Fysisk kemi

This book undertakes an extensive exploration of manganese-based compounds, such as T¿¿¿SrxMnO¿ (T = La, Pr; x = 0.35, 0.25) using density functional theory and Monte Carlo simulations with a focus on understanding their electronic, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties. Bä¿¿SrxFeO¿ (x = 0, 0.2) is also studied via different approximations, offering a comparative perspective. In addition, the book looks at the influence of magnetism using Monte Carlo simulations, revealing crucial parameters and examining the GdCrO¿ system through DFT and Monte Carlo simulation, shedding light on recent experimental observations. Additionally, Monte Carlo studies investigate magnetic and magnetocaloric features of Sr¿FeMoO¿, LäSrMn¿O¿ bilayer manganite, perovskite ferromagnetic thin films' surface effects, and SmFe¿¿¿MnxO¿ perovskite. In essence, this book significantly advances our comprehension of magnetic and magnetocaloric phenomena across diverse materials and is well-suited for both experimentalists and computational researchers working in this field.

Active B-type stars are defined by their characteristic emission formed in a dense environment. Among them are the classical Be stars, which are surrounded by ionized gaseous disks, and B[e] stars, whose disks are so dense that even molecules and dust can form within them. The variability of active B-type stars seen on various time and spatial scales is often connected to the formation and dissipation of these disks. Although the possible roles of radiation, rotation, pulsation, and binarity in pulling material off the stars have been explored in detail in the past few decades, the relevant physical processes involved in the formation of sustainable disks and their dynamical evolution are still unclear and a matter of debate.This Special Issue intends to provide a comprehensive update on the state of knowledge in the field of active B-type stars. It combines reviews and selected contributions on recent groundbreaking advancements in the comprehension of these peculiar objects from both a theoretical and an observational perspective. These new insights form the basis for exploring complex physical phenomena to verify the different scenarios proposed for the evolution and variability of stars and their circumstellar environment of the diverse classes of active B-type stars.

This volume brings together established and early-career scientists, post-graduate students and industrial researchers to cover a wide range of topical subjects across organic photonics and electronics and related fields.

This book provides an overview of pseudocapacitive materials, including their fundamentals, synthetic methods, architectural enhancements to boost their properties, and emerging materials. It covers numerous strategies to enhance their performance, such as altering morphology, doping, introducing multivalent ions, designing devices, and utilizing emerging pseudocapacitive materials. The book also delves into fundamental approaches for fine-tuning the properties of pseudocapacitive materials and explores their applications in energy storage devices, with a specific focus on emerging pseudocapacitive materials and their utilization in energy storage devices.

This book deals with the recent advances in DNA-Encoded Library (DEL) technology that has emerged as an alternative to high throughput screening (HTS) over the last decade and has been heralded as a "e;disruptive"e; technology for drug discovery. The book aims to provide a comprehensive overview of all of the major components of the DEL process from conception to bench execution and clinical investigations. The contributions from experts in the field combine different perspectives from academia and industry. The book will be of interest to researchers in the drug discovery field as well as to graduate students and scholars who are interested in this rapidly improving technology.

This book consists of chapters written by international experts on various aspects of single molecule toroics (SMTs).The chapters cover a broad range of relevant topics and highlight the latest advances performed in the field. An up-to-date overview of the emerging SMT architectures is presented while particular attention is given to not only the magnetism and relaxation effects involved but also to the respective applications in advanced electronics and memory devices. The role that lanthanides play -especially that of dysprosium- is discussed, while a thorough analysis using theoretical/ab initio calculations is provided. Since SMTs have grown out of single molecule magnetism (SMM), it is an expanding and topical subject and the present book will engender excitement and interest amongst chemists, physicists, theoreticians and materials scientists. The volume will be of great interest to researchers and graduates working on this topic and particularly those involved in lanthanide chemistry, magnetism and theory. 

This book provides selected papers presented at the 2nd International Conference on Industrial Applications of Adhesives 2022, held in Carvoeiro, Portugal, 3-4 March 2022.The volume focuses on applications of adhesive bonding in the industry such as automotive, aeronautic, railway, marine, energy, and electronics. A wide range of topics like adhesion assessment between polymers and metals, pressure sensitive adhesives, adhesive bonding process optimization, civil applications, adhesive joints in composite materials and elastic adhesives are covered.The book presents the latest results and innovations in this field, useful for adhesive producers and adhesive users.

