contents futuristic and highly appealing.

When the author began working on phosphors based on rare-earth elements, he lacked an introductory textbook that explained the fundamental chemistry, basic optical properties, and magnetic characteristics of lanthanide elements. This book provides a concise overview of the rare-earth elements and is divided into two parts. In the first part, the reader receives an overview of solid-state chemistry and fundamental physical properties of these elements. Key topics of the first part include the separation chemistry of lanthanides, their chemical behaviour and physical properties. Then relevant compound classes are illustrated, crystal structures are systematically explained. The second part focuses on the optical and magnetic properties on relevant examples, also discussing many applications. Students and researchers new to the topic of "Rare-Earth Elements" receive a comprehensive introduction to understand basic optical and magnetic properties and incentives for deeper studies.

This Special Issue will provide a snapshot of the state of the art in metals, alloy coatings, and films produced through several techniques, including PVD, CVD, MOCVD, electrodeposition, electroless, ALD, welding, etc. These metal and alloy coatings and films can act as corrosion and oxidation resistance barriers and catalysts to enable water splitting, among other catalysis applications. Ten contributions (nine articles and one review) have been published in this Special Issue, covering research topics such as the fracture of metal parts, progress in coating growth and characterization techniques, processing condition-structure-property relations, the development of novel lubricants and advanced simulations relevant to tribological contacts and metal manufacturing, and the structural, morphological, corrosion, oxidizing, wear, and catalytic properties of thin films. As the Guest Editor, I hope that the research results presented in this Special Issue will contribute to the further progression of research in the field of special metal alloy coating and catalysis.

Syngas (CO and H2) is a crucial platform for the production of a variety of high-value compounds. This reprint focused on research into the production of syngas, the conversion and application of syngas, and catalyst synthesis.

This book addresses the application of Raman spectroscopic techniques to a range of diverse problems which arise in the study, conservation and restoration of artefacts and sites closely related to our cultural heritage as well as in authentication. These themes are naturally wider than what at first might be considered as artworks and archaeological artefacts and the topics include pigments, paintings, ceramics, glass, sculpture and patination / corrosion, textiles, industrial archaeology, the degradation and preservation of biomaterials, mummies and human skeletal remains. An interesting feature is the inclusion of modern case studies which describe specific problems and approaches to the Raman spectral analysis of items important to our cultural heritage. The text is prefaced with an introduction to the important parameters used in nondestructive Raman measurements and also highlights some future applications based upon novel miniaturised instrumentation for in-field studies and potential screening work which will identify specimens which would repay further studies in the laboratory. An attempt is made to give a snapshot of the state-of-the-art evolution since the beginning of the technique (1970s) and to point out potential further development. The book is co-edited by three international experts with many years' experience in the application of Raman spectroscopy to artworks, archaeological artefacts and in the investigation of materials and sites for cultural heritage preservation and each editor has undertaken to write individual chapters and different topics personally. The adopted approach is designed to convey the sort of information which has become available from the adoption of analytical Raman spectroscopy to different problems in the field of cultural heritage preservation through the spectral interrogation of artefacts and how the interpretation of the spectral data can assist museum curators, archaeologists and cultural heritage historians in the preservation and conservation of ancient materials and sites : a particular advantage in this respect is the ability of Raman spectroscopy to determine -generally in a strictly noninvasive procedure - at the laboratory or on-site with mobile instruments, the presence of both organic and inorganic components in a particular specimen together nondestructively without any chemical and mechanical pretreatment being undertaken, which is an essential requirement for rare and valuable samples . An important aside from this work is the means of spectral identification of ongoing biodeterioration and biological colonisation in specimens in storage and the effects of environmental deterioration such as humidity and temperature upon their integrity.

Coconut water, a naturally-canned tropical beverage, has been gaining popularity in recent years and has drawn the attention world over as a natural and nutritional wellness beverage. The research published thus far on coconut water has mainly focused on its specific uses, biochemical composition and health benefits as well as processing and preservation techniques and has been published mostly in journal articles. Only a few books covering a wide spectrum of coconut water for health and wellness are currently available. This work offers a comprehensive and fully updated overview of coconut water from processing techniques to value addition to safety to nutritional benefits and beyond.  Coconut Water: Processing, Distribution & Nutritional Benefits provides in-depth details on all of the major processing techniques required to produce and maintain a quality product free of contamination and adulteration. The book covers the standards of coconut water production and distribution in various countries enabling the processors and exporters to manufacture and export for better revenue realization. The book also provides details of patents related to coconut water granted to researchers. Another important aspect of this work is comprehensive coverage on the various nutritional and health benefits of coconut water consumption as well as on the value addition (traditional and innovative products). In markets across the world, consumers of all ages have been turning to coconut water for its taste and nutritional benefits. This book will provide researchers, processors and exporters the comprehensive information needed to produce and market quality, nutritional coconut water for consumers. 

