Kemi

Cet ouvrage décrit une nouvelle approche de synthèse d¿hétérocycles azotés diversement substituées via une méthode de synthèse rapide, efficace et économique. La stratégie repose sur une étude et fonctionnalisation directe et oxidative de liaisons Csp2-H pour la formation de liaisons Csp2-Csp2 vis-vis des réactions de C-H arylations et C-H alcénylations catalysées par le palladium. Dans une 1ère partie, des réactions d¿(hétéro)arylation et d¿alcénylation directes catalysées par le palladium sont appliquées aux imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, en chauffage classique ou sous irradiation micro-ondes. La méthode a été appliqué pour élaborer de nouvelles molécules imidazo[1,2-a]pyridiniques, via une réaction "one-pot" sous irradiation micro-ondes. Afin de réduire davantage le nombre d¿étapes, cette approche a été étendue à la réaction d¿acénylation oxydative pallado-catalysée, pour la formation de la liaison carbone ¿ carbone à partir de deux liaisons carbone - hydrogène. La dernière partie de ce travail est consacrée à la réaction d¿arylation intramoléculaire permettant une cyclisation conduisant aux nouvelles pyridoimidazoquinolinones et pyridoimidazoazépinones polyfonctionnalisées.

Environmental impacts created by the entire textile and fashion supply chain have been an important topic of discussion in recent decades. Different life cycle phases of a textile product from raw material extraction through manufacturing to consumer use and disposal are all responsible for various magnitudes of environmental impact. Mitigating the environmental impacts created by the textile manufacturing sector is of paramount import as manufacturing is a critical point to alleviate the impacts arising from the entire textiles and clothing supply chain. This contributed volume is meant to illustrate and draw useful conclusions from initiatives taken by the textile manufacturing sector and to identify key practices invented and being practiced by textiles and clothing manufacturers toward making the industry more sustainable.

"This book explains how to formulate and solve population balance problems, with particular focus on coupling with fluid mechanics. It will be valuable to researchers across a wide range of fields including chemical and mechanical engineering, physics and environmental science, and can be used for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses"--

Due to their excellent properties, polyurethane, cellulose and their composites have become widely used in previously unimagined areas. Given the fast-increasing consumption in recent years, the demand for advanced polyurethane- and cellulose-based composites is rapidly growing. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications and review articles focusing on innovations in polyurethane- and cellulose-based materials, including material synthesis, modification and engineering.

The book systematically accounts for the scientific and technological problems of nanostructured silicon in the form of porous and black silicon. Nanostructured silicon is currently a pioneer research topic worldwide due to its enormous potential applications for modern electronic devices, such as sensitive photodetectors, solar cells, biochemical sensors, hydrogen generators, and display devices. The main structural modifications of this nanomaterial are porous and black silicon. Porous silicon addresses crystalline silicon with nanopores and black silicon with nanoneedles. Historically, porous silicon is thought to be a kind of precursor to black silicon. The formation, research, and application of nanostructured silicon remains the main cornerstone of nanotechnologies, and this book is useful for a wide range of researchers in the fields of semiconductor physics, micro-, and nanoelectronics. The author outlines the prospect of black silicon fabrication and its various applications. As for porous silicon, the book contains a detailed analysis of this material as a precursor of black silicon. This allows it to be possible to carry out correlations between two structural modifications of nanostructured silicon to clearly and reasonably show their advantages and disadvantages. With many references to a vast resource of recently published literature, this book serves as an important and insightful source of valuable information and provides scientists and engineers with new ideas to better understand the formation processes of nanostructured silicon as well as improve and expand their properties.

This Special Issue, "Innovative Nanomaterial Properties and Applications in Chemistry, Physics, Medicine, or Environment", focused on (i) the synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, or nanofibers; (ii) nanostructures (graphene, zeolites, membrane, etc.), coatings, and thin films; (iii) the correlation between the chemical composition, morphology, surface, and magnetic properties of nanostructured materials; (iv) the thermal behaviour of ceramic pigments with applications in glazes; (v) nanomaterials for photocatalysis and electrocatalysis; (vi) nanomaterials for water purification; (vii) nanomaterials for the adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants; and (viii) nanomaterials for biosensing and biomedical applications. This Special Issue includes 12 original research papers and highlights the development of synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials and nanostructures of different natures with various applications in chemistry, physics, medicine, biology, and the environment.

