Kemi

This collection is focused on industrial energy sustainability and CO2 management, including processes that improve energy efficiency and reduce or eliminate industrial GHG emissions. Topics address technology areas such as clean energy technologies, innovative beneficiation, smelting technologies, process intensification, as well as CO2 capture and conversion for industrial applications. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to:· Decarbonizing Materials Processing· Use of low carbon fuels, feedstock, and renewable energy resources for materials processing.· Emerging processes and techniques for industrial CO2 capture, conversion/upgrade· CO2 and other GHG reduction metallurgy in ferrous, non-ferrous and reactive metals processing, including rare-earth metals.· Energy Efficiency & Industrial Electrification· Electrification of industrial process heat and electrified production of energy carriers (e.g., hydrogen, ammonia)· Energy efficiency improvements for materials processing and smart manufacturing for optimized process control· System integration and thermal integration of process heat, waste heat recovery, and other technologies for industrial energy efficiency· Sustainability Analysis· Techno-economic life-cycle, resource efficiency and circular economy modeling of energy-intensive processes and associated material supply chains· The role of energy education and regulation in energy and materials sustainability

This textbook is intended for undergraduate and graduate students pursuing courses in chemistry and allied fields. It includes fundamental concepts, equations involved in organic reactions, chemical bonds (ionic and covalent bonds), hybridization, representation of a chemical reaction and mechanism of organic reactions. The book also discusses the displacement of bonding electrons involving inductive effect, electromeric effect, mesomeric effect, hyperconjugative effect and resonance. A number of organic reactions involving formation of intermediates such as carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, nitrenes and benzynes have also been included. It also discusses different types of reagents involved in a chemical reactions along with types of additional reactions and its detailed mechanism. The book also includes the use of pedagogical elements such as multiple choice questions and end of chapter exercises to aid self-learning among students

Recently, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted significant attention in biomedical applications. Due to their advantageous properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, natural and synthetic polymers are versatile materials that offer several advantages for the therapy and diagnosis of a vast range of diseases and health conditions. Encapsulating therapeutic agents in polymeric NPs allows for sustained drug release, which improves drug efficacy and safety, reduces unwanted side effects, and enhances patient acceptance and compliance. This Special Issue presents the most recent insights on advanced polymeric NPs and their current applications in healthcare, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.

The domain of environmental analytical chemistry includes all analytical aspects of studies related to environmental problems and their management. The analysis of organic, inorganic, and radioactive pollutants in air, water, soil, and biota is quite a challenging task at a time of large social development and climate change. In addition, the development of new analytical methods or the improvement of existing ones for the monitoring of pollutants is of paramount importance for achieving such goals. The other important task is the implementation of appropriate methods and procedures for pollution risk assessment, revealing sources, pathways of exposure, trends, and the spatial distribution of analyzed pollutants.

In this first-ever English translation of "Coelum Philosophorum seu de Secretis Naturae Liber," Christopher Templesage unveils the arcane world of alchemy as articulated by Philippo Ulstadio Patricio. This seminal work, a meticulous treatise on alchemical distillation, now accessible to the English-speaking world, guides readers through the construction and usage of sophisticated alchemical apparatus. It delves into the pursuit of the quinta essentia, prima materia, and universal salt, illuminating the path to the philosopher's stone. This translation is a must-have for contemporary practitioners and scholars, bridging ancient alchemical wisdom and modern scientific inquiry.

This is the sixth in a series of volumes investigating, discussing and explaining the application of instrumental spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques to the determination of molecular structures.This volume concentrates on the analysis of twenty common medicines.The series is intended to bridge A-level (UK) and K12 (USA) courses and the first two years of university chemistry studies.Each chapter follows the same style with an introductory page discussing the application and history of the development of the medicine with a summary of the elemental data and the formula mass, leading to the determination of the empirical and molecular formulas of the compound. We then continue with the analysis of the infrared, mass and proton & carbon-13 NMR spectra.

Gives an overview of the state of the art of advanced coatings for anticorrosion

This Special Issue covers preparations, measurements, devices, and applications based on thermoelectric nanomaterials and summarizes the latest developments towards highly efficient thermoelectric nanomaterials and thermoelectric devices.

Graphene and graphene oxide are widely applied as successful sorbent materials for various compounds obtained from biosamples and surface water samples. Therefore, they are suitable for future use in numerous biomedical and environmental applications.Moreover, their functionalization with magnetic nanoparticles can lead to magnetic sorbents, thus allowing convenient sample treatment via magnetic separation.To date, a plethora of graphene and graphene oxide materials have been synthesized and successfully employed for solid-phase extraction of organic compounds from environmental and biological samples. The unique properties of these materials enrich the analytical toolbox available for the analysis of various organic compounds in various matrices and make them precise and valuable means for handling analytical and environmental issues.This Special Issue was supported by the Sample Preparation Study Group and Network, supported by the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the European Chemical Society.Eleven manuscripts, namely seven research articles, three reviews and one communication are included in this SI.

