Fossilt brændsel: teknologi

This book presents the accumulated data and current state of geological knowledge on Chinäs main shale gas fields. It addresses a broad range of topics, including the geological setting, reference sections and published boreholes, lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy, sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the late Ordovician to early Silurian, spatial and temporal distribution patterns and environmental changes in the black shales of the Wufeng and Lungmachi formations, numerical analysis of the Wufengian and Lungmachian Total Organic Carbon (TOC), late Ordovician to early Silurian bentonites of the Yangtze region, and a graptolite atlas of the Wufeng and Lungmachi formations. Given its scope, the book represents a valuable asset for researchers and petroleum engineers alike.

This book covers well testing methods included the latest developments in the field. It explains classic topics in depth, in depth such as layered reservoirs, naturally fractured reservoirs, and wellbore effects, and also newer developments, such as well testing for horizontal wells. This book is perfect reference for junior and senior reservoir, production, and geology engineers, who want to improve their knowledge of well test analysis and current best practices.The book is a valuable addition to any reservoir and production engineer's library.

This book covers advanced manufacturing in biological, petroleum, and nanotechnology processing for the development of novel products and systems that incorporate enhanced pollution control and waste management for environmental remediation. The book is divided into three parts. The first section looks at the design and application of process systems, the second section focuses largely on pollution control and management, and the final section discusses areas related to process modeling and simulation. Coverage highlights the integration of smart tools and solutions and looks at current advances in monitoring industrial and environmental processes that can assist in making significant progress in process design for the effective control of pollution and waste management. 

This book explores methods for managing uncertainty in reservoir characterization and optimization. It covers the fundamentals, challenges, and solutions to tackle the challenges made by geological uncertainty. The first chapter discusses types and sources of uncertainty and the challenges in different phases of reservoir management, along with general methods to manage it. The second chapter focuses on geological uncertainty, explaining its impact on field development and methods to handle it using prior information, seismic and petrophysical data, and geological parametrization. The third chapter deals with reducing geological uncertainty through history matching and the various methods used, including closed-loop management, ensemble assimilation, and stochastic optimization. The fourth chapter presents dimensionality reduction methods to tackle high-dimensional geological realizations. The fifth chapter covers field development optimization using robust optimization, including solutions for its challenges such as high computational cost and risk attitudes. The final chapter introduces different types of proxy models in history matching and robust optimization, discussing their pros and cons, and applications. The book will be of interest to researchers and professors, geologists and professionals in oil and gas production and exploration.

Seismic Geology and Basin Analysis: Case Studies on Sedimentary Basins in China introduces the principles, approaches and techniques needed to solve problems using seismic data calibrated with well log, cores and outcrop profiles. The book emphasizes the adoption of seismic techniques into basin analysis and broadens the usage of seismic data in geological research which may be referred to as "seismic geology.? The principle of the book is mainly summarized from a series of case studies in different basins in China. In addition, through this book readers can understand the primary characteristics and basin fill evolution of major petroleum basins around the world. When starting research on a basin, researchers and professionals are confronted with how to reveal the general architecture of basin fills and depict three-dimensional geometry, and the internal architecture of subsurface depositional bodies and their arrangement, hence this book is a great tome on necessary areas of exploration.