Functional polymer composites are showing increasing potential as materials in chemistry and materials science. Polymer composites, including nanocomposites, are made via the incorporation of fillers in polymer matrices and offer many advantages. The properties of polymer composites are further improved via the surface modification of fillers or the matrix phase. Currently, there is an increasing demand for smart materials based on eco-friendly polymers for a wide variety of applications. Therefore, functional polymer composites are essential for the development of new technologies. This reprint aims to conduct rigorous research focused on innovative smart materials that make significant contributions to nanotechnology.

Rapid advances in technologies around the globe necessitate the development of new materials, nanostructures, and multicomponent composites with specific chemical and physical properties that can meet the requirements of modern technologies. Using appropriate synthetic approaches is crucial for the preparation of inorganic materials with designed microstructure and properties. Among the different technologies currently available, the sol-gel method is very well known for its versatility, simplicity, and time- and cost-efficiency. The mix of starting materials on an atomic level provides high homogeneity and stoichiometry in the products, facilitating the fabrication of high-quality materials at low temperatures. The versatility of the sol-gel method allows for the development of materials for a wide range of applications in electronics, optoelectronics, catalysis, biomedicine, and many other areas. The scope of this Special Issue of Materials, entitled "Sol-Gel Technology Applied to Materials Science: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications", focuses on, but is not limited to, the preparation, characterization, and application of functional inorganic materials, as well as hybrid materials, which are important in the field of catalysis, electronics, optics, biomedicine, etc.

We explore the cutting-edge realm of 'Recent Trends in Functional Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications' through this insightful reprint. Morever, we delve into the new advancements in nanotechnology where functional nanomaterials are revolutionizing biomedicine and healthcare. This reprint uncovers the latest advancements, applications, and the transformative potential of these nanomaterials, offering a glimpse into the future of healthcare innovation. From targeted drug delivery to advanced imaging technologies, this reprint captures the essence of how nanomaterials are reshaping the landscape of modern healthcare

This collection presents papers from the 152nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

It is crucial that we strengthen existing structures worldwide, especially in earthquake-prone areas. Recent earthquakes have highlighted the inadequacy of many existing structures, which have been damaged from previous powerful earthquakes and have been designed without code provisions or according to old code provisions that are now obsolete. Furthermore, the majority of existing buildings in low- and middle-income countries have been constructed using substandard materials and without application of code provisions; therefore, the structural vulnerability in these areas is highly concerning.Recently, there has been enormous development in novel construction materials that could be effectively utilised to protect existing structures and to enhance structural resilience. This Special Issue provides an overview of the latest scientific advancements in the development of novel technologies for durable earthquake-resistant Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures. These studies are focused on the development and application of innovative repair and strengthening techniques using novel composite and high-performance materials for the structural performance improvement and improved durability of existing RC structures.

This collection covers innovations in the field of composite materials with a specific focus on eco-friendly and environmentally sustainable systems. All composite fields are explored, including polymer, metal, and ceramic matrix composites with an emphasis on sourcing raw materials in a sustainable way as well as the development of composite materials for environmental sustainability. Topics will include the development of new materials for structural applications, reduction in energy consumption, and increased component life along with discussions of novel methods to reuse existing materials. Additional topics include, but are not limited to:· Naturally Sourced Materials feedstock· Recycled Material feedstock, · Application of composite for reduced carbon footprint · Development of novel materials to repurpose waste from other areas

The book covers in particular state-of-the-art scientific research about product quality control and related health and environmental safety topics, including human, animal and plant safety assurance issues. These conference proceedings provide contemporary information on the general theoretical, metrological and practical issues of the production and application of reference materials.Reference materials play an integral role in physical, chemical and related type of measurements, ensuring their uniformity, comparability and the validity of quantitative analysis as well as, as a result, the objectivity of decisions concerning the elimination of technical barriers in commercial and economic, scientific and technical and other spheres of cooperation. The book is intended for researchers and practitioners in the field of chemistry, metrologists, technical physics, as well as for specialists in analytical laboratories, or working for companies and organizations involved in the production, distribution and use of reference materials.

