Alternative og fornybare energikilder og teknologier

This book discusses generalized applications of energy storage systems using experimental, numerical, analytical, and optimization approaches. The book includes novel and hybrid optimization techniques developed for energy storage systems. It provides a range of applications of energy storage systems on a single platform. The book broadly covers-thermal management of electronic components in portable electronic devices; modeling and optimization aspects of energy storage systems; management of power generation systems involving renewable energy; testing, evaluation, and life cycle assessment of energy storage systems, etc. This book will serve as a reference resource for researchers and practitioners in academia and industry.

This book brings together important new contributions covering electric vehicle smart charging (EVSC) from a multidisciplinary group of global experts, providing a comprehensive look at EVSC and its role in meeting long-term goals for decarbonization of electricity generation and transportation. This multidisciplinary reference presents practical aspects and approaches to the technology, along with evidence from its applications to real-world energy systems. Electric Vehicle Integration via Smart Charging is suitable for practitioners and industry stakeholders working on EVSC, as well as researchers and developers from different branches of engineering, energy, transportation, economic, and operation research fields. 

This book gathers selected papers presented at International Conference on Machine Learning, Advances in Computing, Renewable Energy and Communication (MARC 2021), held in Krishna Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India, during 10 - 11 December, 2021. This book discusses key concepts, challenges and potential solutions in connection with established and emerging topics in advanced computing, renewable energy and network communications.

This contributed volume analyses and discusses how atmospheric carbon emissions can be prevented using carbon capture and removal technology and how renewable energies can be used to reduce carbon emissions. Both approaches have their disadvantages. First of all, both involve high costs. Secondly, both require the use of advanced technology. As a result, many countries continue to use fossil fuels. The book seeks to address these problems by identifying strategies to increase countries' use of clean energy. The authors discuss the dilemmas of zero emission and competition in the energy industry and illustrate cross-country applications of the current trends in the form of zero-emission business projects.

This book focuses on understanding biomimetic architecture and its role as a sustainable design tool. It presents the role of biomimicry in mitigation and adaptation to climate change and examines how biomimetic architecture can provide healthy solutions to limit the spread of COVID-19 in buildings and cities. Coverage includes global examples of biomimetic approaches and buildings, an evaluation of the performance of biomimicry applications in architecture to illustrate best practices, and an exploration of how nature can offer inspiration in building design to conserve resources and save energy use as well as curb carbon emissions - a reaffirmed goal of COP 26 and an outcome of Glasgow Climate Pact. Finally, the book presents guidelines to enhance urban areas and healthier spaces in buildings to meet COVID-19 social distance regulations and beyond.Examines global applications of biomimicry in architecture;Highlights the importance of biomimicry in driving livability in cities and buildings;Explores the role of biomimetic architecture in mitigating climate change."e;The line of argument developed is highly relevant to the present, in addition to being original and pertinent to research on urban regeneration, especially in regard to the exploration of the use of biomimicry architecture in response to changing urban demands."e; -Alessandra Battisti, Ph.D., Professor of Architecture, University of Rome La Sapienza-

The book covers practical applications and experimental results of integrating renewable energy technologies, energy storage facilities, and intelligent control and operation techniques into building energy systems. It introduces practical approaches to improving the energy systems of buildings in order to reduce energy consumption and cost. Renewable Energy for Buildings is suitable for retrofit engineers, energy engineers, and professionals, as well as researchers and developers in electrical engineering, architectural engineering, and mechanical engineering. Moreover, it can be used by undergraduate and graduate students to become familiar with the most recent developments in building energy systems.Examines the most recent developments in building energy systems;Looks at practical applications and theoretical aspects; Includes case studies.

This handbook discusses the latest developments in biorefinery technologies for waste-to-energy conversion. The growing global population and the accompanying increase in consumption and waste production make it urgent to find the best possible use of our resources. A sustainable waste management under the biorefinery concept has great potential to support a sustainable circular economy and green energy production.This handbook is divided into four parts. First, the reader is introduced to the fundamentals and recent trends of waste-to-energy technologies. The second part describes in detail the current status, challenges, and potential of the different feedstocks used for waste-to-energy conversion. Here, municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, oils and greases generated during food preparation, industrial wastewaters, and agricultural wastes, to name a few, are introduced.  In the third part, numerous waste-to-energy technologies are discussed in detail, including anaerobic digestion, composting, gasification, plasma technology, thermal cracking, and others. Advantages and optimization potentials of these technologies for efficient residue management, quality and yield are highlighted.Finally, the handbook discusses social, environmental and economic aspects of waste-to-energy biorefinery technologies. Readers will learn more about the major bottlenecks and solutions in bioenergy commercialization, the logistics of biomass supply and the carbon footprint of waste biorefineries. The ideas and technologies presented in this book contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of "e;Affordable and Clean Energy"e;.This book is a useful reference for postgraduate students and researchers interested in biorefinery and biofuel technologies, both in academia- and commercial laboratories. Early career scientists can use it to fast track into the field. Advanced scientists will find it helpful in gaining a broader overview of the field beyond their area of specialization.