This book is based on the industry leading short course of the same name hosted by the GIW Industries Hydraulic Laboratory and founded by Dr. Roland Clift and Graeme Addie, who together with Dr. Ken Wilson continued its development and authored the first edition of this textbook. This fourth edition has been extensively updated by the international team of engineers and authors who inherited this legacy and continue its development to the present day. Focusing on the hydraulic design of slurry pipelines, the pumps that power them, and the interactions between pumps and systems, it retains the classroom tested balance of theoretical development and practical engineering which have made it a slurry transport classic. The topics covered are important to slurry system engineers for the optimization of new designs, as well as the operators of existing systems, who may need to calculate and plan for changing conditions from day to day.Updates to the fourth edition include:· Careful formulation of the theoretical concepts, providing greater clarity of slurry flow dynamics, including a new chapter on the principles and characterization of slurry flows.· Expansion of the 4-Component Models for settling slurry pipeline flow and pump solids effect, based on an extensive series of full-sized tests.· An expanded treatment of complex slurries, including a broader discussion of non-Newtonian fluids and their interaction with coarse particles.· A new chapter on test methods, presenting an overview of slurry system instrumentation, moderntechniques for characterizing slurry rheology, and practical advice for planning and executing a slurry test.· An overview of advances in the computational modeling of slurries, including an in-depth parametric study of slurry pump wear and operating cost.The authors highlight methods for achieving energy efficiency, which are crucial to the effective use of scarce resources, given the foundational role of slurry transport systems in the energy intensive industries of mining and dredging. Key concepts are supported with case studies and worked examples.Slurry Transport Using Centrifugal Pumps, fourth edition, is both methodical and in-depth. It is ideal as a teaching tool for classroom or self-directed learning domains, and valuable as a design guide for engineer practitioners at all experience levels.

Stimulation of oil, gas, and injection wells with acid is almost as old as the petroleum engineering industry itself. Acid Stimulation, ensures a comprehensive and up-to-the-minute presentation by 19 subject matter experts, all at the forefront of the development of acidizing technology. Each chapter delivers an authoritative presentation of the key areas of Acid Stimulation, providing an important resource for anyone who designs, analyzes, and/or improves acidizing treatments.

Frac-packing procedures have advanced significantly since the 1990s, and engineers are in need of a go-to reference book on the subject. The Frac Packing Handbook is a comprehensive collection of technical materials that covers the most basic to the most highly advanced issues in frac-pack operations. The Handbook consists of 20 chapters to assist practitioners in selecting well candidates; frac-pack job design, preparation, and procedure; treatment execution; post-frac-pack treatment analysis; production expectation and evaluation; case histories; quality control; and emerging technologies. Because a properly designed and executed frac-pack job can improve cash flow, industry technical personnel can use this book to assist in improving profits. Additionally, the reader will learn the nuts and bolts of frac-pack technology applications.

The subsurface injection and containment of oilfield solids and liquid drilling and production wastes into appropriate geologic strata provides a number of significant environmental and economic advantages. These include a reduced impact on future surface land use, reduced environmental and safety concerns with offsite or offshore transport, and a greater protection of surface water and shallow groundwater. Solids Injection provides a practical, state-of-the-art document with best practices for major aspects of the safe and environmentally sound disposal of oilfield solids through injection into subsurface strata.

Seismic inversion is now commonly used on post-stack and pre-stack seismic data for estimating rock properties used in reservoir characterization. While seismic migration is aimed at imaging the reflectors or the interfaces at their correct subsurface locations, seismic inversion attempts to estimate elastic and flow properties of the layers bounded by these interfaces. Seismic data are sensitive essentially to seismic wave velocity and density contrasts in the subsurface rocks. Because of significant overlap in elastic properties among different rock types, mapping of these elastic properties to rock types and estimating porosity are not trivial. Thus, seismic inversion is best done by combining data of all types such as seismic, well log, petrophysics, and production history. The results of seismic inversion can be best interpreted by a team of geologists, geophysicists, and reservoir engineers. This book explains the fundamental principles of seismic exploration, seismic wave propagation, and inversion in a language that is understandable by geoscientists and engineers alike so that the team is aware of the significance and limitations of the inversion results.

Streamline Simulation: Theory and Practice provides a systematic exposition of current streamline simulation technology-its foundations, historical precedents, applications, field studies, and limitations. We emphasize the unique features of streamline technology that in many ways complement conventional finite-difference simulation. Part of our motivation in developing this textbook has been to fill gaps in the mathematical foundations and provide a rigorous presentation of streamline simulation technology that had not existed before.

Thirty-five years after its first publication, The Flow of Complex Mixtures in Pipes remains a fundamental resource for researchers and practicing engineers alike. Authors George W. Govier and Khalid Aziz present a unified approach to all types of complex flows in pipes, beginning with the underlying fundamentals and concluding with recommended design methods.