This book describes a detailed multi-scale approach integrating nano- (active site), meso- (porous catalyst architecture) and macroscale (reactor) efforts, to address the challenges of producing a better epoxidation catalyst. It contains an in-depth study of the design and synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their application as a catalyst for direct gas phase propylene epoxidation. "e;Direct"e; means using only hydrogen and oxygen in one step, which is key for sustainable manufacturing, as opposed to commercialised, more complex production routes requiring multiple steps, or integration with another chemical plant. The insights gained can be used for rational design for stable and selective catalysts for other reactions. It also details the step-by-step process to build an epoxidation reactor system with a focus on safety aspects, which can be used as a guidebook for undergraduate and graduate students in chemical engineering. Beyond heterogeneous catalysis, the new, easily accomplished methodology for synthesising atomically precise nanoparticles is shown to be relevant to electrocatalysis and to healthcare applications, such as anti-microbial surfaces.This book will be of interest to researchers, engineers and experts in the related areas of chemical engineering, chemistry, material science and electrochemistry.

This book offers a comprehensive analysis of novel design strategies in higher energy solid-state lithium batteries.  It describes synthesis and experimental techniques to characterize the physical, chemical and electrochemical properties of the electrode and electrolytes. The book reports on electrochemical measurements of conductivity and related parameters in solid electrolytes and its interfaces. It also presents various technologies that have been used for the fabrication of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries such as thin-film, 3D printing (additive manufacturing) and atomic layer deposition. A large part of the text focus on the description on the complete functioning and challenges with the electrochemistry of the electrodes and solid electrolyte interfaces. The book also supplies valuable insight into potential growth opportunities in this exciting market and cost-effective design tactics in solid-state assemblies.  

Presenting comprehensively the emerging field of MIMs and MIMats - a must read for everyone who is working on this topic.

The thesis presents a systematic study of the Mpemba effect in a colloidal system with a micron-sized particle diffusing in a water bath. While the Mpemba effect, where a system's thermal relaxation time is a non-monotonic function of the initial temperature, has been observed in water since Aristotle's era, the underlying mechanism of the effect is still unknown. Recent studies indicate that the effect is not limited to water and has been studied both experimentally and numerically in a wide variety of systems. By carefully designing a double-well potential using feedback-based optical tweezers, the author demonstrates that an initially hot system can sometimes cool faster than an initially warm system. The author also presents the first observation in any system of another counterintuitive effect-the inverse Mpemba effect-where the colder of the two samples reaches the thermal equilibrium at a hot temperature first. The results for both the observations agree with theoretical predictions based on the Fokker-Planck equation. The experiments reveal that, for carefully chosen conditions, a strong version of both of the effects are observed where a system can relax to the bath temperature exponentially faster than under typical conditions.

When the author began working on phosphors based on rare-earth elements, he lacked an introductory textbook that explained the fundamental chemistry, basic optical properties, and magnetic characteristics of lanthanide elements. This book provides a concise overview of the rare-earth elements and is divided into two parts. In the first part, the reader receives an overview of solid-state chemistry and fundamental physical properties of these elements. Key topics of the first part include the separation chemistry of lanthanides, their chemical behaviour and physical properties. Then relevant compound classes are illustrated, crystal structures are systematically explained. The second part focuses on the optical and magnetic properties on relevant examples, also discussing many applications. Students and researchers new to the topic of "Rare-Earth Elements" receive a comprehensive introduction to understand basic optical and magnetic properties and incentives for deeper studies.

This book provides an excellent platform for understanding the chemical processes involved in food transformation. Starting with the examination of major food components, such as water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and minerals, the author further introduces the biochemistry of digestion and energy metabolism of food ingredients. The last section of the book is devoted to modern food technologies and their future perspectives.