Microbial Biotechnology for Bioenergy presents emerging biotechnological and microbiological approaches in bioenergy and their economic, social, and environmental implications. Section 1 of this book includes an overview of bioenergy, global statistics and projections for future bioenergy development, the role of biotechnology and bioprocesses in bioenergy, feedstock sources, challenges, decarbonisation, and emerging innovations and technologies. Section 2 examines biotechnology and microbiology for bioenergy, including chapters on bioconversion of biomass energy and biological residues, utilizing organic waste, the biotechnology of biofuels including bioethanol, biodiesel, and biohydrogen, the sustainability of cellulosic ethanol energy and artificial photosynthesis, Power-to-X and integrating energy storage innovation, and microbial fuel cell sustainability. Finally, Section 3 explores policy and environmental aspects, providing a global perspective and impact projections based on present-day global statistics. Combining fundamentals and cutting-edge data, Microbial Biotechnology for Bioenergy is a valuable reference for biotechnologists, environmental engineers, and microbiologists working in bioenergy. Also included are ideas for new product development and possible improvement of existing products, as are insights into the unique nature of graphene and its types, including morphology and thickness, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, elastic properties of 2D and 3D structures, and more.

This book looks deeply into the prospects for using ethanol as a greener alternative to fossil fuels and the technical and scientific issues that surround them. Ethanol, with its numerous advantages, has emerged as a promising contender to replace gasoline as a fuel source. Currently, it is commercially available as a blend with gasoline, commonly known as E10 and E25, utilizing various ratios of ethanol. Despite its clear benefits over gasoline, the widespread adoption of ethanol as a fuel remains hindered by its limited availability. In this insightful book, we aim to explore the multifaceted challenges surrounding ethanol's full integration into our energy landscape, employing a comprehensive approach through review manuscripts. Leading worldwide experts, known for their deep understanding of ethanol as a fuel, have contributed to the book. Their valuable insights and contributions enrich the book's content, offering readersa comprehensive exploration of the subject matter. This book is a compelling resource for researchers, energy professionals, and anyone interested in understanding the challenges and opportunities associated with the integration of ethanol as a substitute for gasoline.

This handbook comprehensively covers the rapidly evolving field of power generation using triboelectric nanogenerators. Since their emergence in 2012, triboelectric nanogenerators have experienced fast development both in fundamental science aspects and technological innovations resulting in a plethora of outstanding applications and commercial opportunities in e.g. micro-nano energy systems, self-powered sensors, blue energy, and high-voltage power sources.The Handbook of Triboelectric Nanogenerators provides an indispensable overview of the state of the art in the field. It begins with a review of the physical and technological fundamentals and provides detailed coverage of triboelectric nanogenerators for cutting-edge applications from wearable electronics and medical implants to smart home sensing devices and human¿machine interfacing.Edited and authored by active researchers in the field, the handbook offers a wealth of information for applied physicists and chemists, as well as materials scientists and engineers. In addition, mechanical and electronic engineers working in the fields of energy scavenging, power sources, and sensor-related application development will benefit greatly from the technical information presented in this groundbreaking reference work.

Renewable energy refers to a type of energy that originates from natural sources, which can be replenished more quickly than their rate of consumption. Wind energy, hydroelectric power, solar energy and geothermal energy are examples of renewable energy sources. These energy sources can augment the production of electricity, thus lowering energy costs. The effectiveness of renewable energy is determined by the resources which are utilized. Some renewable energy sources, such as wind and sunlight, are more efficient and widely available than others, whereas renewable sources of energy such as geothermal energy are available in some selected places only. The projects involving renewable energy are usually large-scale and are appropriate for remote and rural areas. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to renewable energy sources. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which interested readers can take up. For all readers who are interested in the engineering and technology of renewable energy sources, the studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Advanced Materials-based Thermally Enhanced Phase Change Materials: Fundamentals and Applications focuses on the use of advanced materials to enhance the thermal characteristics of phase change materials used to maximize heat transfer rate and thermal storage capability of PCMs. The book covers the various aspects of PCMs through characteristics and preparation to heat transfer enhancement with an emphasis on prominent applications. It progresses from a brief history to a literature review, definitions, recent advances, preparation techniques, thermophysical properties and heat transfer characteristics with mathematical models, performance-affecting factors, and applications and challenges of PCMs in manufacturing. This powerful tool for researchers and energy engineers offers cutting-edge materials advances, analysis and applications of phase change materials in manufacturing.

