Kemi

This book provides a detailed, self-contained description of automatic indexing of crystal diffraction patterns, considering both ab initio indexing and indexing of patterns originating from known structures. Introductory chapters equip the reader with the necessary basic knowledge of geometric crystallography, as well as kinematic and dynamic theories of crystal diffraction. Subsequent chapters delve and describe ab initio indexing of single crystal diffraction patterns and indexing of patterns for orientation determination. The book also reviews methods of indexing powder diffraction and electron spot-type patterns, as well the subject of multigrain indexing. Later chapters are devoted to diffraction by helical structures and quasicrystals, as well as some aspects of lattice parameter refinement and strain determination.The book is intended equally for materials scientists curious about 'nuts and bolts' of diffraction pattern indexing and orientation mapping systems, as well as interdisciplinary researchers from physics, chemistry, and biology involved in crystallographic computing. It provides a rigorous, yet accessible, treatment of the subject matter for graduate students interested in understanding the functioning of diffraction pattern indexing engines.

The third volume of this Special Issue, similarly to the first two, covers a wide range of topics: obtaining and characterization of new materials, from the nano- to the macroscale, involving new alloys, ceramics, composites, biomaterials, and polymers, as well as procedures and technologies for enhancing their structure, properties, and functions. In order to be able to determine the future use of new materials, we first must understand their structure and ascertain their characteristics, utilizing modern techniques such as microscopy (SEM, TEM, AFM, STM, etc.), spectroscopy (EDX, XRD, XRF, FTIR, XPS, etc.), mechanical tests (tensile, hardness, elastic modulus, toughness, etc.), and understand their behavior (corrosion, thermal, DSC, STA, DMA, magnetic properties, and biocompatibility, both in vitro and in vivo), among many other areas of research.

This volume brings together internationally leading researchers in this interdisciplinary field to explore and exchange ideas, both experimental and theoretical, to further our understanding of the fundamental properties of water at interfaces.

This book introduces a comprehensive overview on the fundamentals and applications of environmental sampling and analysis for students in environmental science and engineering as well as environmental professionals involved in sampling and analytical work. The book details fundamentals of sampling, selection of standard methods, QA/QC, sample preparation, chemical and instrumental principles, and method applications to various contaminants in environmental matrices (air, water, soil, waste, and biological samples). The book gives an integrated introduction to sampling and analysis - both are essential to quality environmental data. For example, contrary to other books that introduce a specific area of sampling and analysis, this text provides a balanced mix of field sampling and laboratory analysis, essential knowledge in chemistry/statistics/hydrology/regulations, wet chemical methods for conventional chemicals as well as various modern instrumental techniques for contaminants of emerging concerns. The new edition adds three standalone chapters regarding the basics of analytical and organic chemistry, environmental data analysis, mass spectrometry and other significant amounts of new materials such as time-integrated passive sampling, incremental sampling, green sample preparation, Raman spectroscopy, chiral separation, and non-target analysis. In addition, the second edition provides more examples, visual aids, case studies, and end-of-chapter exercise problems to enhance a better understanding of the fundamentals of environmental sampling and analysis while incorporating current literature (mostly peer-reviewed journal papers) regarding the applications and challenges in the field of environmental sampling and analysis.

This collection provides detailed information on current advances in analytical methods and strategies employed for monitoring and discovering a wide range of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) in clinical and forensic laboratories. The main classes of NPS in terms of prevalence include synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, synthetic opioids, and designer or synthetic benzodiazepines, and this book explores selecting the appropriate sample matrix and analytical testing approaches for laboratories faced with NPS drug testing, such as in blood, urine, saliva, and hair. Written for the Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology series, chapters in this volume feature the kind of detailed implementation advice from the experts that leads to successful results in the lab. Authoritative and practical, Methods for Novel Psychoactive Substance Analysis serves as an ideal guide for forensic and clinical toxicologists, pharmacologists and chemists in academic and research settings, as well as for private laboratories seeking to increase our ability to test for these substances.@font-face {font-family:"e;Cambria Math"e;; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536869121 1107305727 33554432 0 415 0;}@font-face {font-family:Calibri; panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-469750017 -1073732485 9 0 511 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:"e;"e;; margin:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"e;Times New Roman"e;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"e;Times New Roman"e;; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"e;Times New Roman"e;; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;}

This book presents a collection of chapters on modern bioelectrochemistry, showing different aspects of emerging techniques and materials, biodevice design and reactions. The chapters provide relevant bibliographic information for researchers and students interested in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy applied in biodevices, trends, and validation on impedimetric immunosensors in the application of routine analysis, electrochemical-surface plasmon bioanalytics and carbon nanomaterials in electrochemical biodevices, insights on inorganic complexes and metal based for biomarkers sensors, bioelectrodes and cascade reactions and field effect-based reactions.