This book tells the story of the power generation gas turbine from the perspective of one of the leading companies in the field over a period of nearly 100 years, written by an engineer. Especially in times of imminent global economic crises it appears to be worthwhile to reflect on real economic values based on engineering ingenuity and enduring management of technological leadership. Though the book is primarily designed as a technical history of the BBC/ABB/Alstom power generation gas turbines, its scope is sufficiently broad to cover general development trends, including parallel competitor activities. A special benefit is the historical breakdown to the gas turbine component level, so that the book actually outlines the development of axial compressors from early beginnings, the progress in combustion technology towards extraordinary low emission values and that of axial turbines with special emphasis on early turbine cooling innovations.The sheer length of certain engineering developments over several decades allows interesting historic observations and deductions on inherent business mechanisms, the effects of technology preparations and organisational consequences. A look into the mirror of the past provides revelations on the impact of far-reaching business decisions. 2017 Winner of the Historian Engineer Award of the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers

This book is useful to flow assurance engineers, students, and industries who wish to be flow assurance authorities in the twenty-first-century oil and gas industry.The use of digital or artificial intelligence methods in flow assurance has increased recently to achieve fast results without any thorough training effectively. Generally, flow assurance covers all risks associated with maintaining the flow of oil and gas during any stage in the petroleum industry. Flow assurance in the oil and gas industry covers the anticipation, limitation, and/or prevention of hydrates, wax, asphaltenes, scale, and corrosion during operation. Flow assurance challenges mostly lead to stoppage of production or plugs, damage to pipelines or production facilities, economic losses, and in severe cases blowouts and loss of human lives. A combination of several chemical and non-chemical techniques is mostly used to prevent flow assurance issues in the industry. However, the use of models to anticipate, limit, and/or prevent flow assurance problems is recommended as the best and most suitable practice. The existing proposed flow assurance models on hydrates, wax, asphaltenes, scale, and corrosion management are challenged with accuracy and precision. They are not also limited by several parametric assumptions. Recently, machine learning methods have gained much attention as best practices for predicting flow assurance issues. Examples of these machine learning models include conventional approaches such as artificial neural network, support vector machine (SVM), least square support vector machine (LSSVM), random forest (RF), and hybrid models. The use of machine learning in flow assurance is growing, and thus, relevant knowledge and guidelines on their application methods and effectiveness are needed for academic, industrial, and research purposes.In this book, the authors focus on the use and abilities of various machine learning methods in flow assurance. Initially, basic definitions and use of machine learning in flow assurance are discussed in a broader scope within the oil and gas industry. The rest of the chapters discuss the use of machine learning in various flow assurance areas such as hydrates, wax, asphaltenes, scale, and corrosion. Also, the use of machine learning in practical field applications is discussed to understand the practical use of machine learning in flow assurance.

This book is a compilation of selected papers from the 5th International Petroleum and Petrochemical Technology Conference (IPPTC 2021). The work focuses on petroleum & petrochemical technologies and practical challenges in the field. It creates a platform to bridge the knowledge gap between China and the world. The conference not only provides a platform to exchanges experience but also promotes the development of scientific research in petroleum & petrochemical technologies. The book will benefit a broad readership, including industry experts, researchers, educators, senior engineers and managers.

The "Hydro Testing Handbook" is an essential guide for anyone involved in the hydrostatic testing of pressure systems. This comprehensive book covers all aspects of the hydrostatic testing process, including principles, practices, applications, formulas, and common Q&A. The book provides a detailed explanation of the hydro testing process, outlining the steps involved in planning, preparation, and execution, as well as the interpretation of results. It also covers the best practices to ensure that hydro testing is carried out safely and effectively. Readers will learn how to determine critical parameters such as test pressure, hold times, and test volumes using the formulas and calculations provided in the book. This information is essential to the accurate and successful execution of hydro testing. The handbook also includes a comprehensive list of common Q&A, addressing frequently asked questions and common challenges that may arise during the testing process. This section is particularly useful for those new to hydro testing or for those who need a quick reference guide to common issues. Overall, the "Hydro Testing Handbook" is an indispensable resource for anyone involved in hydrostatic testing of pressure systems, from novice to experienced professionals.