Sustainable Development of Renewable Energy, Volume One in the Advances in Renewable Energy Technologies series, looks at the production performance of renewable energy sources and emerging production processes. Chapters cover some of the most dynamic developments, best practices, and future concepts in solar energy systems, energy storage, geothermal energy, bioenergy, wind energy, fuel cells, and hydrogen production. The book also includes recent regulations and worldwide policies. By reviewing these state-of-art advances, this book provides readers with an up-to-date source on renewable energy grid integration and its importance in aiding the energy transition. This is a valuable resource for graduates, researchers, professors, and industry professionals involved in the renewable energy sector, as well as advanced engineering courses dealing with renewable energy, sources, thermal and electrical energy production, and sustainability.

This book provides the reader with an understanding of the impact that different morphologies, construction materials and green coverage solutions have on the urban microclimate, thus affecting the comfort conditions of urban inhabitants and the energy needs of buildings in urban areas. The book covers the latest approaches to energy and outdoor comfort measurement and modelling on an urban scale, and describes possible measures and strategies to mitigate the effects of the mutual interaction between urban settlements and local microclimate.Despite its relevance, only limited literature is currently devoted to appraising-from an engineering perspective-the intertwining relationships between urban geometry and fabrics, energy fluxes between buildings and their surroundings, outdoor microclimate conditions and building energy demands in urban areas. This book fills this gap by first discussing the physical processes that govern heat and mass transfer at an urban scale, while emphasizing the role played by different spatial arrangements, manmade materials and green infrastructures on the outdoor microclimate. The first chapters also address the implications of these factors on the outdoor comfort conditions experienced by pedestrians, and on the buildings' energy demand for space heating and cooling.Then, based upon cutting-edge experimental activities and simulation work, this book demonstrates current and forthcoming adaptation and mitigation strategies to improve the urban microclimate and its impact on the built environment, such as cool materials, thermochromic and retroreflective finishing materials, and green infrastructures applied either at a building scale or at the urban scale. The effect of these solutions is demonstrated for different cities worldwide under a range of climate conditions. Finally, the book opens a wider perspective by introducing the basic elements that allow fuel poverty, raw materials consumption, and the principles of circular economy in the definition of a resilient urban settlement.

This book focuses on latent heat storage, which is one of the most efficient ways of storing thermal energy. Unlike the sensible heat storage method, the latent heat storage method provides much higher storage density with a smaller difference between storing and releasing temperatures.Thermal Energy Storage with Phase Change Materials is structured into four chapters that cover many aspects of thermal energy storage and their practical applications. Chapter 1 reviews selection, performance, and applications of phase change materials. Chapter 2 investigates mathematical analyses of phase change processes. Chapters 3 and 4 present passive and active applications for energy saving, peak load shifting, and price-based control heating using phase change materials.These chapters explore the hot topic of energy saving in an overarching way, and so they are relevant to all courses. This book is an ideal research reference for students at the postgraduate level. It also serves as a useful reference for electrical, mechanical, and chemical engineers and students throughout their work.FEATURESExplains the technical principles of thermal energy storage, including materials and applications in different classificationsProvides fundamental calculations of heat transfer with phase changeDiscusses the benefits and limitations of different types of phase change materials (PCM) in both micro- and macroencapsulationsReviews the mechanisms and applications of available thermal energy storage systemsIntroduces innovative solutions in hot and cold storage applications

The theme of this book is sustainable e-waste management through effective amalgamation of information and communication technologies (ICT) and green recycling technologies to ensure development of intelligent, smart, and sustainable systems supported by recent case studies from OEMs, IT industries as well as E-waste recyclers.

Sustainable Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment discusses relevant sustainable technologies for water and wastewater treatment pertaining to a nanoscale approach to water treatment and desalination, membrane-based technologies for water recovery and reuse, the energy and water nexus, degradation of organic pollutants, nascent technologies, bio and bio-inspired materials for water reclamation and integrated systems, and an overview of wastewater treatment plants. The book focuses on advanced topics including in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals, which can aid in the indiscriminate oxidation of any contaminant present in wastewater, making advanced oxidation processes commercially viable.Features:A comprehensive review of current and novel water and wastewater treatment technologies from a sustainability perspectiveAll the sustainable technologies, such as desalination, wastewater treatment, advanced oxidation processes, hydrodynamic cavitation, membrane-based technologies, sonosorption, and electrospun fibersDiscussion on reference materials for important research accomplishments in the area of water and environmental engineeringTheoretical aspects covering principles and instrumentationA summary on sustainability, including life cycle assessment (LCA), energy balance and large-scale implementation of advanced techniquesThis book is aimed at professionals, graduate students, and researchers in civil, chemical, environmental engineering, and materials science.a

Ever-increasing population growth, combined with ongoing climate change signals that agriculture will face great challenges in ensuring global food security by 2050. Sustainable Agriculture: Adaptation Strategies to Address Climate Change by 2050 presents in-depth analysis, case studies, and adaptation options.