This contributed volume provides a critical review of research in the field of Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis (EPOC). It presents recent developments during the past decade that have led to a better understanding of the field and towards applications of the EPOC concept. The chapters focus on the implementation of EPOC for developing sinter-resistant catalysts, catalysts for hydrogen production, ammonia production and carbon dioxide valorization. The book also highlights the developments towards electropromoted dispersed catalysts and for self-sustained electrochemical promotion which are currently expanding. This authoritative analysis of EPOC is useful for various scientific communities working at the interface of heterogeneous catalysis, solid state electrochemistry and materials science. It is of particular interest to groups whose research focuses on developments towards a better and more sustainable future.

This volume brings together internationally leading researchers in this interdisciplinary field to explore and exchange ideas, both experimental and theoretical, to further our understanding of the fundamental properties of water at interfaces.

This book presents a collection of chapters on modern bioelectrochemistry, showing different aspects of emerging techniques and materials, biodevice design and reactions. The chapters provide relevant bibliographic information for researchers and students interested in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy applied in biodevices, trends, and validation on impedimetric immunosensors in the application of routine analysis, electrochemical-surface plasmon bioanalytics and carbon nanomaterials in electrochemical biodevices, insights on inorganic complexes and metal based for biomarkers sensors, bioelectrodes and cascade reactions and field effect-based reactions.

This book explains how peptide-based drug design works, what steps are needed to develop a peptide-based therapeutic, and challenges in synthesis as well as regulatory issues.  It covers the design concept of peptide therapeutics from fundamental principles using structural biology and computational approaches. The chapters are arranged in a linear fashion. A fresh graduate or a scientist who works on small molecules can use this to follow the design and development of peptide therapeutics to use as understanding the basic concepts. Each chapter is written by experts from academia as well as industry. Rather than covering extensive literature, the book provides concepts of design, synthesis, delivery, as well as regulatory affairs and manufacturing of peptides in a systematic way with examples in each case. The book can be used as a reference for a pharmaceutical or biomedical scientist or graduate student who wants to pursue their career in peptide therapeutics. Some chapters will be written as a combination of basic principles and protocol so that scientists can adopt these methods to their research work. The examples provided can be used to perform peptide formulation considerations for the designed peptides. The book has nine chapters, and each chapter can be read as an independent unit on a particular concept.

Dieses Kompaktlehrbuch enthält das Rüstzeug für die gesamte Elektrochemie. Damit können Sie sich rasch in alle ¿ auch die modernen ¿ Elektrochemiegebiete einarbeiten und sie verstehen. Das Buch führt in die allgemeingültigen und übergreifenden Prinzipien der Elektrochemie ein, um deren Spezialgebiete in Kürze zu erfassen. Methodische Komponenten hierbei sind: Grafiken und Beispiele, Aufgaben mit Lösungen, ähnlich wie in den drei Vorgänger-Bänden der Physikalischen Chemie. Zielgruppe sind vor allem Bachelorstudierende der Chemie, Physik, Ingenieurwissenschaften und Studierende des Lehramts, sowie Dozenten der entsprechenden Fachrichtungen. Der ökologische Umbau des menschlichen Lebens und der weiteren wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung ist ohne Elektrochemie undenkbar, z. B. elektrochemische Energiespeicherung und -freisetzung mit elektrochemischen Speichern und Brennstoffzellen und die elektrochemische Herstellung von Wasserstoff aus Wasser bei der Wasserstofftechnologie.Das Buch enthält die folgenden Abschnitte: ¿Einführung¿, ¿Elektrische Leitfähigkeit und Ionentransport¿, ¿Elektrochemische Thermodynamik¿, ¿Elektrochemische Kinetik¿ und ¿Elektrochemische Energiespeicherung und -umwandlung¿. Im Anhang sind die mathematischen Hilfsmittel zum Verständnis des Buchs und eine Liste der verwendeten physikalischen Größen, Konstanten und Abkürzungen zu finden.

This book discusses generalized applications of energy storage systems using experimental, numerical, analytical, and optimization approaches. The book includes novel and hybrid optimization techniques developed for energy storage systems. It provides a range of applications of energy storage systems on a single platform. The book broadly covers-thermal management of electronic components in portable electronic devices; modeling and optimization aspects of energy storage systems; management of power generation systems involving renewable energy; testing, evaluation, and life cycle assessment of energy storage systems, etc. This book will serve as a reference resource for researchers and practitioners in academia and industry.