Leveraging advanced optical instrumentation and spectroscopy for enhanced visual technology and scientific research.

This volume commemorates the scientific contributions of Detlef Dürr (1951¿2021) to foundational questions of physics. It presents new contributions from his former students, collaborators, and colleagues about their current research on topics inspired or influenced by Dürr. These topics are drawn from physics, mathematics, and philosophy of nature, and concern interpretations of quantum theory, new developments of Bohmian mechanics, the role of typicality, quantum physics in relativistic space-time, classical and quantum electrodynamics, and statistical mechanics. The volume thus also gives a snapshot of present research in the foundations of physics.

This book provides comprehensive coverage of the development of new pharmaceuticals and the enhancement of existing ones. It offers a comprehensive understanding of pharmaceutical biotechnology, including its underlying principles and practical applications from an industrial standpoint. While introducing the roles and applications of biotechnology in drug design and development, the book describes how developments in other fields, like genomics, proteomics, and high-throughput screening, have facilitated the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and drug development methods. It included concepts that are essential to biotechnology and apply to protein therapies.The book provides a thorough overview of the ways in which biotechnology influences drug development, production, and regulation, and is a valuable resource for those seeking to enhance their understanding in this area. This book is designed to support educators in their teaching efforts and offers a reader-friendly exploration of the various stages involved in developing new pharmaceuticals through biotechnology. This book is a valuable resource for individuals in various academic and professional careers, including undergraduates, graduates, pharmaceutical scientists, clinicians, and academic researchers. It provides convenient access to current practices in pharmaceutical biotechnology, making it particularly useful for those working in the interdisciplinary field of biochemistry, pharmacology, biopharmaceutics, and biotechnology. This book's concise and impartial content structure may also benefit corporate researchers.

This third volume provides comprehensive protocols on pre-analytical, analytical, plasma, and serum proteomics. New and updated chapters are divided into nine sections, detailing blood processing and handling strategies, discovery- and targeted-based mass spectrometry, including workflows to aid in discovery and targeted data analysis, in addition to software and bioinformatics for the plasma proteome. This edition further integrates emerging areas in the development of technologies for plasma proteomics and assay platforms in biomarker discovery and translational proteomics, enrichment and detection strategies to understand the plasma proteome, and peptide, lipid and metabolite targeted assays. We also detail the emerging analysis of extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each of the 33 chapters includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and methods, includes hints and tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Serum/Plasma Proteomics: Methods and Protocols, Third Edition aims to be comprehensive guide for researchers.

Smart nanomaterials are making their presence ever so noticeable in areas like environmental protection and remediation, as well as in many other fields of study. The international team of expert researchers behind Smart Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications aims to spotlight the latest, rapid developments in the design and manipulation of materials at the nanoscale and to concisely present information regarding their novel methods of utilization for the safeguard of the environment, while at the same time apprising readers of challenges encountered and anticipated prospects. The volume illustrates state-of-the-art, actionable content, which is relevant and extremely valuable for those who want to apply this up-to-date knowledge in industry too.

Sustainable Quality Improvements for Isotope Dilution in Molecular Ultratrace Analyses: Fitness for Purpose, Performance-Based Criteria, and Measurement Uncertainty uses a novel Sustainable Quality Improvement (SQI) framework with the aim of helping to re-introduce much needed flexibility and restore accountability and integrity necessary for developing confidence in products obtained with these specialty assays. The book can also be used as a comprehensive reference text for data and information on matrix-specific target analytes detection/quantitation limits, and measurement of uncertainties for planning purposes, congeners profiles, multi-phasic, multi-component and multi-analyte samples processing flow charts, and useful definitions of the underlying technology-relevant terminologies. The SQI framework around which the book is constructed paves the way for the innovative technological solutions described in the book and is powered by three key elements: Fitness for Purpose (Data Quality Objectives), Performance-Based Measurement System (flexibility, latitude), and Measurement Uncertainty (accountability). Together, they facilitate the development and validation of advanced methodologies to resolve many of the contemporary issues associated with continuously evolving and demanding regulatory requirements. A stronger focus on effective performance feedback is demonstrated to help laboratories rethink their own approach to quality improvements.