This book focuses on the fundamentals and applications of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics and discusses the strengths and key challenges of this emerging class of drugs. In the past 30 years, extensive research and technological development in many areas have contributed to the emergence of in vitro transcribed mRNA as a therapeutic that has now reached clinical testing. Formulations that protect the mRNA from nucleases and accelerate its cellular uptake, combined with improvements to the mRNA molecules themselves, have been critical advancements for mRNAs to become viable therapeutics. Though once regarded as a serious impediment, the transient nature of mRNA technology is now considered a major advantage in making mRNA therapies safe and, ultimately, a potential game changer in the field of medicine. This new book in the RNA Technologies series provides a state-of-the-art overview on the emerging field of mRNA therapeutics covering essential strategies for formulation, delivery, and application. It also reviews the promising role in cancer immunotherapy, respiratory diseases, and chronic HBV infection and discusses RNA vaccines in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic. mRNA-based approaches have great potential to revolutionize molecular biology, cell biology, biomedical research, and medicine. Thus, this handbook is an essential resource for researchers in academia and industry contributing to the development of this new area of therapeutics.

This contributed volume focuses on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and explores the ways in which signaling mechanisms at the biochemical, molecular, and cellular levels in the blood vessels (vascular) and heart contribute to the underlying causes of development and progression of the CVDs. This volume covers unique topics such as oxidant signaling in vascular and heart diseases and health, cytoskeletal signaling in vascular health and disease, phospholipase signaling in CVDs, lipid signaling in vascular and myocardial health and diseases, and drug discovery in cellular signaling for cardiovascular diseases.This book assembles the most important discoveries made by leaders on the cellular signaling mechanisms operating behind the development and progression of life-threatening CVDs. It is an extremely useful resource for the investigators in the field of CVDs, and opens the discussion for further discovery of efficient management and effective treatment of the CVDs.

This book explains how peptide-based drug design works, what steps are needed to develop a peptide-based therapeutic, and challenges in synthesis as well as regulatory issues.  It covers the design concept of peptide therapeutics from fundamental principles using structural biology and computational approaches. The chapters are arranged in a linear fashion. A fresh graduate or a scientist who works on small molecules can use this to follow the design and development of peptide therapeutics to use as understanding the basic concepts. Each chapter is written by experts from academia as well as industry. Rather than covering extensive literature, the book provides concepts of design, synthesis, delivery, as well as regulatory affairs and manufacturing of peptides in a systematic way with examples in each case. The book can be used as a reference for a pharmaceutical or biomedical scientist or graduate student who wants to pursue their career in peptide therapeutics. Some chapters will be written as a combination of basic principles and protocol so that scientists can adopt these methods to their research work. The examples provided can be used to perform peptide formulation considerations for the designed peptides. The book has nine chapters, and each chapter can be read as an independent unit on a particular concept.

This work systematically investigates the use of high-quality (high-Q) resonators as coding particles of chipless cooperative radar targets to overcome clutter. Due to their high-Q, the backscattered signature can outlast clutter and permit reliable readouts in dynamic environments as well as its integration in other types of cooperative radar targets for joint identification, sensing, and ranging capabilities.This is first demonstrated with temperature and pressure sensors in the microwave frequency range, which include the characterization of a novel temperature sensor for machine tool monitoring up to 400 (deg)C, as well as inside the machine. Afterwards, the thesis proposes and demonstrates the use of metallic as well as dielectric Electromagnetic BandGap (EBG) structures to enable the realization and to enhance the capabilities at mm-Wave and THz frequencies compared to microwave frequencies with compact monolithic multi-resonator cooperative radar targets. Furthermore, this work studies the integration of resonators as coding particles inside larger retroreflective configurations such as Luneburg lenses to achieve long-range and high accuracy for localization and, at the same time, frequency coding robust against clutter for identification. Finally, the successful readout of these cooperative radar targets is demonstrated in cluttered dynamic environments, as well as with readers based on Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radars.