This book highlights recent advancements in such an important topic, through contribution from experts demonstrating different applications in ¿day-to-day¿ life, both existing and newly emerging biological technologies, and thought provoking approaches from different parts of the world, potential future prospects associated with some frontier development in non-conventional energy sources. It covers different aspects of cellulosic and lignocellulosic biomass; Cellulosics Biorefinery; Algal Biofuels; Biodiesel; Bioethanol; Microbial Fuel Cells; Biofuel cells; and biohydrogen production. This book is a comprehensive and informative compilation for international readers, especially undergraduate, post graduate students and researchers.

This book focuses on clean transport and mobility essential to the modern world. It discusses internal combustion engines (ICEs) and alternatives like battery electric vehicles (BEVs) which are growing fast. Alternatives to ICEs start from a very low base and face formidable environmental, material availability, and economic challenges to unlimited and rapid growth. Hence ICEs will continue to be the main power source for transport for decades to come and have to be continuously improved to improve transport sustainability. The book highlights the need to assess proposed changes in the existing transport system on a life cycle basis. The volume includes chapters discussing the challenges faced by ICEs as well as chapters on novel fuels and fuel/ engine interactions which help in this quest to improve the efficiency of ICE and reduce exhaust pollutants. This book will be of interest to those in academia and industry alike.

The Unpopular Truth about Electricity and the Future of Energy Revised Edition - 2024.Electricity is to modern civilization what blood is to the human body. Understanding how electricity works is more critical than ever as its importance grows with the increasing electrification of transport, industry, and heating.Due to new reports and adjusted information being published, we revised our original book to reflect these updates, enabling us to bring you relevant information. - Lars Schernikau 2024In this new book the authors explain the fundamental reasons for the energy shortages that the world (particularly Europe) started to experience in 2021, and which was exacerbated by Russia's invasion of the Ukraine in 2022. In doing so, the authors describe - in relation to our electricity markets - what could work and what won't.This book is not only an introduction to modern electricity systems and electricity costs, but it also touches on primary energy and transportation. The authors focus more on the generation of electricity from a macroeconomic energy transition point of view and less on the details of how electricity physically works.The environmental efficiency of our energy systems is more complex than CO2-emissions alone. Energy input, material input, lifetime, and recycling efficiency are other key elements discussed in the book. The book concludes with thoughts on the future of energy and suggestions for energy policy, taking into account the new challenges that come with global efforts to decarbonize.Prof. Everett, energy economist, writes: Despite numerous policy initiatives and the expenditure of trillions of dollars on alternatives, fossil fuels remain the dominant source of energy throughout the world, and their use continues to grow in absolute terms. To understand the reasons for this seeming contradiction, Lars and Bill have compiled a complete overview of how the global energy economy actually works, as opposed to the way it is presented in popular media.This is an invaluable reference work that should be on the bookshelf of anyone interested in energy policy, electricity markets, and environmental protection.Topics covered in this book include:-Primary energy vs. electricity-Wind and solar (or what is revered to as variable renewable energy)-Capacity factors-Installed capacity vs. generated electricity-Hydrogen and batteries-Material input-Transmission and distribution-Heat pumps-Energy shortages and more

Analysiert werden die aktuellen Kennzahlen aus der Energiewirtschaft für die geographischen Einheiten Amerika ¿ unterteilt in Nordamerika (Kanada + USA) sowie Mittel- und Südamerika ¿, Nahost und Südasien sowie Ostasien und Ozeanien. Die wichtigsten energiewirtschaftlichen Indikatoren der einzelnen Regionen und Länder und deren Entwicklung werden in zahlreichen Grafiken und Energieflussdiagrammen veranschaulicht. Darauf basierend empfiehlt der Autor eine Verteilung der zur Begrenzung des Klimawandels notwendigen Emissionsreduktion (für Klimaziel 2 °C und 1,5 °C, mit Perspektive bis 2050).Die in diesem Band behandelten Erdteile verursachen zusammen 77 % der Emissionen. Europa + Eurasien sowie Afrika werden in einem weiteren Band behandelt.