The book about Non-bacterial toxins will cover those toxins that affect food safety and are produced by fungi (mycotoxins), cyanobacteria (cyanotoxins) and marine microalgae (phycotoxins). These three group of toxins affect food safety and drinking water quality at a global scale, and they pose three main challenges for scientists: 1) Climate change is causing a slow but steady change on the chemical profile of each of these groups, causing intoxications in areas that are geographically new to the intoxications map. For this reason, emerging toxins are a new topic that requires an important reallocation of resources to understand the new toxins trends, their toxicology, their analytical control and how to deal with them from a regulatory standpoint. 2) Toxicological science needs to be updated to determine the impact of the toxins in all kind of vectors (more and more are being discovered) and how they disseminate on the food chain. Also, the mode of action of many of this toxins is not understood or even known, and this affects also to the impact of the coexistence of several toxins in the same matrix. 3) Detection and regulation, as this requires the use of advance technology (mass spectrometry, biosensors, multitask screening etc) that is in many cases underdevelopped or not available, especially for many of the new toxins. Climate change, toxicology and detection affect so many areas of science that this book will try to keep the readers updated about the current state of the art.

Pyrazoles are considered privileged structures in medicinal chemistry due to their remarkable biological activities and occurrence in many low-molecular-weight compounds present in several marketed drugs (e.g., Celebrex® and Viagra®). Pyrazoles are also found within a variety of agrochemicals (fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides) and are versatile scaffolds for synthetic manipulations. The structural features of pyrazoles (mainly tautomerism, with possible implications for their reactivity), as well as their diverse applications, have stimulated the work of several research groups towards the synthesis and functionalization of pyrazole-type compounds and the study of their properties.This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue entitled "Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Functionalization and Applications of Pyrazole-Type Compounds II" published online in the open-access journal Molecules. The second edition of this Special Issue presents some of the most recent advancements in pyrazoles' chemistry. Ten original research articles and five reviews discuss new organic reactions and methodologies for the synthesis and functionalization of pyrazoles (including their reduced forms, pyrazolines), their use as ligands for the preparation of complexes, structural aspects and properties, and their applications in different fields.

In recent years, there have been significant advances made in emulsion science in order to improve the quality and performance of different emulsion-based products using new techniques and structural designs. Emulsion systems have been employed for many years to develop a wide variety of commercial emulsified products, including food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. Furthermore, this type of colloidal system has been utilized as a vehicle for the encapsulation and delivery of different bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, vitamins, and fragrances. Therefore, a new generation of advanced emulsions may lead to products with enhanced quality and functionality.

This book discusses the extraction, purification, modification, and processing of biobased materials and their various industrial applications, across biomedical, pharmaceutical, construction, and other industries. It includes contributions from experts on hybrid biopolymers and bio-composites, bioactive and biodegradable materials, bio-inert polymers, natural polymers and composites, and metallic natural materials. Therefore, this encyclopedia is a useful reference for scientists, academicians, research scholars, and technologists. Major challenges of biobased materials are their efficient development, cost-effective, and green & environment friendly production/applications. This encyclopedia answers these challenges to professionals and scientists for proper utilization of biobased materials. It presents the recent practices of biobased materials technology in different scientific and engineering domains. It helps the bounded industrial outcomes to reach the general readership of different domains. This encyclopedia bridges the technological gaps between the industrial and academic professionals and the novice young students/scholars. The interdisciplinarity of this encyclopedia makes it unique for a wide readership.  The topic of biobased materials is currently popular in the scientific community, working in such following areas as Recycled materials, Renewable materials, Materials for efficiency, Materials for waste treatment, Materials for reduction of environmental load, Materials for easy disposal or recycle, Hazardous free materials, Materials for reducing human health impact, Materials for energy efficiency, Materials for green energy, etc. This is a relatively hot topic in materials science and has strong demands for energy, material and money savings, as well as heavy contamination problems, despite that the area of biobased materials belongs to most important fields of modern science & technology, no important encyclopedias have been published in the area of "e;biobased materials"e;