This interdisciplinary book covers the fundamentals of optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities, light¿matter interaction, and biomolecular structure with a focus on applications in biosensing. Novel biosensors based on the hybridization of WGM microcavities and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in metal nanoparticles have emerged as the most sensitive microsystem biodetection technology that boasts single molecule detection capability without the need for amplification and labeling of the analyte. The book provides an ample survey of the physical mechanisms of WGMs and LSPRs for detecting affinity, concentration, size, shape and orientation of biomarkers, while informing the reader about different classes of biomolecules, their optical properties and their importance in label-free clinical diagnostics.This expanded and updated second edition features a new chapter that introduces the reader to advanced in vivo biosensing techniques using WGM microcavities, looking at photothermal sensing, methods for trapping neutral atoms around WGM microcavities, and practical aspects of optoplasmonic sensing. The second Edition now provides a comprehensive introduction to the use of WGM microcavities in physical sensing which includes measurements with frequency combs, macro and micro (one atom) lasers, gyroscopes, optomechanical and parity-time-symmetric sensor devices.Chapter-end problems round out this comprehensive and fundamental textbook, inspiring a host of up-and-coming physicists, bioengineers, and medical professionals to make their own breakthroughs in this blossoming new field. This textbook can be used for both introductory and advanced courses about the modern optics of optical microcavities.

Systematically introduces and summarizes the fundamental and experimental research results of recent progress on flexible electronic packaging and encapsulation technology.

Members of the Italian Association of Archaeometry (AIAr) are conducting an archaeometric study of the frescoes by Saturnino Gatti (1463-1518) in the apse of the Church of San Panfilo in Villagrande di Tornimparte (L'Aquila) as part of a second National Research Project. The research was as part of a 2020 scientific agreement between the AIAr and the Abruzzo Regional Secretariat of the Ministry for Culture and Superintendence of Archaeology, Fine Arts and Landscape for the provinces of L'Aquila and Teramo. This reprint aims to illustrate the results of this study. The macro-objectives were: To document the state of conservation of architectural building and painted surfaces; To analyse microclimate and inertia level of the church with respect to outdoor conditions; To understand degradation phenomena of pictorial surfaces and the mural structures; To identify non-original materials overlapping with pictorial surfaces during previous restoration works; To characterize original materials of the frescoes and "a secco" mural paintings; To identify the artistic technique and typical features of Saturnino Gatti and the other painters who worked on the frescoes in San Panfilo.

Biodegradable polymers are polymeric materials that self-destruct as a result of natural microbiological and chemical processes. Such materials have widespread applications.First of all, biodegradable materials are used in the field of biomedicine, including for the controlled delivery of drugs and the creation of implants for tissue engineering. The range of scaffolds used for in situ tissue engineering includes hydrogels, aerogels, films, nanoparticles, monolithic, fibrous, microporous, and 3D-printed scaffolds. Biodegradable materials may function at the time of implantation or perform the intended function and be integrated with the host after implantation.Other applications, such as those for environmental protection (packaging materials with controlled degradation rates) and agriculture, are also relevant. Edible and/or biodegradable packages formed from multiple compounds (composite materials) are being developed to exploit the functional properties of constituent materials and overcome their respective disadvantages.