The efficient ecodesign of secondary raw materials from recycled multiphase polymer systems is performed through the study of various things, such as:The compatibility of mixtures of recycled polymers where work on knowledge of the miscibility of mixtures depends on the different rates and the nature of the constituents;The aging of recycled polymers in terms of the structuring of end-of-life polymers, which may have changed their starting structure due to degradation or aging;The compatibility of mixtures of polymers recycled by additive treatments and/or reactive pre-treatments and integration of coupling agents or reactants in situ at the interface of the mixtures; this compatibility can be linked beforehand to reactive pre-treatments (plasma, corona, heat/chemical treatments) on each of the phases.The selection of these three themes follows a study cycle logic on the development of formulations of blends of recycled polymers, in which compatibilization affects the morphology and therefore the miscibility of blends of polymers in relation to their structure.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) and non-destructive testing (NDT) have gained significant importance for civil, mechanical, aerospace, and offshore structures. Nowadays, we can find SHM and NDT applications being used on various structures with very different requirements. However, the practical implementation of strategies for the detection of structural damage to real structures outside of laboratory conditions is always one of the most demanding tasks for engineers. Moreover, the processing and interpretation of the massive amount of data generated through the long-term monitoring of large and complex structures (e.g., bridges, buildings, ships, aircrafts, wind turbines, pipes, etc.) has become an emerging challenge that needs to be addressed by the community. This Topic brings together the most established as well as newly emerging SHM and NDT approaches that can be used for the detection and evaluation of defects and damage development in large-scale or full-scale structures. After a strict peer-review process, 44 papers were published, which represent the most recent progress of SHM and NDT methods/techniques for aerospace, civil, mechanical, and offshore infrastructures.

Visible Light-Driven Organic Synthesis covers the recent cutting-edge investigations in the field of visible light- driven organic synthesis in a single comprehensive volume. It provides information on rigorously selected reaction schemes and covers new reactions and new methods under visible light photocatalysis. It enlists more than 100 important synthetic strategies/methodologies with particular emphasis on useful reactions for organic synthesis under the mild reaction conditions reported in recent times involving carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions, resulting in a wide spectrum of chemical compounds, providing an outstanding source of information concerning industrial applications. The chapters are classified based on various photocatalysts that have found direct applications in organic synthesis by carrying out different kinds of organic reactions. Each chapter is dedicated to a particular photocatalyst, and each selected reaction is dealt with in a compact manner through point-wise discussion under distinct subheadings covering the reaction type, reaction conditions, bond-forming information, reaction strategy involved, general reaction scheme, examples of representative entries with chemical structures and physical properties, a suggested plausible mechanism, critical views, and literature. In addition, visible light-mediated self-sensitized organic transformations that took place without any external photocatalysts have also been covered. This book is immensely helpful to chemistry students, teachers, researchers, academicians, and chemical/ agrochemical industry people to access the latest information and advances on visible light-driven organic synthesis developments.

This Special Issue compiles11 research papers published in the field of forestry and wood processing technology. In particular, this Special Issue highlights the research on timber saw, biomass and waste from resinous branches, forest by-products, log exploitation, the primary processing of round wood in timber with a band saw, the quality of exploited wood, and the role of the forest and forest ecosystem on the environment. Regarding wood science processes, this Special Issue presents works on cutting round wood in timber and veneers, technology 4.0, the manufacture of furniture and musical instruments, acoustical properties, wood biomass, including briquettes and pellets, thermochemical treatments of wood and pellets, finishing processes, and the restoration of cultural heritage objects using classical technologies and chemical materials. A lot of material waste was used to obtain better composites or chemical substances to obtain wood-based composites with better properties and low-level formaldehyde emission.

This brief offers an introduction to the fascinating new field of quantitative read-across structure-activity relationships (q-RASAR) as a cheminformatics modeling approach in the background of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) and read-across (RA) as data gap-filling methods. It discusses the genesis and model development of q-RASAR models demonstrating practical examples. It also showcases successful case studies on the application of q-RASAR modeling in medicinal chemistry, predictive toxicology, and materials sciences. The book also includes the tools used for q-RASAR model development for new users. It is a valuable resource for researchers and students interested in grasping the development algorithm of q-RASAR models and their application within specific research domains.