This book provides a comprehensive overview on the recent significant advancements of conductive polymers and their composites in terms of conductive mechanism, fabrication strategies, important properties, and various promising applications. The corresponding knowledge was systematically compiled in the logical order and demonstrated as seven chapters. The special structure, influencing factors of the conductivity, the charge carrier transport model, the wettability and classical categories of the conductive polymers are narrated. Both conventional and novel strategies undertaken to fabricate the conductive polymers are introduced, as provided the overall master of the progress. In comparison with the bulk counterpart, nanostructured conductive polymers with different dimensions such as nanospheres, nano-networks, nanotubes and nanowire arrays are produced through distinct methods, thus presenting unique and distinct performance endowed by the nanometer scale. The combination of conductive polymers with other functional materials results in a number of the composites with improved properties by synergistic effect. The superior performance of conductive polymers and their composites greatly facilitates their development toward various important applications in the advanced and sophisticated fields such as biological utilization, energy storage and sensors. Due to their excellent biocompatibility, conductive polymers and their composites stand out to be useful in the biological field including tissue engineering, drug delivery and artificial muscle. To meet the urgent demand of the energy storage, conductive polymers and their composites play an important role in the devices including supercapacitors, solar cells and fuel cells. Finally, development of conductive polymers and their composites in the modern industry is greatly enhanced by their applications in smart sensors such as conductometric sensors, gravimetric sensors, optical sensors, chemical sensors and biosensors. This book has significant value for researchers, graduate students, and engineers carrying out the fundamental research or industrial production of conductive polymers and their composites.

The thesis contains several pioneering results at the intersection of state-of-the-art materials characterization techniques and machine learning. The use of machine learning empowers the information extraction capability of neutron and photon spectroscopies. In particular, new knowledge and new physics insights to aid spectroscopic analysis may hold great promise for next-generation quantum technology. As a prominent example, the so-called proximity effect at topological material interfaces promises to enable spintronics without energy dissipation and quantum computing with fault tolerance, yet the characteristic spectral features to identify the proximity effect have long been elusive. The work presented within permits a fine resolution of its spectroscopic features and a determination of the proximity effect which could aid further experiments with improved interpretability. A few novel machine learning architectures are proposed in this thesis work which leverage the case when the data is scarce and utilize the internal symmetry of the system to improve the training quality. The work sheds light on future pathways to apply machine learning to augment experiments.

This thesis provides the first atomic length-scale observation of the structural transformation (referred to as lattice reconstruction) that occurs in moire superlattices of twisted bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) at low (I < 2Es) twist angles. Such information is essential for the fundamental understanding of how manipulating the rotational twist-angle between two adjacent 2-dimensional crystals subsequently affects their optical and electrical properties.Studies using Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), a powerful tool for atomic-scale imaging, were limited due to the complexity of the (atomically-thin) sample fabrication requirements. This work developed a unique way to selectively cut and re-stack monolayers of TMDs with a controlled rotational twist angle which could then be easily suspended on a TEM grid to meet the needs of the atomically thin sample requirements. The fabrication technique enabled the study of the two common stacking-polytypes including 3R and 2H (using MoS2 and WS2 as the example) as well as their structural evolution with decreasing twist-angle.Atomic-scale studies were followed by a comprehensive investigation of their electronic properties using scanning probe microscopy and electrical transport measurements of the artificially-engineered structures. The electronic structure of two common stacking-polytypes (3R and 2H) were strikingly different, as revealed by conductive atomic force microscopy. Further studies focused on the 3R-stacking polytype to reveal room-temperature out-of-plane ferroelectricity using tools such as kelvin probe force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrical transport measurements. This work highlights that the unique intrinsic properties of TMDs (i.e. semiconductors with strongly light-matter interaction) combined with the additional twisted degree-of-freedom has great potential to create atomically thin transistors/LEDs with built-in memory storage functions and will further aid in the development of the next generation of optoelectronics.

This PhD thesis reports on investigations of several oxide-based materials using advanced infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques and in combination with external stimuli such as high magnetic or electric field, sptial confinement in thin film heterostructures and the radiation with UV light. This leads to new results in the fields of superconductivity, electronic polarization states and nanoscale phenomena.Among these, the observation of anomalous polar moments is of great relevance for understanding the electric-field-induced metal-to-insulator transistion; and the demonstration that confocal Raman spectroscopy of backfolded acoustic photons in metal-oxide multilayers  can be used as a powerful characterization tool for monitoring their interface properties and layer thickness is an important technical development for the engineering of such functional oxide heterostructures. 

This book features selected articles based on contributions presented at the 9th International Symposium on Optics and Its Applications (OPTICS-2022) in Yerevan-Ashtarak, Armenia. The annual OPTICS symposium brings together renowned experts from all over the world working in the fields of atomic optics, plasmonics, optics of nanostructures, as well as the optics of condensed matter, and provides a perfect setting for their discussions of the most recent developments in this area.The 9th iteration in this series, dedicated to the 80th birthday of Academician Eduard Kazaryan, focuses on topics dealing with the spectroscopy of real and artificial atoms, linear and nonlinear optical characteristics of quantum wells, and two-dimensional materials. The book highlights recent results of few-particle optical characteristics of artificial atoms in the framework of the exactly solvable Moshinsky model, as well as an electro-optical analog of the magneto-optical Faraday effect. In addition, a detailed study of the nucleation process, its characterization, as well as electronic and optical properties of graded composition quantum dots in the StranskiKrastanov growth mode, is presented.