Dieses Kompaktlehrbuch enthält das Rüstzeug für die gesamte Elektrochemie. Damit können Sie sich rasch in alle ¿ auch die modernen ¿ Elektrochemiegebiete einarbeiten und sie verstehen. Das Buch führt in die allgemeingültigen und übergreifenden Prinzipien der Elektrochemie ein, um deren Spezialgebiete in Kürze zu erfassen. Methodische Komponenten hierbei sind: Grafiken und Beispiele, Aufgaben mit Lösungen, ähnlich wie in den drei Vorgänger-Bänden der Physikalischen Chemie. Zielgruppe sind vor allem Bachelorstudierende der Chemie, Physik, Ingenieurwissenschaften und Studierende des Lehramts, sowie Dozenten der entsprechenden Fachrichtungen. Der ökologische Umbau des menschlichen Lebens und der weiteren wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung ist ohne Elektrochemie undenkbar, z. B. elektrochemische Energiespeicherung und -freisetzung mit elektrochemischen Speichern und Brennstoffzellen und die elektrochemische Herstellung von Wasserstoff aus Wasser bei der Wasserstofftechnologie.Das Buch enthält die folgenden Abschnitte: ¿Einführung¿, ¿Elektrische Leitfähigkeit und Ionentransport¿, ¿Elektrochemische Thermodynamik¿, ¿Elektrochemische Kinetik¿ und ¿Elektrochemische Energiespeicherung und -umwandlung¿. Im Anhang sind die mathematischen Hilfsmittel zum Verständnis des Buchs und eine Liste der verwendeten physikalischen Größen, Konstanten und Abkürzungen zu finden.

¿Die auftretenden Varianten von SARS-CoV-2 beschleunigen durch ihre höheren Übertragungsraten die globale COVID-19-Pandemie, wodurch dringend neue therapeutische Angriffsziele benötigt werden. Hierbei wurde die antivirale Wirkung von Fluoxetin - einem Antidepressivum - gegen SARS-CoV-2 entdeckt. Mithilfe biochemischer und bildgebenden Methoden wurde der antivirale Wirkmechanismus von Fluoxetin näher analysiert und die saure Ceramidase als SARS-CoV-2 Wirtsfaktor charakterisiert. Veröffentlichte Studien zeigten, dass auch Aspirin eine antivirale Wirkung gegen Erkältungsviren, wie Rhinoviren und Influenzaviren zeigt. Diese antivirale Wirkung wurde in Bezug auf SARS-CoV-2 in Zellkultur und einem patienten-nahen 3D-Infektionsmodell untersucht und bestätigt. Um die Pathologie einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion zu verstehen, wurde der Eintrittsweg des Virus in das Gehirn untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Viren überwindet SARS-CoV-2 die Blut-Hirnschranke ohne T-Zellen oder Makrophagen. Ebenso wurdeder Einbau eines lipophilen Fluoreszenzfarbstoffs in die Virusmembran etabliert, womit die direkte Markierung verschiedener Viren trotz ihrer unterschiedlicher Membranzusammensetzung möglich ist. Mit superauflösender Mikroskopie (SIM) wurde der virale Eintritt verschiedener umhüllter Viren visualisiert.

This book discusses generalized applications of energy storage systems using experimental, numerical, analytical, and optimization approaches. The book includes novel and hybrid optimization techniques developed for energy storage systems. It provides a range of applications of energy storage systems on a single platform. The book broadly covers-thermal management of electronic components in portable electronic devices; modeling and optimization aspects of energy storage systems; management of power generation systems involving renewable energy; testing, evaluation, and life cycle assessment of energy storage systems, etc. This book will serve as a reference resource for researchers and practitioners in academia and industry.

This book discusses the present and the future perspectives of NMR techniques for environmental evaluations.

"In this new collection of bite-size pop science essays, bestselling author, chemistry professor, and radio broadcaster Dr. Joe Schwarcz shows that you can find science virtually anywhere you look. And the closer you look, the more fascinating it becomes. In this volume, we look through our magnifying glass at maraschino cherries, frizzy hair, duct tape, pickle juice, yellow school buses, aphrodisiacs, dental implants, and bull testes. If those don't tickle your fancy, how about aconite murders, shot towers, book smells, Swarovski crystals, French wines, bees, or head transplants? You can also learn about the scientific escapades of James Bond, California's confusing proposition 65, the problems with oxygen on Mars, Valentine's Meat Juice, the benefits of pasteurization, the pros and cons of red light therapy, the controversy swirling around perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), why English cucumbers are wrapped in plastic, and how probiotics may have seeded Hitler's downfall. Superfoods, Silkworms, and Spandex answers all your burning questions about the science of everyday life, like: why 'superfood' is a marketing term, not a scientific one; how probiotics might have contributed to Hitler's downfall; why plastic wrap is sometimes the environmental choice; why supplements to reduce inflammation may just reduce your bank account; how maraschino cherries went from luxury good to cheap sundae topper; what's behind 'old book smell'; how margarine became a hot item for bootleggers; why duct tape is useful, but not on ducts; how onstage accidents led to fireproof fabrics"--