Endophytes have unique characteristics to propagate inside host plants and aide the host by providing additional defense against environmental stresses and phytopathogens. Among endophytes, endophytic fungi have been recognized as a proliferating source for the production of bioactive compounds with potential in both the agricultural and health industries.Excessive use of pesticides in agriculture as well as in the food supply chain have led to increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is one of the more serious global health concerns. Endophytic fungi and their associated bioactive substances have been reported to show natural ability to fight against pathogens and can reduce the development of AMR in nature. Studies also reported their potential as producers of hormones that enhance plant growth and several compounds having biological activities without any adverse effects.This book covers the pharmaceutical potential offungal endophytes as elucidated through advanced bioinformatics tools and modern techniques. Also synthetic drugs are losing their efficacy to treat microbial-induced disease due to this emergence of drug-resistant microbes. Therefore, insight into the detection of valuable plant constituents is a pressing priority in order to achieve effective pharmaceutical treatments. This book provides lucid discussion of the most recent research and provides knowledge about the applications of endophytic fungi with a specific focus to their pharmaceutical potential.

Industrial Inorganic Chemistry adds to the previously published graduate level textbooks on Industrial Chemistry by Mark A. Benvenuto. It focuses specifically on inorganic processes, from the largest industrial process for the production of major inorganic chemicals and metals, down to and including smaller niche processes that have become extremely important in maintaining the current quality of life. The book provides a survey on the production of essential elements and compounds, such as sulfuric acid, calcium carbonate, fertilizers as well as numerous metals and alloys. In addition to the fundamental scientific principles each chapter includes discussions on the environmental impacts: mining of raw materials, creation of by-products, pollution, and waste generation, all of which have become key factors for the potential implementation of greener methods. The author also highlights ways in which industry has begun to make industrial inorganic processes more environmentally benign. Examines major inorganic chemistry processes, their effect on every-day life and current efforts to improve processes or adapt "green" chemical production. Provides didactic links between theoretical lecture contents and current, largescale chemical processes. Valuable for students of Inorganic Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science.

In collisions of relativistic heavy ions, specific circumstances (energy density, temperature, and pressure) allow for the emergence of a matter that is similar to the one that filled the universe in the first few microseconds. At present, this matter is called the strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma (sQGP), and since it becomes locally thermalized quite early, equations of hydro- and thermodynamics can be utilized to describe its time evolution. Hydrodynamics is a theory that has no internal scale; hence, it can be applied to systems of vastly different sizes, and sQGP is one of them. Analytic solutions utilizing the speed of sound and transport properties shed light on special connections between the final and initial state properties of this matter. Zimányi and his collaborators were among the pioneers of this sub-field, and hence, it is one of the main topics of the annual Zimányi School Winter Workshops. In this reprint, we include papers that address the analytic aspects of hydrodynamics and utilize them to describe sQGP. Furthermore, we include papers that were presented at the Zimányi School 2018 on topics such as effective theories, diffraction, femtoscopy, heavy flavor physics, jets, lattice QCD, the search for the QCD critical point, or vorticity in heavy-ion collisions.

Natural dyes offer a time-tested and generally more sustainable alternative to synthetic dyes in the textile industry. The issues surrounding synthetic dyes are well-known, and in the literature it is generally accepted that natural dyes have a smaller environmental impact. However, even natural dyes have issues that must be dealt with in order to ensure sustainability in the industry. For example, the mordants needed to improve the dyeing process may release hazardous heavy metal pollutants when used. This book is dedicated to exploring cases such as this that illustrate the benefits and drawbacks to natural dyes and steps that must be taken for their sustainable use in the textile industry.

This book focuses on advanced optical properties and applications of tellurite glasses and tellurite glasses doped with rare-earth nanoparticles. The initial chapter presents the current state of the art in tellurite glass development, focusing on those compositions doped with nanoparticles based on rare-earth elements such as neodymium and erbium. The book then discusses various linear and nonlinear optical properties (e.g., refractive index, absorption, optical susceptibility) of these glasses in the visible and ultraviolet spectral regions. Finally, it looks at a selection of recent technological applications of doped tellurite glasses, such as highly efficient laser glass, novel temperature sensors, and advanced optical fiber material. Featuring comprehensive and up-to-date data sets, along with a topical discussion of promising new areas of application, this book is particularly suitable for researchers and industry professionals working in the field of glass manufacturing foroptics and laser applications.

The purpose of this Special Issue was to host research and review papers on the past, present, and future of radiochemical synthesis. The Special Issue contains nine original research papers and two reviews within the area of radiochemistry. These address how and why a certain radioactive compound has been prepared, how a radioactive compound has taken our understanding of a biological system to a different level, how a radiopharmaceutical can be used for treatment, and/or how a radioactive compound has improved our understanding of a certain drug (binding pattern and/or metabolization of the drug).