Die phänomenologische Thermodynamik ist von wenigen grundlegenden Observablen, Konzepten, und Zusammenhängen bestimmt, die nicht einfach zu vermitteln sind, besonders dann, wenn die notwendige mathematische Vorstellung und Fähigkeit der Studierenden an Grenzen stößt. Das vorliegende Lehr- und Übungsbuch "Chemische Thermodynamik" vermittelt Studierenden im Haupt- und Nebenfach Chemie anschaulich polytrope Zustandsänderungen, Reaktions- und Phasengleichgewichte, Oberflächen und Grenzflächen sowie Verfahren und Vergleich von herkömmlicher und moderner Energiegewinnung und Bioenergetik. Ideal zur Prüfungsvorbereitung sind die rund 500 explizit gelösten Fragen und Aufgaben, u.a. zu idealen und realen Gasen, zur Bioenergetik etc., und der lerndidaktisch förderliche Anspruch auf Parallelität von prägnanter Fassung der Theorie und extensiver fächerintegrierender Übung. Neu in der 4., umfassend überarbeiteten und ergänzten Auflage: - Zusätzliche Kapitel zu schadstofffreien Emissionen, thermischer Analyse und Umwandlungsketten von grünem Wasserstoff als klimaneutraler Brennstoff der deutschen Energiewende. - Zusätzliche Übungsaufgaben und Lösungen. - Optimal zur Prüfungsvorbereitung und darüber hinaus.

The battery management system (BMS) optimizes the efficiency of batteries under allowable conditions and prevents serious failure modes. This book focuses on critical BMS techniques, such as battery modeling; estimation methods for state of charge, state of power and state of health; battery charging strategies; active and passive balancing methods; and thermal management strategies during the entire lifecycle. It also introduces functional safety and security-related design for BMS, and discusses potential future technologies, like digital twin technology.

Handbook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, Second Edition presents the mechanisms of action of these additives, methods of their use, their effects on the properties of transformed products, as well as their applications. The book outlines the most-recent information on additives that convert soluble monomers, prepolymers, or polymers to insoluble polymer networks commonly known as thermosetting polymers. Chapters cover the common use of curatives in many industrial products manufactured in large scale, such as adhesives, sealants, coatings, inks, explosives, propellants and foams, and in emerging products such as optoelectronics, light-emitting diodes, shape memory polymers, and more. In addition, crosslinkers used in typical industrial processing methods, such as solar cells, vulcanization, adhesives, foams, and roofing are covered. Each section presents the effect of the additive, including an evaluation of its chemical and physical properties. Also available is the complementary Databook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, Second Edition, which provides information on both the commercial and generic chemical products used as curatives and crosslinkers.

Databook of Curatives and Crosslinkers, Second Edition provides expanded coverage of the latest curative and crosslinker product data, including detailed reviews and evaluations of these product categories with key considerations, benefits, and applications highlighted. Forty groups of curatives and crosslinkers are included in the book, including the following chemical groups of additives: acids, acrylamides, aldehydes, amides, amidoamines, amines, anhydrides, aziridines, borates, epoxy-functionalized polymers, carbamides, carbodiimides, chitosan derivatives, cyanamides, diols, glutarates, glycols, graphene oxide derivatives, hydantoin glycols, hydrazides, hydroxides, hydroxyl-containing moieties, imidazoles, isocyanates, isocyanurates, ketimines, maleimides, melamines, novolacs, peroxides, peroxyketals, phenols, polyols, salts, silanes, siloxanes, thiols, titanates, and ziconium derivatives. The additives discussed in the handbook have been suggested for use in over 60 polymers and rubbers, as well as in close to 100 groups of products. Information on each additive is divided into 5 sections: General Information which covers name, CAS #, active matter, amine nitrogen, chemical class, cure schedule, and more; Physical Properties which covers odor, color, density, freezing point, gel time, particle size, thin film set time, and more; Health and Safety covering autoignition temperature, dermal LD50, exposure limits, flash point, and more; Ecological Properties covering toxicity to algae, bacteria, and fish, sewage treatment, and more, and lastly, Use and Performance which offers information on manufacturers, outstanding properties, and more.