The reclamation of biomass wastes from different industries represents a clean and sustainable way to make full use of bio-resources and avoid potential environmental risks due to the improper disposal of biomasses. Among different forms of reutilizations, the rational conversion of biomasses into value-add, carbon-based nanomaterials can potentially be applied in the fields of environmental remediation, energy conversion and storage, and medical care, which arouses great research interests from both the scientific and industrial communities. The unique compositions and tissue structures of biomasses grant these carbon-based nanomaterials their outstanding features, such as high surface area, well-developed porous texture, and active heteroatom doping sites. Meanwhile, the abundant resources of biomasses further endow these materials with the feasibility for potential large-scale application. Recently, many research efforts have been devoted to preparing carbon-based materials with various strategies to regulate their thermal, adsorptive, and catalytic performances to promote their potential applications. This collection, entitled "Synthesis and Application of Biomass-Derived Carbon-Based Nanomaterials", consists of eight original articles and two reviews recently published in Nanomaterials; the aim is to highlight research progress on current issues related to photothermal conversion, environmental protection, clean energy storage, and catalytic application.

The Right Honourable Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe P.C., D.C.L., F.R.S, a classical book, has been considered essential throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we at Alpha Editions have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and designed. These books are not made of scanned copies of their original work and hence the text is clear and readable.

Pierre Curie, a classical book, has been considered essential throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we at Alpha Editions have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and designed. These books are not made of scanned copies of their original work and hence the text is clear and readable.

Rare Earth Ramble presents a selection of poems written in 2022-2023, including poems about the chemical elements, people, science, and other amusing topics. It is the fourth in a series ok books.

This book presents innovative laser desorption ionization (LDI)-active nanophotonic structures for addressing the challenges that matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is currently facing and for enhancing LDI efficiency. It presents a variety of cutting-edge nanophotonic structures to satisfy the mass-analytical needs of sensitivity, reproducibility, and quantification. As opposed to the commercialized, conventional organic matrix used in MALDI-MS, these nanostructures are validated to be highly effective in detecting small metabolites and drugs, highlighting their considerable potential in the mass spectrometry field. It also systematically elucidates fundamental LDI processes in terms of the photo-thermal, electronic, and structural characteristics of nanophotonic structures, offering mechanistic knowledge of LDI-MS. Even though LDI-MS performance is heavily influenced by a number of nanostructure parameters, relatively little is known about the LDI processes associated with those characteristics. An in-depth understanding of nanostructure characteristics and LDI mechanisms thus paves the way for more effective, rational design and development of nanostructures with improved LDI capabilities. Further, with a focus on multiple cascades in nanostructure functions in response to laser pulse stimuli, this book provides detailed, step-by-step procedures to design and construct a nanophotonic, LDI-active platform, which may serve as a roadmap for graduate students in the field of mass spectrometry. Readers, including graduate students, researchers, and experts working in the related areas of mass spectrometry, nanophotonics, and material science and material engineering, will find a wealth of useful information in this book.

This detailed volume provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art metabolomics methods based on mass spectrometry (MS), and their application in food, nutrition, and biomedical research. The chapters assembled herein cover hot topics related to sample preparation, chromatographic and electrophoretic separation, MS-based analysis, as well as data processing and analysis. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Mass Spectrometry for Metabolomics serves as a timely guide for chemists, biochemists, biologists, nutritionists, clinicians, and other experts working in the growing and exciting field of metabolomics.

This detailed book examines the main methods to study mammalian monoamine oxidases (MAOs), ranging from cell biology to computational chemistry. Beginning with techniques on how to obtain pure samples of MAO A and MAO B, the volume continues by covering assays and techniques used to measure MAO enzymatic activity and perform inhibition studies, methods to address cellular localization and function of MAOs, either in cell lines or in animal models, as well as computational methods applied to rational drug design approaches that are used to develop new MAO inhibitors. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Monoamine Oxidase: Methods and Protocols serves as a vital resource for scientists who are interested in studying MAOs and other similar amine oxidase enzymes.