The purpose of this Special Issue is to bring together research and review papers that use radiopharmaceuticals in drug development. Labeling a potential drug with a radionuclide for imaging and injecting radiopharmaceuticals into animals or humans can immediately provide information about the in vivo destiny of the compound through the application of PET or SPECT scanners. Radionuclides can be useful throughout the whole process of developing new drugs; in particular, if the results obtained are negative and the potential drug can be discarded early on in the process, considerable effort and money can be saved. An alternative way to obtain information about the in vivo destiny/effect of a potential drug is to imagine, for example, a target organ or a tumor with radiopharmaceuticals before and after treatment with a drug. Determining how a drug is metabolized is an integrated part of drug development. Labeling a drug with a radionuclide and providing it with a radioactive tag can help in subsequently determining its location and quantifying metabolites. If the metabolites can be extracted, the solutions can be examined through analytical measurements. Using ionizing radiation in the treatment of tumors is also an application for radiopharmaceuticals which is expected to expand greatly in the years to come. By labeling a specific compound with a radionuclide used for diagnostics we can establish whether it accumulates in the tumor. The same compound is thereafter combined with a radionuclide for treatment.This Special Issue contains seven original research papers, one communication, and two reviews.

The purpose of this Special Issue was to host research and review papers on Radiopharmaceuticals in line with the three previous Special Issues that I have Guest Edited for Molecules. This subject may vary from radioactive isotope production, the synthesis of precures, radioactive labeling reactions, to the purification of radiopharmaceuticals to quality control and regulatory efforts, which are required prior to using radiopharmaceuticals in humans. This Special Issue contains 17 original research papers, 1 communication, 5 reviews, and 1 editorial review all within the area of radiochemistry.

Remarkable applications of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) are already uncountable, but their potential is undoubtedly yet to be fully developed. Therefore, this reprint gathers original (numerical and experimental) studies that embrace: Development and application of novel tailored CNT-based (nano)materials; Development and application of CNT-based building blocks in the design of sensors; Development and application of CNT and CNT-based (nano)materials in (electro)catalysis; Development and application of CNT in analytical chemistry; Development and application of CNT for environmental sustainability; Development and application of CNT and CNT-based (nano)materials in materials science; Development and application of CNT and CNT-based (nano)materials in drug delivery systems; Advances in CNT and CNT-based (nano)materials synthesis and characterization; Advances in CNT functionalization; Advances in tailoring CNT-based (nano)composites.

This book collects articles published in a Special Issue of Molecules entitled "Organic Synthesis via Transition Metal-Catalysis". Transition metal catalysis is a powerful methodology for the direct synthesis of functionalized, high value-added molecules by the assembly of simple units in one step, and is acquiring increasing importance in modern organic synthesis. The book presents seven papers overall, two reviews and five original research articles, dealing with Pd-catalyzed arylation, Rh-catalyzed synthesis of organosulfur compounds, Rh-catalyzed reductive hydroformylation, V-catalyzed oxidation of hydrocarbons, and Zn-, Pd- and Rh-catalyzed cyclization processes, leading to heterocyclic derivatives.

Therapeutic macromolecules and biologics have gained increasing importance in the last decade. Pulmonary and intranasal delivery of these therapeutic modalities, which have poor oral bioavailability, could constitute an attractive, non-invasive alternative to parenteral delivery. They can be considered for either topical use for treating diseases affecting the airways or for systemic use for treating a variety of other diseases. Therefore, this book is a readable, thoughtful, and useful guide on the latest research developments and the best options that people involved with pulmonary and intranasal route of administration and biologically active agents can bring to their practices. Furthermore, it explores the underlying scientific rationale for the strategies applied to overcome drug delivery challenges and provides insights to inspire further research in this growing area.

In today's society researchers are more focused on cleaner materials production for environmental sustainability. This approach aims at reducing waste and the development of materials with enhanced properties and functionality. This book focuses on optimizing manufacturing processes for sustainable composite materials. It discusses optimum utilization of resources by using minimum effort to save cost and energy.

Food adulteration involves the intentional addition of inferior, harmful, or unauthorized substances to food products for deceptive purposes or increased profits. This unethical practice compromises the quality and safety of food, posing health risks to consumers. Adulterants can include chemicals, dyes, preservatives, and contaminants, added to various food items. Motives for adulteration are often financial, leading to cost-cutting or product enhancement. Governments enforce measures such as quality standards and testing to detect and prevent adulteration, but it remains a persistent challenge. Addressing food adulteration requires ongoing efforts and collaboration between authorities, producers, and consumers.