This edited volume covers sustainable biomass valorization and its application in various sectors.Bioenergy has concerned enormous attention as a promising alternative to conventional energy resources. Abundance of bioresources and their renewable nature provides a distinct advantage to biofuels from sustainability perspective. Biofuels have found increasing applications in the energy and transportation sector in recent years. Blended fuels are being used worldwide. However, several challenges remain to be addressed due to the diverse nature of biomasses and inherent recalcitrant nature of biological materials used as feedstock. This book aims to provide an overview of recent developments in the production of bioenergy and its applications in various areas. Specific emphasis is given to production of biofuels from modern biomass such as agro-forest waste and dedicated non-edible energy crops that do not interfere with food production. The scope of the book covers synthesis and characterization of biologically derived fuels, advances in microbiological methods and enzyme engineering approaches. The book covers techno-economic analysis to identify challenges and prospects for commercialization of biofuels. The directions for future research should pave way for net zero scenario for a sustainable world.The book will cater to a wide range of readers interested in learning the fundamentals as well as advances in the field of biofuels.

Wave Optics in Infrared Spectroscopy starts where conventional books about infrared spectroscopy end. Whereas the latter are based on the Bouguer-Beer-Lambert law, the cornerstones of this book are wave optics and dispersion theory. This gap between both levels of theory is bridged to allow a seamless transition from one to the other. Based on these foundations, the reader is able to choose which level of theory is adequate for the particular problem at hand. Advanced topics like 2D correlation analysis, chemometrics and strong coupling are introduced and viewed from a wave optics perspective. Spectral mixing rules are also considered to better understand spectra of heterogeneous samples. Finally, optical anisotropy is examined to allow a better understanding of spectral features due to orientation and orientational averaging. This discussion is based on a 4 x 4 matrix formalism, which is used not only to simulate and analyze complex materials, but also to understand vibrational circular dichroism from a (semi-) classical point of view. Wave Optics in Infrared Spectroscopy is written as a tool to reunite the fragmented field of infrared spectroscopy. It will appeal to chemists, physicists, and chemical/optical engineers.

Air Pollution, Air Quality, and Climate Change offers a review of the latest advances and developments in the study of air pollution and air quality in the face of continuing climate change. The editors begin with a detailed review of air pollution and its sources, effects, and impacts. In-depth chapters follow on atmospheric chemistry, air pollution meteorology, and take a look at indoor and urban air quality. The editors then explore the connection between air quality and climate change, the effects of CO2 on air quality, and use of carbon capture and storage. Finally, the book closes with a discussion of environmental policy making as well as future considerations for air pollution, air quality, and climate change. This text is a timely and valuable reference for anyone working towards solutions to reduce air pollution, improve air quality, and lessen the effects of climate change.

”STEN i det danske landskab” udkom første gang i 1988. På grund af forfatterens alment forståelige sprog og pædagogiske forklaringer har bogen vundet stor udbredelse og været genoptrykt i flere omgange. Nu foreligger den i 5. reviderede udgave, hvor stenbillederne er bedre og større end i de forrige 4 udgaver. I bogen beskrives nu 170 stentyper, der alle kan hjemstedsbestemmes – dvs. det er muligt at sige hvor i Skandinavien stentypen findes som fast klippe. Disse sten udgør mellem 5 og 10 % af alle sten på danske strande og marker. Alle de stentyper, der er afbildet i bogen, kan samles op i Danmark. De er fragtet naturligt hertil fra store dele af Norden af istidens gletsjere. Da Skandinaviens geologi er meget afvekslende, kan man lære meget både om vore nabolande og om næsten hele faget geologi ved at bruge bogen.