This book highlights the importance of waste to health in which waste is safely converted to value-added products via bioprocess technologies. Providing fundamental concepts and applications, it also offers readers the methodology behind the operation of a variety of biological processes used in developing valuable products from waste.

This book offers multidisciplinary perspectives on renewable economies in the Arctic and how these are being supported scientifically, economically, socially, and politically by Arctic states.The economic development of the Arctic region is witnessing new, innovative trends which hold promise for the sustainable development of the region. This book discusses the emerging forms of renewable economies to understand where intellectual and technological innovations are being made. It draws on the expertise of scholars from across the Arctic and provides the reader with a foundation of knowledge to identify the unique challenges of the region and explore opportunities to unlock the immense potential of renewable resources to boost the region's economy. This book offers a holistic Arctic perspective against the backdrop of prevailing social, economic, and climatic challenges.With critical insights on the economic state of play and the role of renewable resources in the development of the Arctic region, this book will be a vital point of reference for Arctic scholars, communities, and policy makers.

This volume provides an overview of the political economy of coal in diverse country contexts.Coal is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions globally, accounting for about 40 percent of energy-related CO2 emissions. Continued construction of coal-fired power plants could make the climate targets of the Paris Agreement infeasible to achieve. In spite of sharply declining costs for renewable energy sources, many countries still heavily rely on coal to meet their energy demand. The predominance of coal can only be adequately understood in light of the political factors that determine energy policy formulation. To this end, this edited volume assembles a wide variety of case studies exploring the political economy of coal for across the globe. These includes industrial and developing nations, coal importers and exporters as well as countries that are either substantial coal users, are just beginning to ramp up their capacities, or have already initiated a coal phase-out. Importantly, all case studies are structured along a unifying framework that focuses on the central actors driving energy policy formulation, their main objectives as well as the context that determines to what extent they can influence policy making. This large set of comparable studies will permit drawing conclusions regarding key similarities as well as differences driving coal use in different countries.This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of energy, climate change, resource management, and sustainable development. It will also appeal to practitioners and policymakers involved in sustainable development.The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution- Non Commercial- No Derivatives 4.0 license.

This third volume of the handbook presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of petrodiesel fuels. Following the substantial public concerns on the adverse impact of the emissions from petrodiesel fuels on the environment and human health, the research has intensified in the areas related to the reduction of these adverse effects. Thus, bioremediation of spills from crude oils and petrodiesel fuels at sea and soils as well as desulfurization of petrodiesel fuels have emerged as publicly important research areas. Similarly, the emissions from diesel fuel exhausts, due to their adverse effects on both human health and environment, have been researched more in recent years. These emissions cover particulate emissions, aerosol emissions, and NOx emissions. Research on the adverse impact of petrodiesel fuel exhaust emissions on human health has primarily progressed along the lines of respiratory illnesses, cancer, and other illnesses, such as cardiovascular illnesses, brain illnesses, and reproductive system illnesses, through human, animal, and in vitro studies. It is clear that these illnesses caused by the petrodiesel fuel exhaust emissions have been one of the most significant reasons to develop alternative biodiesel fuels. Part IX presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of crude oils covering major research fronts. It covers crude oil spills in general, crude oil spills and their cleanup, properties and removal of crude oils, biodegradation of crude oil-contaminated soils, and crude oil recovery besides an overview paper.Part X presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of petrodiesel fuels in general covering major research fronts. It covers combustion of biodiesel fuels in diesel engines, bioremediation of biodiesel fuel-contaminated soils, biodiesel power generation, and desulfurization of diesel fuels besides an overview paper.Part XI presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of emissions from petrodiesel fuels covering major research fronts. It covers diesel emission mitigation, diesel particulate emissions, and diesel NOx emissions, besides an overview paper.Part XII presents a representative sample of the population papers in the field of the health impact of the emissions from petrodiesel fuels covering major research fronts. It covers respiratory illnesses, cancer, cardiovascular, brain, and reproductive system illnesses, besides an overview paper.This book will be useful to academics and professionals in the fields of Energy Fuels, Public Environmental Occupational Health, Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Immunology, Respiratory System, Allergy, and Oncology.Ozcan Konur is both a materials scientist and social scientist by training. He has published around 200 journal papers, book chapters, and conference papers. He has focused on the bioenergy and biofuels in recent years. In 2018, he edited Bioenergy and Biofuels, which brought together the work of over 30 experts in their respective field. He also edited the Handbook of Algal Science, Technology, and Medicine with a strong section on the algal biofuels in 2020.

Heat Transfer: A Systematic Learning Approach presents valuable tools in understanding heat transfer mechanisms and provides a clear understanding of complex turbulent flows. It provides a comprehensive introduction to topics of heat transfer, including conduction, convection, thermal radiation, and nanofluids.