This book provides an accessible overview of the historical background of the chemistry of flexible metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their features.

Process integration and intensification are means to improve the sustainability metrics of the industrial processes, balancing the pillars of economy, environment, and social demand. The book covers a sequential framework for the design and operation of microalgae-based facilities using process integration and intensifi cation, discusses products and applications,and provides a global perspective with contributions from renowned experts. Covers relevant opportunities of process integration and intensification applied to microalgae-based systems. Provides a complete review of the state of the art of these industrial approaches. Presents new insights into industrial sustainability.

This book provides an excellent platform for understanding the chemical processes involved in food transformation. Starting with the examination of major food components, such as water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and minerals, the author further introduces the biochemistry of digestion and energy metabolism of food ingredients. The last section of the book is devoted to modern food technologies and their future perspectives.

This contributed volume provides a critical review of research in the field of Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis (EPOC). It presents recent developments during the past decade that have led to a better understanding of the field and towards applications of the EPOC concept. The chapters focus on the implementation of EPOC for developing sinter-resistant catalysts, catalysts for hydrogen production, ammonia production and carbon dioxide valorization. The book also highlights the developments towards electropromoted dispersed catalysts and for self-sustained electrochemical promotion which are currently expanding. This authoritative analysis of EPOC is useful for various scientific communities working at the interface of heterogeneous catalysis, solid state electrochemistry and materials science. It is of particular interest to groups whose research focuses on developments towards a better and more sustainable future.

This Special Issue covers various aspects of materials engineering in the topic of the fabrication of hybrid and composite materials. It mainly focuses on the novel developments of new processing methodologies for the fabrication and modification of carbon and related hybrid and composite materials for magnetic, electronics, prosthetic and optoelectronics applications. These composite and hybrid materials composed mainly of the molecular structure of fullerenes, graphene, carbon fibers and nanotubes as well as metallic nanoparticles of great potential applications in nanotechnology. The Special Issue collected ten research articles describing diverse research topics of different carbon base materials like single-wall carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, fullerenes, multi-wall carbon boron nitride and graphene hybrids and nanocomposites. We would like to thank all authors whose contributions are included in this Special Issue for their excellent work, and for their inspiring and interesting articles.

This book elucidates the peculiar phenomenon of entropy/enthalpy compensation that takes place in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of polymers. Numerous publications, including some books, are devoted to molecular characterization of synthetic polymers, materials presently produced in large and steadily growing quantities, applying methods of HPLC. A knowledge of the molecular characteristics of polymers is indispensable, not only for their proper applications but also for their recycling and remediation. Polymer scientists generally focus on synthesis and potential applications of polymers while not giving due attention to an important central link, their comprehensive characterization in context of development of structure-property correlations. To fill this gap is one of the aims of the present book. The process of entropy/enthalpy compensation plays a decisive role in the advanced method of polymer characterization such as liquid chromatography at critical conditions, eluent gradient interaction chromatography, and temperature gradient interaction chromatography. All chemists working on any aspect of polymer science will find this book a valuable resource for the development of structure-property correlations.

This book provides a selection of recent developments in scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) technology and applications. In recent years, SICM has been applied in an ever-increasing number of areas in the bioanalytical sciences. SICM is based on an electrolyte-filled nanopipette with a nanometer-scale opening, over which an electric potential is applied. The induced ion current is measured, which allows to directly or indirectly quantify various physical quantities such as pipette-sample distance, ion concentration, sample elastic modulus among many others. This makes SICM well suited for applications in electrolytes - most prominently for the study of live cells.This book starts with a historic overview starting from the days of the invention of SICM by Paul Hansma at the University of California at Santa Barbara in 1989. SICM is a member of the family of scanning probe microscopies. It is related to another prominent member of the family, atomic force microscopy (AFM), which has found application in almost any field of nanoscale science. The advantages and disadvantages of SICM over AFM are also outlined. One of the most effective and break-through applications of SICM nanopipettes is in electrochemistry. The different routes and applications for doing electrochemistry using nanopipettes are also discussed. In addition the book highlights the ability of SICM for surface positioning with nanometer precision to open up new vistas in patch clamp measurements subcellular structures. Finally the book presents one research area where SICM has been making a lot of contributions, cardiac research and the endeavors to combine SICM with super-resolution optical microscopy for highest-resolution joint topography and functional imaging.